Women's suffrage in New Mexico

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The fight for women's suffrage in New Mexico was incremental and had the support of both Hispanic and Anglo women suffragists. When New Mexico was a territory, women had the right to vote in school board elections. When New Mexico created its state constitution in 1910, it continued to allow women to vote in school elections, but it was nearly impossible to modify the constitution for suffrage any further. Women in the state chose to pursue advocating for a federal women's suffrage amendment. They organized among both English and Spanish speaking groups. Many New Mexico politicians supported suffrage on a federal level. Continued advocacy on behalf of suffragists in the state allowed New Mexico to become the 32nd state to ratify the Nineteenth Amendment on February 21, 1920.

Contents

Early efforts

Program from the 85th anniversary for Susan B Anthony by the Woman's Club of Albuquerque. Program from 85th anniversary Susan B Anthony Woman's Club of Albuquerque (cropped).jpg
Program from the 85th anniversary for Susan B Anthony by the Woman's Club of Albuquerque.

Women under the Republic of Mexico in the land that became New Mexico had more rights than women in the United States did at the time. [1] During the time that New Mexico was a territory of the United States, women were allowed to vote in school board elections. [2] In the 1890s, women's clubs began to form in New Mexico, and these served as a way for women to communicate and advocate for various causes. [3] Clubs formed in Las Vegas, New Mexico, Santa Fe, Las Cruces and in Albuquerque. [4] Many women in the clubs admired leaders in the national suffrage movement. [5] The Woman's Club of Albuquerque celebrated Susan B. Anthony's 85th birthday in February 1905. [5]

In 1910, New Mexico was eligible to become a state and a state constitutional convention was held. [4] Just before the convening of the convention, the New Mexico Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) held a public debate on women's suffrage. [6] This debate took place in August in Mountainair, New Mexico and featured the president of the University of New Mexico and a socialist. [7]

Most delegates to the convention did not women participating in politics. [2] Nevertheless, during the convention which began on October 3, librarian, Julia Duncan Brown Asplund, attended each day and petitioned delegates to provide partial suffrage for women in the right to vote in school elections. [4] [7] Delegate Solomon Luna, uncle of prominent New Mexican suffragist, Nina Otero-Warren, and H.O Bursum were both pro-suffrage. [8] Delegate Reuben Heflin, a Democrat from Farmington introduced the school election provision early on during the convention. [7] On November 8, the convention's Committee on Elective Franchise sponsored a "motion to strike out the limited franchise for women." [7] [9] Two of the delegates were very opposed to women voting even in school elections were Delegates Dougherty and Sena. [10] Dougherty stated that he didn't believe women in New Mexico wanted to vote and Sena claimed that voting would lead to harm for women. [10] After this, the Woman's Club of Albuquerque presented a petition for partial suffrage to the convention through Delegate Stover. [9] The provision to allow women to vote did pass and was adopted in the final draft of the constitution which was passed on November 21. [9] However, the constitution was also written in such a way that adding other voting rights would be difficult. [7] The constitution required that three-fourths of all voters in each county in New Mexico would have to approve any changes to suffrage in the state. [10]

Organizing

Women preparing to campaign in Las Vegas, New Mexico. Lasvegasnmwomensuffrage.jpg
Women preparing to campaign in Las Vegas, New Mexico.

Mabel Vernon was the first organizer from the Congressional Union (CU) to visit New Mexico arriving in 1914. [11] She started recruiting within the state WCTU, but then later switched tactics, focusing on the more socially influential clubwomen in other groups. [11] In May 1914, another CU organizer, Jessie Hardy Stubbs, organized a suffrage demonstration in Santa Fe that led to the creation of the New Mexico Women's Suffrage League. [11]

One of the politicians who created obstacles for women in New Mexico who wanted full suffrage was Senator Thomas Benton Catron. [12] A letter-writing campaign to Catron was kicked off in 1914. [12] Women also visited him at his home in Santa-Fe and in Washington, D.C., lobbying for women's suffrage. [13] Representative Benigno Cardenas Hernandez followed the lead of Senator Catron in his role in the House. [13] The lobbying and work against Catron began to make him a "political liability to the Republicans." [13]

Also in 1914, the national General Federation of Women's Clubs (GFWC) came out in support of women's suffrage and the New Mexico chapter, the New Mexico Federation of Women's Clubs (NMFWC) followed suit. [14] In July 1915, the CU built on the endorsement of women's suffrage from NMFWC and held drives to organize. [14]

On October 15, 1915, around 150 women of both Hispanic and Anglo backgrounds marched for women's suffrage in Santa Fe. [15] [16] The parade, which ended at the house of anti-suffrage Senator Catron, included suffragists Dolores Chávez de Armijo, Aurora Lucero-White Lea, and Trinidad Cabeza de Baca who lent her car to the parade. [15] [16] Leaflets given out during the event were printed in both English and Spanish. [17] Lucero and Arabella Romero were among the women who gave speeches in favor of women's suffrage at Senator Catron's home. [16] Catron, however, was not persuaded and instead explained why he thought women's suffrage was wrong. [16] The event also included a visit from Ella St. Clair Thompson from the Congressional Union. [16] Deane Lindsey helped found a local suffrage organization in Santa Fe that October. [14]

Lucero-White Lea and Otero-Warren traveled across New Mexico, speaking primarily to Hispanic women on behalf of the CU. [18] By 1916, the CU had created a New Mexico chapter. [19]

Dr. Jessie A. Russell from California came in 1916 to help organize women's clubs and to get women involved in the Republican Party. [20] The Republicans had nominated Frank Hubbell to run against Catron, but Hubbell, while pro-suffrage was an unpopular candidate. [13] Russell helped organize women politically and Russell tried to attract more progressive-leaning women. [20] However, Hubbell was defeated, but so was Senator Catron, who lost to Andrieus Aristieus Jones. [21] After Senator Catron lost in 1916, women's suffrage gained more support and success in New Mexico. [22] Jones began to immediately work in the U.S. Senate to introduce women's suffrage as a federal amendment as chair of the Senate Committee for Women's Suffrage. [23]

The Santa Fe chapters of the NAWSA and the National Women's Party (NWP) encouraged and educated women voters about how to vote in the upcoming school board elections in April 1917. [24] Women had a lot of difficulty voting in this election when polling places were changed without notice. [24] Instead of being discouraged, the experience convinced more women that they needed to become involved in politics and have the right to vote in order to fix the problems they encountered. [24]

During World War I, suffragists in New Mexico were led in their contributions to the war effort by the wife of the governor, Deane Lindsey, who was also a suffragist herself. [25] The women's efforts to aid in the war helped change the public opinion in favor of women's suffrage in New Mexico. [26]

National amendment

Annie Fraher, Bertha Moller, Berthe Arnold and Anita Pollitzer leave the National Women's Party headquarters in Washington, D.C. to take a petition to Senator A. A. Jones of New Mexico. Master-mss-mnwp-159-159020u (cropped).tif
Annie Fraher, Bertha Moller, Berthe Arnold and Anita Pollitzer leave the National Women's Party headquarters in Washington, D.C. to take a petition to Senator A. A. Jones of New Mexico.

Otero-Warren lobbied Representative William Walton and convinced him to support women's suffrage and the national women's suffrage amendment. [21] Walton voted on the suffrage amendment in the U.S. House in January 1918. [21] Senator Jones passed the amendment out of the Senate Committee and helped to see it pass the Senate in June 1919. [21]

New Mexico became important to the ratification process of the Nineteenth Amendment. [27] Many suffragists hoped that New Mexico would be the first state to ratify the 19th Amendment. [28] Otero-Warren heavy lobbied Hispanic members of the state house of representatives and convinced them to support the ratification of the amendment. [29] In January 1919, the amendment passed easily in the New Mexico House, but was stalled in the Senate. [21]

In January 1920, at the Republican conference in Denver, Otero-Warren attended as a delegate to the Republican Women's Committee. [30] Also at the convention, Governor Octaviano Larrozolo announced that he would work towards ratification of the 19th Amendment in New Mexico. [30] Plans to oppose women's suffrage included introducing state referendum amendments, which would stall the process and complicated plots to encourage Hispanic politicians to oppose suffrage so that anti-suffrage Anglos could blame them for the suffrage amendment not passing. [31]

That January, Governor Larrozolo called for a special session of the New Mexico State Legislature to convene on February 16 to address the ratification of the 19th amendment. [32] On the last day of the special session, Otero-Warren held a 3-hour private meeting with the Republican Caucus. [32] After this meeting, Dan Padilla withdrew his attempt to create a referendum amendment to stall the adoption of women's suffrage and the Republican leader, R. I. Baca, also shifted his support for suffrage. [31] On February 18, the Senate gallery was "packed" with suffragists and the Senate passed the amendment. [32] [33] The House passed the next day, making New Mexico the 32nd state to ratify the amendment. [34]

Before women in Santa-Fe went to the polls for the first time in 1920 to vote in the general election, information on voting was provided in both English and Spanish. [35] It became a custom among Nuevomexicanas to register to vote on their twenty-first birthday during the 1920s. [33]

Also after the passage of the 19th Amendment, a large number of New Mexican women entered politics and worked prominently in various state and local organizations. [36] Many women ran for office and often ran on the Republican ticket. [36] Some of these were former suffragists, such as Anna Larkin and Clara Strong. [37]

See also

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This is a timeline of women's suffrage in New Mexico. Women's suffrage in New Mexico first began with granting women the right to vote in school board elections and was codified into the New Mexico State Constitution, written in 1910. In 1912, New Mexico was a state, and suffragists there worked to support the adoption of a federal women's suffrage amendment to allow women equal suffrage. Even after white women earned the right to vote in 1920, many Native Americans were unable to vote in the state.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Women's suffrage in Missouri</span>

The women's suffrage movement was active in Missouri mostly after the Civil War. There were significant developments in the St. Louis area, though groups and organized activity took place throughout the state. An early suffrage group, the Woman Suffrage Association of Missouri, was formed in 1867, attracting the attention of Susan B. Anthony and leading to news items around the state. This group, the first of its kind, lobbied the Missouri General Assembly for women's suffrage and established conventions. In the early 1870s, many women voted or registered to vote as an act of civil disobedience. The suffragist Virginia Minor was one of these women when she tried to register to vote on October 15, 1872. She and her husband, Francis Minor, sued, leading to a Supreme Court case that asserted the Fourteenth Amendment granted women the right to vote. The case, Minor v. Happersett, was decided against the Minors and led suffragists in the country to pursue legislative means to grant women suffrage.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Women's suffrage in Montana</span>

The women's suffrage movement in Montana started while it was still a territory. The Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) was an early organizer that supported suffrage in the state, arriving in 1883. Women were given the right to vote in school board elections and on tax issues in 1887. When the state constitutional convention was held in 1889, Clara McAdow and Perry McAdow invited suffragist Henry Blackwell to speak to the delegates about equal women's suffrage. While that proposition did not pass, women retained their right to vote in school and tax elections as Montana became a state. In 1895, National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) came to Montana to organize local groups. Montana suffragists held a convention and created the Montana Woman's Suffrage Association (MWSA). Suffragists continued to organize, hold conventions and lobby the Montana Legislature for women's suffrage through the end of the nineteenth century. In the early twentieth century, Jeannette Rankin became a driving force around the women's suffrage movement in Montana. By January 1913, a women's suffrage bill had passed the Montana Legislature and went out as a referendum. Suffragists launched an all-out campaign leading up to the vote. They traveled throughout Montana giving speeches and holding rallies. They sent out thousands of letters and printed thousands of pamphlets and journals to hand out. Suffragists set up booths at the Montana State Fair and they held parades. Finally, after a somewhat contested election on November 3, 1914, the suffragists won the vote. Montana became one of eleven states with equal suffrage for most women. When the Nineteenth Amendment was passed, Montana ratified it on August 2, 1919. It wasn't until 1924 with the passage of the Indian Citizenship Act that Native American women gained the right to vote.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Women's suffrage in Georgia (U.S. state)</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Women's suffrage in Delaware</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Women's suffrage in Arizona</span>

The movement for women's suffrage in Arizona began in the late 1800s. After women's suffrage was narrowly voted down at the 1891 Arizona Constitutional Convention, prominent suffragettes such as Josephine Brawley Hughes and Laura M. Johns formed the Arizona Suffrage Association and began touring the state campaigning for women's right to vote. Momentum built throughout the decade, and after a strenuous campaign in 1903, a woman's suffrage bill passed both houses of the legislature but was ultimately vetoed by Governor Alexander Oswald Brodie.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Women's suffrage in Arkansas</span>

Women's suffrage had early champions among men in Arkansas. Miles Ledford Langley of Arkadelphia, Arkansas proposed a women's suffrage clause during the 1868 Arkansas Constitutional Convention. Educator, James Mitchell wanted to see a world where his daughters had equal rights. The first woman's suffrage group in Arkansas was organized by Lizzie Dorman Fyler in 1881. A second women's suffrage organization was formed by Clara McDiarmid in 1888. McDiarmid was very influential on women's suffrage work in the last few decades of the nineteenth century. When she died in 1899, suffrage work slowed down, but did not all-together end. Both Bernie Babcock and Jean Vernor Jennings continued to work behind the scenes. In the 1910s, women's suffrage work began to increase again. socialist women, like Freda Hogan were very involved in women's suffrage causes. Other social activists, like Minnie Rutherford Fuller became involved in the Political Equality League (PEL) founded in 1911 by Jennings. Another statewide suffrage group, also known as the Arkansas Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA) was organized in 1914. AWSA decided to work towards helping women vote in the important primary elections in the state. The first woman to address the Arkansas General Assembly was suffragist Florence Brown Cotnam who spoke in favor of a women's suffrage amendment on February 5, 1915. While that amendment was not completely successful, Cotnam was able to persuade the Arkansas governor to hold a special legislative session in 1917. That year Arkansas women won the right to vote in primary elections. In May 1918, between 40,000 and 50,000 white women voted in the primaries. African American voters were restricted from voting in primaries in the state. Further efforts to amend the state constitution took place in 1918, but were also unsuccessful. When the Nineteenth Amendment passed the United States Congress, Arkansas held another special legislative session in July 1919. The amendment was ratified on July 28 and Arkansas became the twelfth state to ratify the Nineteenth Amendment.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ada McPherson Morley</span> American author, suffragist and rancher

Ada McPherson Morley was an American author, suffragist and rancher. Early in her time in New Mexico, she and her husband edited a newspaper and took on the Santa Fe Ring both in print and in business matters. Morley became involved with the New Mexico chapter of the Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) and later served as president. She was also involved in women's suffrage in New Mexico and helped recruit women into the Congressional Union (CU) later in her life. Morley owned a ranch in the Datil Mountains where she raised cattle and was able to host meetings.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Timeline of women's suffrage in Colorado</span>

This is a timeline of women's suffrage in Colorado. Women's suffrage efforts started in the late 1860s. During the state constitutional convention for Colorado, women received a small win when they were granted the right to vote in school board elections. In 1877, the first women's suffrage referendum was defeated. In 1893, another referendum was successful. After winning the right to vote, Colorado women continued to fight for a federal women's suffrage amendment. While most women were able to vote, it wasn't until 1970 that Native Americans living on reservations were enfranchised.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Women's suffrage in North Dakota</span>

Women's suffrage began in North Dakota when it was still part of the Dakota Territory. During this time activists worked for women's suffrage, and in 1879, women gained the right to vote at school meetings. This was formalized in 1883 when the legislature passed a law where women would use separate ballots for their votes on school-related issues. When North Dakota was writing its state constitution, efforts were made to include equal suffrage for women, but women were only able to retain their right to vote for school issues. An abortive effort to provide equal suffrage happened in 1893, when the state legislature passed equal suffrage for women. However, the bill was "lost," never signed and eventually expunged from the record. Suffragists continued to hold conventions, raise awareness, and form organizations. The arrival of Sylvia Pankhurst in February 1912 stimulated the creation of more groups, including the statewide Votes for Women League. In 1914, there was a voter referendum on women's suffrage, but it did not pass. In 1917, limited suffrage bills for municipal and presidential suffrage were signed into law. On December 1, 1919, North Dakota became the twentieth state to ratify the Nineteenth Amendment.

References

  1. ↑ Pacheco, Carmella Scorcia (20 September 2019). "A Centennial Glimpse into New Mexico's Suffrage Movement through "El corrido de la votación"". Smithsonian Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage. Retrieved 2020-09-03.
  2. 1 2 Donnelly 1942, p. 445.
  3. ↑ Kerstetter n.d., p. 1-2.
  4. 1 2 3 Kerstetter n.d., p. 2.
  5. 1 2 Young 1984, p. 24.
  6. ↑ Kerstetter n.d., p. 2-3.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 Young 1984, p. 33.
  8. ↑ Martinez 2006, p. 10.
  9. 1 2 3 Young 1984, p. 34.
  10. 1 2 3 Martinez 2006, p. 11.
  11. 1 2 3 Young 1984, p. 38.
  12. 1 2 Young 1984, p. 41.
  13. 1 2 3 4 Jensen 1981, p. 18.
  14. 1 2 3 Young 1984, p. 39.
  15. 1 2 Strykowski, Jason (22 May 2020). "'Sphere of Usefulness': New Mexico and women's suffrage". Santa Fe New Mexican. Retrieved 2020-09-01.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 Cahill, Cathleen D. (26 July 2020). "Suffrage in Spanish: Hispanic Women and the Fight for the 19th Amendment in New Mexico - Ms. Magazine". Ms. Retrieved 2020-09-01.
  17. ↑ Young 1984, p. 40.
  18. ↑ Martinez 2006, p. 17.
  19. ↑ Young 1984, p. 39-40.
  20. 1 2 Jensen 1981, p. 19.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 Jensen 1981, p. 21.
  22. ↑ Gonzales & Massmann 2006, p. 643.
  23. ↑ Kerstetter n.d., p. 5.
  24. 1 2 3 Young 1984, p. 61.
  25. ↑ Gonzales & Massmann 2006, p. 644.
  26. ↑ Young 1984, p. 45.
  27. ↑ Gonzales & Massmann 2006, p. 662-663.
  28. ↑ Jensen 1981, p. 22.
  29. ↑ Gonzales & Massmann 2006, p. 663.
  30. 1 2 Young 1984, p. 73.
  31. 1 2 Jensen 1981, p. 23.
  32. 1 2 3 Young 1984, p. 70.
  33. 1 2 Martinez 2006, p. 22.
  34. ↑ Young 1984, p. 70-71.
  35. ↑ Young 1984, p. 75.
  36. 1 2 Young 1984, p. 76.
  37. ↑ Young 1984, p. 77.

Sources

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