Last updated Martha Argerich, (born 1941) a prominent concert pianist
Women are active in all aspects of classical music, such as instrumental performance, vocal performance, orchestral conducting, choral conducting, scholarly research, and contemporary composition. However, proportionately to men, their representation and recognition -especially at higher levels- falls a long way below their numbers.
Although women have not had roles in symphony orchestras until recently, it has been much more common for women to study musical instruments. In the 1800s, upper-class women were often expected to learn an instrument, for example the harp, piano, guitar, or, sometimes, the violin, or to learn to sing.[1] It is only in recent years that women have performed in the soloist setting more frequently. Pianist (and composer) Clara Schumann and vocalist Jenny Lind were two rarer examples prominent in the nineteenth-century.[1][2]
Sahakdukht and Khosrovidukht of the 8th century are among the earliest recorded women composers. Both are of Armenian origin and have composed liturgical chants. In the 12th century, Hildegard of Bingen also wrote religious pieces.[3] Women have been necessary for the functioning of adult choirs, which require the upper register that few men can sing,[4] although Pope Leo IV (847–855 A.D.) banned women in choirs from singing in churches, and Pope Pius X banned women from church choirs in 1907.[5]Antonio Vivaldi directed an all-girl orchestra in 1714 at a school for girls.[6]
Historically, women were often expected to master instruments along with learning music basics such as reading music, writing music, and performing it. However, until the 20th century, it was seen as immoral to perform publicly and women were only expected to play in the private domestic setting.[7] Until recently, women were not allowed to be taught at a conservatory level, and those studying music were tracked into a less demanding curriculum that omitted topics that were considered complex. These subjects included composition, counterpoint,[8] and orchestration.[citation needed] Women have been even less encouraged to compose than perform it.[citation needed] The professional status of women composers was influenced by their family and marital status; women who came from musical families and had the support of their husband and their father could make a name for themselves.
A prominent historic example is Élisabeth Jacquet de La Guerre, a French composer born in 1665. Her grandfather, Jehan Jacquet, and her father, Claude Jacquet, were harpsichord makers. Rather than just teaching his sons, Claude Jacquet taught both his sons and daughters how to survive and thrive in the world. This upbringing, support from her father, and her family's rich history of musicianship was a major stepping stone for her musical career. At the age of five, Louis XIV took notice of her when she performed at his palace of Versailles. This eventually led to her becoming a musician in the court of the Sun King, Louis XIV. She wrote most of her works for her king, which was common for the time. Titon du Tillet accorded her a place on his Mount Parnassus[9] when she was only 26 years old. Despite that her one published opera, Céphale et Procris, only had 5 or 6 performances, she continued to compose throughout her life, producing a wide variety of pieces. After her death, her genius in compositions, her creativity in vocal and instrumental music, and her variety of genres have been acknowledged. Her life and career success show that she was given a rare opportunity to succeed as a female composer, and how she took full advantage of it.[10]
Clara Schumann was a renowned pianist and composer, known for her symphonic, chamber, and art song works.
It used to be considered proper for a young woman in upper society to attain proficiency on a classical instrument, usually the piano, harp, classical guitar, or voice. Women's roles in music, whether it be performance or education, was meant for their private lives inside their homes, rather than for public 'display'.[7] Further, women were not trained as professionals, because it was considered immodest for a woman to perform in public.[2] These etiquette guidelines were typically spread by books such as Letters to a Young Lady written by John Bennett in 1798,[11] and Letters to Young Ladies written by Lydia Sigourney in 1844.[2] Musical performance was seen as a feminine pursuit, and thus schools for women often had more of a focus on music than schools for boys. In fact, the first music conservatory in the United States, Music Vale Seminary, was established in 1835 for the purpose of teaching women music.[12] The culture of women learning music was strong in the 18th century and George Washington's step-granddaughter Eleanor Custis Parke and Thomas Jefferson's wife Martha Jefferson were musicians.[2]
Women did not often compose classical music in the 18th century. While compositions written by women were acceptable in Europe and Great Britain, compositions written by American women were mostly vaguely attributed or unattributed.[2]
From 1870 to 1910, women started to take more jobs in classical music, usually teaching positions. American Clara Baur was the first woman to found a conservatory, the University of Cincinnati – College-Conservatory of Music, in 1867.[2] The growing American popularity of opera music in this time period also contributed to a rising number of women in classical music, as women were needed to sing prominent female parts.[2]
Following the end of World War II, the number of women in classical music jobs greatly increased in the United States. In 1947, only 8% of symphony orchestra musicians were women, compared to 26.3% in 1982.[2] The number of women in European orchestras, however, continued to remain low. Women in tenured composition positions at universities also remained very uncommon in the 1970s, with 10.6% of those positions occupied by women.[2]
Marin Alsop is an American conductor and the first woman to lead a major American orchestra, the Baltimore Symphony Orchestra.
The ratio of women to men players in U.S. orchestras is roughly equal, but the ratio in European orchestras is still low.[13] Across the world, there are relatively few women conductors, but numbers are increasing, as figures like Marin Alsop, Barbara Hannigan, Susanna Mälkki and Mirga Gražinytė-Tyla gain public attention and popularity.[17]
Women in orchestras
Mary Wurm founder of the first women-only orchestra in Berlin in 1898, paving the way for women in orchestras.
The first orchestra in the world to ever hire women musicians was the Queen's Hall Orchestra in London in 1913, conducted by Sir Henry Wood.[1]
Before 1913, women played in women-only orchestras, the first of which may have been the Vienna Damen Orchester (which grew from an ensemble started in 1868) and Das Erste Europäische Damenorchester (The First European Ladies' Orchestra), founded in 1873, both conducted by Josephine Amann-Weinlich.[18]
Other such groups included Marie Roller's "Damen Elite Kapelle" ('Ladies' Elite'),[19][20] the Ladies' Philharmony which had a female core of 11 women muicians,[21] and The Women’s String Orchestra of New York, 1896-1906,[22] and from 1888 to c. 1920, the Fadettes of Boston. Another women's orchestra was founded by Mary Wurm in 1898 in Berlin.[1]
The first known women to join an American orchestra were Djina Ostrowska, first harpist, Helen Burr-Brand, second harpist, and Ida Divinoff, first violinist, who were accepted into the Detroit Symphony Orchestra by December 1918.[23][24][25] Another woman early to join an American orchestra was harpistEdna Phillips, who was accepted into the Philadelphia Orchestra in 1930.[1] The first woman principal player in a major symphony orchestra in the United States on any instrument was horn player Helen Kotas, who served as principal horn from 1941-1947.[26]
Women were nonexistent in most major music symphony orchestras up until the 1960s.[13] In 1982, the Berlin Philharmonic hired its first woman, Madeleine Carruzzo.[27][28] In 2003, the Vienna Philharmonic appointed its first woman musician after 161 years of operating without women. In fact, there had been an explicit ban on women musicians in the Vienna Philharmonic until 1996, when the Philharmonic was threatened with budget cuts by the Austrian government.[29]
Women conductors
Barbara Hannigan Canadian conductor and soprano, known for her dynamic performances and work with major orchestras
Despite the early successes of Emma Roberta (sometimes 'Roberto') Steiner (1856–1929) and Caroline B. Nichols (1864–1939), who were both noted for their conducting careers, the gender imbalance has been particularly notable in music directorships of symphony orchestras. As of November 2016, 4.1% of major orchestras in the United States were led by a woman,[17] and out of the 150 recognized top conductors in the world, only 3.3% were women.[30] ClassicFM reported that in 2019 women now occupied 8 places among the top-rated 100 conductors worldwide.[31] In 2023, agents in the UK representing conductors had 11.2% females on their books.[32] Despite the recent rise in female conductors, in the 2024-2025 season only 20.8% of concerts by the top 21 orchestras in the United States were directed by women.[33]
Women composers
Kaija Saariaho is a prominent living composer, with works like L'Amour de Loin and Orion performed by major orchestras and opera companies.
Sara Mohr-Pietsch estimates in an article for The Guardian that about 40% of living composers are female, and yet, she laments, only about 17% of names on music publishers lists are female.[34] Research by the Boston Symphony Orchestra suggests a starker discrepancy; in programming for the top 22 US orchestras in 2014–2015, only 1.8% of composers were female. Recognising that, in historic times, opportunities for women as composers were (through unchallenged societal norms) far fewer, the work included a similar analysis considering the proportions of living composers programmed, but even within this sub-set of the data, the proportion of composers programmed who were women only reached 14.3%, far short of the near-parity that might be desired in these notionally more enlightened times, and only one third of Mohr-Pietsch's 40%.[35] By 2021, the proportion of women's compositions in programming for 111 global orchestras’ repertoire had risen to 7.7%; living composer proportion was not quoted in this study.[36] A similar figure (7.5%) emerged from the Donne, Women in Music group for the 2023-2024 season, which they described as "a disturbing stagnation and regression in the diversity of global orchestral repertoire."[37]
Jennifer Higdon American composer, Higdon's work spans orchestral, chamber, and choral music. She won the Pulitzer Prize for Music in 2010 for her Viola Concerto.
In "The Power List: Why Women Aren't Equals In New Music Leadership and Innovation",[38] Ellen McSweeney discusses six generic contributory factors identified in 2013 by Sheryl Sandberg in Lean In: Women, Work and the Will to Lead which may have some effect on these numbers, all of which would require further addressing to bring a more truly level playing field.
The sociological fact that women musicians, like all women, pay a "likability tax" when they are self-promoting, assertive, and successful.
Women musicians are less likely to embark on high visibility projects, take professional risks, and conceive of themselves as leaders—which leaves them at a distinct disadvantage in developing entrepreneurial careers.
Women consistently underestimate their own talents and abilities, leaving them at a disadvantage in the essential realm of self-promotion.
When choosing whom to hire, men are significantly more likely to choose a man.
Similarly, senior men are more likely to mentor young men than young women.
Women are taught from an early age to worry about whether they can simultaneously have children and a career.
Reactions
Yoko Shimomura is known for blending classical and modern music in her video game compositions, including Kingdom Hearts.
Kristin Kuster makes the point that "The message needs to be given that ...[composing] is something ...[women] can do and ...[music 'authorities'] want to hear from them", she said. "If these women aren't seeing that this is a possibility, they can't even self-select out."[35]
Marin Alsop said that when her conducting career began to take off she assumed that there was a larger trend of women conductors making their way in the orchestra world. "I thought it was changing, and then it didn't change", she has said.[35]
She is on record as saying that there can be a tendency to celebrate notable firsts or high-profile individual successes and just assume these one-offs mean a problem is solved. "You can't give up just because the box is ticked", Alsop said. "Just because Jennifer Higdon won the Pulitzer Prize [for composition] is no reason not to push for the next woman."[35]
Redress
Among the groups seeking to redress the gender imbalance in music have been:
Women's Philharmonic Advocacy.[41] Promoting the legacy of the legendary Women's Philharmonic,[42] this organization supports American orchestras that program music by women composers.
The Boulanger Initiative, an organization that promotes women and gender-marginalized composers, co-founded by Laura Colgate and Joy Leilani-Garbutt in 2019 (USA).[45]
↑ White, Micky (2004). "The Pieta in Vivaldi's Day". Vivaldi's Women. Schola Pietatis Antonio Vivaldi. Archived from the original on 6 November 2016. Retrieved 6 November 2016.
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