Pulitzer Prize for Music

Last updated

The Pulitzer Prize for Music is one of seven Pulitzer Prizes awarded annually in Letters, Drama, and Music. It was first given in 1943. Joseph Pulitzer arranged for a music scholarship to be awarded each year, and this was eventually converted into a prize: "For a distinguished musical composition of significant dimension by an American that has had its first performance in the United States during the year." [1]

Contents

Because of the requirement that the composition have its world premiere during the year of its award, the winning work had rarely been recorded and sometimes had received only one performance. In 2004, the terms were modified to read: "For a distinguished musical composition by an American that has had its first performance or recording in the United States during the year." [2]

History

In his will, dated April 16, 1904, Joseph Pulitzer established annual prizes for a number of creative accomplishments by living Americans, including prizes for journalism, novels, plays, histories and biographies, but did not establish a prize in music, choosing instead to inaugurate an annual scholarship for "the student of music in America whom the Advisory Board shall deem the most talented and deserving, in order that he may continue his studies with the advantage of European instruction." [3] The Pulitzer Prize for Music was instituted in 1943 to recognize works of "music in its larger forms as composed by an American." [4] The phrase "music in its larger forms" proved difficult to interpret for the advisory board and the prize's juries, resulting in controversies over the years. [5] One critic of the award said, "The Prize Board could hardly have chosen more offensive words to communicate its message." [4]

In 1965, the jury unanimously decided that no major work was worthy of the Pulitzer Prize. Instead, it recommended a special citation be given to Duke Ellington in recognition of his body of work, but the Pulitzer Board refused and therefore no award was given that year. [6] Ellington responded: "Fate is being kind to me. Fate doesn't want me to be too famous too young." (He was then 67 years old.) [7] Despite this joke, Nat Hentoff reported that when he spoke to Ellington about the subject, he was "angrier than I'd ever seen him before", and Ellington said, "I'm hardly surprised that my kind of music is still without, let us say, official honor at home. Most Americans still take it for granted that European-based music—classical music, if you will—is the only really respectable kind." [8]

In 1996, the Pulitzer Board announced a change in the criteria for the music prize "so as to attract the best of a wider range of American music." [7] African-American composer and trumpeter Wynton Marsalis became the first jazz artist to win the Pulitzer Prize in 1997. The legitimacy of his win was debated, as his entry, Blood on the Fields , should not have been eligible according to the Pulitzer guidelines: winning works are required to have had their first performance during the year of the award, but Marsalis's piece premiered on April 1, 1994, and Columbia Records released its recording in 1995. In an attempt to bypass that requirement, Marsalis's management had submitted a "revised version" of Blood on the Fields that had seven minor changes and a "premiere" at Yale University. [9] When asked what would make a revised work eligible, the chairman of that year's music jury, Robert Ward, said: "Not a cut here and there...or a slight revision", but rather something that changed "the whole conception of the piece". After reading a list of the revisions to the piece, Ward acknowledged that they should not have made it eligible. [10]

Ten women have received the Pulitzer Prize: Ellen Taaffe Zwilich in 1983; Shulamit Ran in 1991; Melinda Wagner in 1999; Jennifer Higdon in 2010; Caroline Shaw in 2013; Julia Wolfe in 2015; Du Yun in 2017; Ellen Reid in 2019; Tania León in 2021; and Rhiannon Giddens in 2023. In addition to being the first woman to receive the award, Zwilich was also the first woman to receive a Doctor of Musical Arts degree in composition at the Juilliard School of Music. [11] Du is the first woman of color to receive the award. [12] [13] [14] George Walker was the first African American composer to win the Prize, for his work Lilacs in 1996.

In 1992 the music jury, which that year consisted of George Perle, Roger Reynolds, and Harvey Sollberger, chose Ralph Shapey's Concerto Fantastique for the award. The Pulitzer Board rejected that decision and gave the prize to the jury's second choice, Wayne Peterson's The Face of the Night, the Heart of the Dark . The jury responded with a public statement that they had not been consulted in that decision and that the Board was not professionally qualified to make such a decision. The Board responded that the "Pulitzers are enhanced by having, in addition to the professional's point of view, the layman's or consumer's point of view" and did not rescind its decision. [11]

In 2004, responding to criticism, Sig Gissler, the administrator of the Pulitzer Prizes at the Columbia University School of Journalism, announced that the board wanted to "broaden the prize a bit so that we can be more assured that we are getting the full range of the best of America's music". Board member Jay T. Harris said, "The prize should not be reserved essentially for music that comes out of the European classical tradition." [8]

The announced rule changes included altering the jury pool to include performers and presenters in addition to composers and critics. Entrants are no longer required to submit a score. Recordings are also accepted, although scores are still "strongly urged." Gissler said, "The main thing is we're trying to keep this a serious prize. We're not trying to dumb it down any way shape or form, but we're trying to augment it, improve it...I think the critical term here is 'distinguished American musical compositions.'" [15] Reaction among Pulitzer Prize in Music winners has varied.

The Pulitzer Prize Advisory Board officially announced: "After more than a year of studying the Prize, now in its 61st year, the Pulitzer Prize Board declares its strong desire to consider and honor the full range of distinguished American musical compositions—from the contemporary classical symphony to jazz, opera, choral, musical theater, movie scores and other forms of musical excellence...Through the years, the Prize has been awarded chiefly to composers of classical music and, quite properly, that has been of large importance to the arts community. However, despite some past efforts to broaden the competition, only once has the Prize gone to a jazz composition, a musical drama or a movie score. In the late 1990s, the Board took tacit note of the criticism leveled at its predecessors for failure to cite two of the country's foremost jazz composers. It bestowed a Special Citation on George Gershwin marking the 1998 centennial celebration of his birth and Duke Ellington on his 1999 centennial year. Earlier, in 1976, a Special Award was made to Scott Joplin in the American Bicentennial year. While Special Awards and Citations continue to be an important option, the Pulitzer Board believes that the Music Prize, in its own annual competition, should encompass the nation's array of distinguished music and hopes that the refinements in the Prize's definition, guidelines and jury membership will serve that end.” [16]

In 2006, a posthumous "Special Citation" was given to jazz composer Thelonious Monk, [17] and in 2007 the prize went to Ornette Coleman, a free jazz composer, for his disc Sound Grammar , a recording of a 2005 concert, the first time a recording won the music Pulitzer, and a first for purely improvised music. [18]

In 2018, rapper Kendrick Lamar won the award for his 2017 hip hop album Damn . [19] The recording was the first musical work not in the jazz or classical genre to win the prize. [20]

Criticism

In 2004, Donald Martino, the 1974 winner, said, "If you write music long enough, sooner or later, someone is going to take pity on you and give you the damn thing. It is not always the award for the best piece of the year; it has gone to whoever hasn't gotten it before." [21]

John Corigliano, the 2001 winner, said that although the prize was intended for music that meant something to the world, it had become a very different kind of award, "by composers for composers" and "mired in a pool of rotating jurors." [9]

Composer and music critic Kyle Gann complained in his essay "The Uptown Prejudice Against Downtown Music" that the judges for the Pulitzer and other top awards for composition often included "the same seven names over and over as judges": Gunther Schuller, Joseph Schwantner, Jacob Druckman, George Perle, John Harbison, Mario Davidovsky, and Bernard Rands. Gann argued that "Downtown" composers like himself did not win awards because the composer-judges were all "white men, all of them coming pretty much from the same narrow Eurocentric aesthetic.... These seven men have determined who wins the big prizes in American music for the last two decades. They have made sure that Downtown composers never win." [22]

After winning the Pulitzer in 2003, John Adams expressed "ambivalence bordering on contempt" because "most of the country's greatest musical minds" have been ignored in favor of academic music. [9]

Schuller welcomed the broadening of the eligibility criteria for the prize in 2004: "This is a long overdue sea change in the whole attitude as to what can be considered for the prize. It is an opening up to different styles and not at all to different levels of quality." [21] Composer Olly Wilson agreed that the changes were "a move in the right direction" because they acknowledge "a wider spectrum of music, including music that is not written down." [21] Some other former prize winners disagreed. Harbison called it "a horrible development", adding, "If you were to impose a comparable standard on fiction you would be soliciting entries from the authors of airport novels." [21] According to Martino, the prize had "already begun to go in the direction of permitting less serious stuff" before the 2004 changes. [21] Lewis Spratlan, who won the prize in 2000, also objected, saying "The Pulitzer is one of the very few prizes that award artistic distinction in front-edge, risk-taking music. To dilute this objective by inviting the likes of musicals and movie scores, no matter how excellent, is to undermine the distinctiveness and capability for artistic advancement." [21] In 2018, 1970 winner Charles Wuorinen denounced the jury for awarding the music award to Lamar, telling the New York Times the decision constituted "the final disappearance of any societal interest in high culture." [23]

Winners

In its first 71 years, the Music Pulitzer was awarded 67 times; it was never split, and no prize was given in 1953, 1964, 1965, or 1981. [24]

1940s

1950s

1960s

1970s

1980s

Indented entries are finalists after each year's winner.

1990s

2000s

2010s

2020s

Additional citations

Repeat winners

Four people have won the Pulitzer Prize for Music twice:

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Samuel Barber</span> American composer (1910–1981)

Samuel Osmond Barber II was an American composer, pianist, conductor, baritone, and music educator, and one of the most celebrated composers of the mid-20th century. Principally influenced by nine years' composition studies with Rosario Scalero at the Curtis Institute and more than 25 years' study with his uncle, the composer Sidney Homer, Barber's music usually eschewed the experimental trends of musical modernism in favor of traditional 19th-century harmonic language and formal structure embracing lyricism and emotional expression. However, he adopted elements of modernism after 1940 in some of his compositions, such as an increased use of dissonance and chromaticism in the Cello Concerto (1945) and Medea's Dance of Vengeance (1955); and the use of tonal ambiguity and a narrow use of serialism in his Piano Sonata (1949), Prayers of Kierkegaard (1954), and Nocturne (1959).

Ellen Taaffe Zwilich is an American composer, the first female composer to win the Pulitzer Prize for Music. Her early works are marked by atonal exploration, but by the late 1980s, she had shifted to a postmodernist, neoromantic style. She has been called "one of America's most frequently played and genuinely popular living composers." She was a 1994 inductee into the Florida Artists Hall of Fame. Zwilich has served as the Francis Eppes Distinguished Professor at Florida State University.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Milton Babbitt</span> American composer (1916–2011)

Milton Byron Babbitt was an American composer, music theorist, mathematician, and teacher. He was a Pulitzer Prize and MacArthur Fellowship recipient, recognized for his serial and electronic music.

Shulamit Ran is an Israeli-American composer. She moved from Israel to New York City at 14, as a scholarship student at the Mannes College of Music. Her Symphony (1990) won her the Pulitzer Prize for Music. In this regard, she was the second woman to win the Pulitzer Prize for Music, the first being Ellen Taaffe Zwilich in 1983. Ran was a professor of music composition at the University of Chicago from 1973 to 2015. She has performed as a pianist in Israel, Europe and the U.S., and her compositional works have been performed worldwide by a wide array of orchestras and chamber groups.

John Paul Corigliano Jr. is an American composer of contemporary classical music. With over 100 compositions, he has won accolades including a Pulitzer Prize, five Grammy Awards, Grawemeyer Award for Music Composition, and an Academy Award.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Elliott Carter</span> American composer (1908–2012)

Elliott Cook Carter Jr. was an American modernist composer. One of the most respected composers of the second half of the 20th century, he combined elements of European modernism and American "ultra-modernism" into a distinctive style with a personal harmonic and rhythmic language, after an early neoclassical phase. His compositions are performed throughout the world, and include orchestral, chamber music, solo instrumental, and vocal works. The recipient of many awards, Carter was twice awarded the Pulitzer Prize for his string quartets; he also wrote the large-scale orchestral triptych Symphonia: sum fluxae pretium spei.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Charles Wuorinen</span> American composer (1938–2020)

Charles Peter Wuorinen was an American composer of contemporary classical music based in New York City. He also performed as a pianist and conductor. Wuorinen composed more than 270 works: orchestral music, chamber music, solo instrumental and vocal works, and operas, such as Brokeback Mountain. His work was termed serialist but he came to disparage that idea as meaningless. Time's Encomium, his only purely electronic piece, received the Pulitzer Prize. Wuorinen taught at several institutions, including Columbia University and the Manhattan School of Music.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">William Bolcom</span> American composer and pianist (born 1938)

William Elden Bolcom is an American composer and pianist. He has received the Pulitzer Prize, the National Medal of Arts, a Grammy Award, the Detroit Music Award and was named 2007 Composer of the Year by Musical America. He taught composition at the University of Michigan from 1973 until 2008. He is married to mezzo-soprano Joan Morris.

John Harris Harbison is an American composer, known for his symphonies, operas, and large choral works.

Aaron Jay Kernis is a Pulitzer Prize- and Grammy Award-winning American composer serving as a member of the Yale School of Music faculty. Kernis spent 15 years as the music advisor to the Minnesota Orchestra and as director of the Minnesota Orchestra's Composers' Institute, and is currently the workshop director of the Nashville Symphony Composer Lab. He has received numerous awards and honors throughout his thirty-five year career. He lives in New York City with his wife, pianist Evelyne Luest, and their two children.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Grażyna Bacewicz</span> Polish musician (1909–1969)

Grażyna Bacewicz Biernacka was a Polish composer and violinist of Lithuanian origin. She is the second Polish female composer to have achieved national and international recognition, the first being Maria Szymanowska in the early 19th century.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Steven Stucky</span> American composer

Steven Edward Stucky was a Pulitzer Prize-winning American composer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dmitri Klebanov</span> Soviet Ukrainian composer and teacher (1907–1987)

Dmytro Lvovych Klebanov was a Soviet-era Ukrainian composer. He studied at the Kharkov Music and Drama Institute with Semyon Bogatyrev. He taught at the Kharkov Conservatory. Among his students were Valentin Bibik, Vitaliy Hubarenko, and Viktor Suslin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Augusta Read Thomas</span> American composer (born 1964)

Augusta Read Thomas is an American composer and University Professor of Composition in the Department of Music at the University of Chicago, where she is also director of the Chicago Center for Contemporary Composition.

Peter Goddard Lieberson was an American composer of contemporary classical music. His song cycles include two finalists for the Pulitzer Prize for Music: Rilke Songs and Neruda Songs; the latter won the 2008 Grawemeyer Award for Music Composition and both were written for his wife, the mezzo-soprano Lorraine Hunt Lieberson. His three piano concertos were each premiered by the pianist Peter Serkin, with the 1st and 3rd also being Pulitzer finalists.

Wayne Peterson was an American composer, pianist, and educator. He won the Pulitzer Prize for Music for The Face of the Night, the Heart of the Dark in 1992, when its board overturned the jury's unanimous selection of Concerto Fantastique by Ralph Shapey.

Hanna Kulenty is a Polish composer of contemporary classical music. Since 1992, she has worked and lived both in Warsaw (Poland) and in Arnhem (Netherlands).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sebastian Fagerlund</span> Finnish composer

Sebastian Fagerlund is a Finnish composer. He is described as “a post-modern impressionist whose sound landscapes can be heard as ecstatic nature images which, however, are always inner images, landscapes of the mind”. Echoes of Western culture, Asian musical traditions, and heavy metal have all been detected in his music.

Michael Gilbertson is an American composer, conductor and pianist. He was one of three finalists for the 2018 Pulitzer Prize for Music, making him one of the youngest finalists in the history of the award.

References

  1. "Music". www.pulitzer.org. Retrieved July 20, 2019.
  2. "History of The Pulitzer Prizes". The Pulitzer Prizes (pulitzer.org). Retrieved July 23, 2010.
  3. "Extracts from the Will of Joseph Pulitzer". The Pulitzer Prizes. Columbia University. Retrieved April 5, 2020.
  4. 1 2 Fischer, Heinz-Dietrich and Erika J. Fischer (201). Musical Composition Awards 1943–1999: From Aaron Copland and Samuel Barber to Gian-Carlo Menotti and Melinda Wagner. Munich: K.G. Saur. p. L. ISBN   978-3598301858 . Retrieved April 5, 2020.
  5. Hohenberg, John (1997). The Pulitzer Diaries: Inside America's Greatest Prize. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press. p. 145. ISBN   978-0815603924 . Retrieved April 5, 2020.
  6. Lang, Peter. "The Pulitzer Prize Winners for Music". Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, 2010, pp. 102–103.
  7. 1 2 Kaplan, Fred (April 19, 2006). "When will the Pulitzer Prize in music get it right? – By Fred Kaplan – Slate Magazine". Slate.com. Retrieved July 23, 2010.
  8. 1 2 "WSJ - Arts, Theatre, Film, Music, Books, Food, Wine, Fashion, Events - WSJ.com". Opinionjournal.com. Retrieved July 23, 2010.
  9. 1 2 3 "John Adams; Interviews, Articles & Essays". Earbox.com. May 6, 2003. Archived from the original on October 28, 2010. Retrieved July 23, 2010.
  10. "Wynton Marsalis and the Pulitzer Prize". Greg Sandow. Archived from the original on November 23, 2010. Retrieved July 23, 2010.
  11. 1 2 "The Pulitzer Prize in Music: 1943–2002". American.edu. Retrieved July 23, 2010.
  12. "Du Yun Awarded 2017 Pulitzer Prize for Music". NewMusicBox. April 10, 2017. Retrieved July 20, 2019.
  13. Flanagan, Andrew (April 10, 2017). "Du Yun's 'Angel's Bone' Wins Pulitzer Prize For Music". NPR.org. Retrieved July 20, 2019.
  14. Robin, William (April 13, 2017). "What Du Yun's Pulitzer Win Means for Women in Classical Music" . Retrieved July 20, 2019 via www.newyorker.com.
  15. "Eminem News – Yahoo! Music". Music.yahoo.com. Retrieved July 23, 2010.
  16. "The Pulitzer Prize for Music – It's Time to Alter and Affirm". www.pulitzer.org. Archived from the original on July 5, 2008. Retrieved July 20, 2019.
  17. "SPECIAL AWARD". www.pulitzer.org. Archived from the original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved July 20, 2019.
  18. "Ornette Coleman Wins Music Pulitzer". NPR.org. April 16, 2007. Retrieved July 20, 2019.
  19. "The Pulitzer Prizes Twitter". Twitter. Retrieved April 16, 2018.
  20. "Kendrick Lamar Wins Pulitzer Prize | Pitchfork". pitchfork.com. April 16, 2018. Retrieved April 16, 2018.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Dyer, Richard (June 1, 2004). "Changes to Definition of Pulitzer for Music Spark Dissonance". Boston Globe. p. E2. ISSN   0743-1791. Archived from the original on July 7, 2004. Retrieved July 17, 2015.
  22. Gann, Kyle (April 18, 1998). "Breaking the Chain Letter: An Essay on Downtown Music". Kyle Gann: Composer and Author. Retrieved July 17, 2015. In his list of writings, Gann includes this essay under the heading "On Gann's music".
  23. "Pulitzer Prize-winning composer Charles Wuorinen dies at 81". Washington Post. Associated Press. March 12, 2020. Archived from the original on March 14, 2020. Retrieved March 13, 2020.
  24. "Music". The Pulitzer Prizes. Retrieved December 20, 2013.
  25. "The Central Park Five, by Anthony Davis – The Pulitzer Prizes". www.pulitzer.org.
  26. Littleton, Cynthia (June 11, 2021). "Katori Hall Wins Pulitzer Prize for Drama, George Floyd Videographer Darnella Frazier Receives Special Citation".
  27. "2022 Pulitzer Prizes & Finalists". Pulitzer Prize . May 9, 2022. Retrieved May 9, 2022.
  28. "2023 Pulitzer Prizes". Pulitzer.org. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  29. Barone, Joshua, "Rhiannon Giddens and Michael Abels Win the Pulitzer Prize for Music", New York Times, May 8, 2023. Retrieved 2023-05-14.

Further reading

Commons-logo.svg Media related to Pulitzer Prize for Music winners at Wikimedia Commons