Women in the Mexican drug war

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Since the beginning of the Mexican Drug War in 2006, many women, of Mexican and other nationalities, have been victims of extortion, rape, [1] [2] torture, [3] [4] [5] [6] and murder, [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] as well as forced disappearance, by belligerents on all sides. [12] Women have been sex trafficked in Mexico by the cartels and gangs. [13] The criminal organizations, in turn, use the profits to buy weapons and expand. They have harmed [14] [15] and carried out sexual assault of migrants from Latin America to the United States. The violence against women in the drug war has spread beyond Mexico to bordering and nearby countries in Central America and North America. The number of women killed in the conflict is unknown because of the lack of data. [16] Women officials, judges, lawyers, [17] paralegals, [18] reporters, [19] business owners, social media influencers, teachers, and non-governmental organizations directors have also been involved in the conflict in different capacities. There have been female combatants in the military, police, [20] cartels, and gangs. Women have lost loved ones in the conflict. [21] [22]

Contents

Victimization of women

Civilian women, as well as young women and girls, [23] in Mexico have been physically and psychologically harmed in the conflict. A number have had little protection because of corruption, impunity, and apathy. Businesswomen and female farmers and laborers are threatened and coerced to pay taxes to drug gangs. [24] Other women are forced to cultivate or pack drugs. [13] Women have been forced to be mules. [25] [26] They have been killed in the crossfire of gun fights and assassinations. [27] [28] [29] Some women have been killed for refusing the romantic advances of men, witnessing crimes, [30] [31] being informants, [32] activists against crime, [33] [34] and other reasons. Women have also been murdered for being the grandmothers, mothers, wives, daughters, nieces, sisters, aunts, cousins, coworkers, or friends of persons targeted for assassination. [8] [35] [36] [37] [38] Women have been bound and tortured. [4] [5] [39] Women's corpses have been decapitated and mutilated in other ways. [40] [41] [42] [20] Female bodies have been disemboweled and hung from bridges. [12] The bodies and body parts of women have been displayed in other ways, including being dumped on and along highways. [43] [44] The perpetrators sometimes leave written signs with threats and why they murdered the victims.

Women have been raped, tortured, and murdered by Mexican military forces and police. [1] [45]

Sexual assault of migrants from Latin America to the United States, many who are escaping the drug war violence, is pervasive. [46]

Government employees, politicians, lawyers

Female officials and their family members have been murdered in the drug war. [47] [48] [49] Female police and military officers, as well as federal agents [20] and their family members [50] [51] [52] have been murdered because of their occupation and or anti-cartel efforts. [53] [54] [55] [56] Female lawyers have been killed too. [57] [17]

Journalists and media workers

Female reporters and their family members have been murdered in the drug war for writing anti-cartel articles for newspapers or posting messages on the internet. [58] [6] [19] [12] [59]

The girlfriends, [60] wives, and daughters of male journalists and media workers have been murdered. [61]

Sex trafficking and rape

Sex trafficking in Mexico is a significant problem. [62] [63] Cartels and gangs fighting in the Mexican War on Drugs have sex trafficked women and girls in order to obtain additional profits. [64] [65] [66] [67] The cartels and gangs also abduct women to use as their personal sex slaves and force them into unfree labour. [64] The sexual assault of migrants from Latin America to the United States by members of these criminal organizations is a problem.

Number of casualties

The number of women killed in the conflict cannot be known because the absence of data from corruption, cover-ups, bad record keeping, and failures in interagency communication. [16] [68] A number of cases involving murders and disappearances have gone uninvestigated or unsolved because the authorities feared being harmed by cartel or gang members. Some corrupt or coerced authorities have tampered with evidence and documents to conceal information. [69] A great number of bodies of victims have not been found. The criminals have been known to use acids and corrosive liquids, fire, and other methods to dispose of remains and make identification difficult to impossible. [70] [71] Criminals have stolen bodies from crime scenes and morgues. [72] Data has been manipulated. Government workers have intentionally underreported violent crimes. [73] [74]

Women as participants

Women have participated in the Mexican War on Drugs. They have served for all belligerents. Women have been members of cartels and gangs. [75] [76] There have been female assassins [77] and drug money launderers. [78] Others have obstructed justice on behalf of the cartels. [18] They have transacted with drug trafficking entities and individuals in other ways. [79] Women have fought against the cartels and gangs as police, military, lawyers, paralegals, prosecutors, activists, and more. [17]

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tijuana Cartel</span> Criminal organization based in Tijuana, Mexico

The Tijuana Cartel or Arellano-Félix-Cartel is a Mexican drug cartel based in Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico. Founded by the Arellano-Félix family, the cartel once was described as "one of the biggest and most violent criminal groups in Mexico". However, since the 2006 Sinaloa Cartel incursion in Baja California and the fall of the Arellano-Félix brothers, the Tijuana Cartel has been reduced to a few cells. In 2016, the organization became known as Cartel Tijuana Nueva Generación and began to align itself under the Jalisco New Generation Cartel, along with Beltrán Leyva Organization (BLO) to create an anti-Sinaloa alliance, in which the Jalisco New Generation Cartel heads. This alliance has since dwindled as the Tijuana, Jalisco New Generation, and Sinaloa cartels all now battle each other for trafficking influence in the city of Tijuana and the region of Baja California.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Los Zetas</span> Mexican criminal syndicate

Los Zetas is a Mexican criminal syndicate and terrorist organization, known as one of the most dangerous of Mexico's drug cartels. They are known for engaging in brutally violent "shock and awe" tactics such as beheadings, torture, and indiscriminate murder. While primarily concerned with drug trafficking, the organization also runs profitable sex and gun rackets. Los Zetas also operate through protection rackets, assassinations, extortion, kidnappings and other illegal activities. The organization is based in Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas, directly across the border from Laredo, Texas. The origins of Los Zetas date back to the late 1990s, when commandos of the Mexican Army deserted their ranks and began working as the enforcement arm of the Gulf Cartel. In February 2010, Los Zetas broke away and formed their own criminal organization, rivalling the Gulf Cartel.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gulf Cartel</span> Criminal group based in Tamaulipas

The Gulf Cartel is a criminal syndicate and drug trafficking organization in Mexico, and perhaps one of the oldest organized crime groups in the country. It is currently based in Matamoros, Tamaulipas, directly across the U.S. border from Brownsville, Texas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Crime in Mexico</span> Overview of crime in Mexico

Crime is one of the most urgent concerns facing Mexico, as Mexican drug trafficking rings play a major role in the flow of cocaine, methamphetamine, fentanyl, heroin, and marijuana transiting between Latin America and the United States. Drug trafficking has led to corruption, which has had a deleterious effect on Mexico's Federal Representative Republic. Drug trafficking and organized crime have been a major source of violent crime. Drug cartels and gangs have also branched out to conduct alternative illegal activities for profit, including sex trafficking in Mexico. Some of the most increasingly violent states in Mexico in 2020 included Guanajuato, Zacatecas, Michoacán, Jalisco, and Querétaro. Some of the world's most violent cities are reportedly within the state of Guanajuato with extortion from criminal groups now being commonplace. The state of Zacatecas is said to be valuable to multiple organized crime groups for drug trafficking, specifically methamphetamine to the United States. As of 2021, Michoacán is experiencing increased instances of extortion and kidnapping due to a growing presence and escalation in the armed conflicts between CJNG and Cárteles Unidos on regions bordering the neighboring state of Jalisco. CJNG is also currently battling the Los Chapitos faction of the Sinaloa Cartel in the North Mexican region of Sonora.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mexican drug war</span> War between Mexicos government and various drug trafficking syndicates

The Mexican drug war is an ongoing asymmetric low-intensity conflict between the Mexican government and various drug trafficking syndicates. When the Mexican military intervened in 2006, the government's main objective was to reduce drug-related violence. The Mexican government has asserted that their primary focus is dismantling the cartels and preventing drug trafficking. The conflict has been described as the Mexican theater of the global war on drugs, as led by the United States federal government.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Crime and violence in Latin America</span> Crime information

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sinaloa Cartel</span> Transnational drug-trafficking organization

The Sinaloa Cartel, also known as the Guzmán-Zambada Organization, the Federation, the Blood Alliance, or the Pacific Cartel, is a large, international organized crime syndicate that specializes in illegal drug trafficking and money laundering. It was established in Mexico during the late 1980s as one of a various number of subordinate "plazas" operating under a predecessor organization known as the Guadalajara Cartel. It is currently headed by Ismael Zambada García and is based in the city of Culiacán, Sinaloa, with operations in many world regions but primarily in the Mexican states of Sinaloa, Baja California, Durango, Sonora, and Chihuahua. and presence in a number of other regions in Latin America as well as in cities across the U.S. The United States Intelligence Community generally considers the Sinaloa Cartel to be the largest and most powerful drug trafficking organization in the world, making it perhaps even more influential and capable than Pablo Escobar's infamous Medellín Cartel of Colombia was during its prime. According to the National Drug Intelligence Center and other sources within the U.S. the Sinaloa Cartel is primarily involved in the distribution of cocaine, heroin, methamphetamine, fentanyl, cannabis and MDMA.

The timeline of some of the most relevant events in the Mexican drug war is set out below. Although violence between drug cartels had been occurring for three decades, the Mexican government held a generally passive stance regarding cartel violence through the 1980s and early 2000s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jorge Eduardo Costilla Sánchez</span> Mexican drug lord

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A drug lord, drug baron, kingpin, lord of drugs, or narcotrafficker is a type of crime boss, who is in charge of a drug-trafficking network, organization, or enterprise.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">La Familia Michoacana</span> Mexican cartel and organized crime syndicate

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">La Línea (gang)</span> Heavily armed unit of the Juárez Cartel

La Línea is currently the leading faction of the Juárez Cartel originally designed to be one of the cartel's enforcer units set up by a number of former and active-duty policemen, heavily armed and extensively trained in urban warfare. Their corrupt "line" of policemen were set up to protect drug traffickers, but after forming an alliance with Barrio Azteca to fight off the forces of the Sinaloa Cartel in 2008, they established a foothold in Ciudad Juárez as the enforcement wing of the Juárez cartel. La Línea has also been involved in extortions and kidnappings. As of 2021, La Línea has formed an alliance with the Jalisco New Generation Cartel in Ciudad Juárez to fight off influence and incursions from the Sinaloa Cartel.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jalisco New Generation Cartel</span> Mexican drug cartel

The Jalisco New Generation Cartel or CJNG, formerly known as Los Mata Zetas, is a Mexican organized crime syndicate based in Jalisco which is headed by Nemesio Oseguera Cervantes, one of the world's most-wanted drug lords. The cartel has been characterized by its aggressive use of extreme violence and its public relations campaigns. Although the CJNG is particularly known for diversifying into various types of criminal rackets, drug trafficking remains its most profitable activity. The cartel has also been noted for cannibalizing some of its victims, sometimes during the training of new sicarios or cartel members, as well as using drones and rocket-propelled grenades to attack its enemies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cadereyta Jiménez massacre</span> 2012 mass killing by the Los Zetas cartel in Cadereyta Jiménez, Nuevo León, Mexico

The Cadereyta Jiménez massacre occurred on the Fed 40 on 12–13 May 2012. Mexican officials stated that 49 people were decapitated and mutilated by members of Los Zetas drug cartel and dumped by a roadside near the city of Cadereyta Jiménez in northern Mexico. The Blog del Narco, a blog that documents events and people of the Mexican Drug War anonymously, reported that the actual (unofficial) death toll may be more than 68 people. The bodies were found in the town of San Juan in the municipality of Cadereyta Jiménez, Nuevo León at about 4 a.m. on a non-toll highway leading to Reynosa, Tamaulipas. The forty-three men and six women killed had their heads, feet, and hands cut off, making their identification difficult. Those killed also bore signs of torture and were stuffed in plastic bags. The arrested suspects have indicated that the victims were Gulf Cartel members, but the Mexican authorities have not ruled out the possibility that they were U.S.-bound migrants. Four days before this incident, 18 people were found decapitated and dismembered near Mexico's second largest city, Guadalajara.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">María Santos Gorrostieta Salazar</span> Mexican physician and politician and murder victim

María Santos Gorrostieta Salazar was a Mexican physician and politician of the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD). From 2008 to 2011, she served as mayor of Tiquicheo, a small town in the Mexican state of Michoacán. In spite of three failed assassination attempts during her tenure as mayor, Gorrostieta Salazar continued to be outspoken in the fight against organized crime. In a fourth attack, Gorrostieta Salazar was kidnapped and assassinated by suspected drug traffickers on 15 November 2012. Michoacán is home to several violent drug trafficking organizations such as La Familia Michoacana and the Knights Templar Cartel.

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