X (1996 film)

Last updated

X
X 1996 movie poster.png
Theatrical release poster, featuring Kamui Shiro (left) and Fuma Monou (right)
Directed by Rintaro
Screenplay by
Based on X
by Clamp
Produced by
Starring
CinematographyHitoshi Yamaguchi
Edited by
  • Harutoshi Ogata
  • Satoshi Terauchi
  • Yukiko Ito
Music by Yasuaki Shimizu
Production
company
Distributed by Toei Company
Release dates
  • August 3, 1996 (1996-08-03)(Japan)
  • March 10, 2000 (2000-03-10)(North America)
Running time
100 minutes
CountryJapan
LanguageJapanese

X, also known as X/1999 and X: The Movie, is a 1996 Japanese animated film directed by Rintaro and animated by Madhouse. Rintaro wrote it alongside Clamp head writer Nanase Ohkawa. It is based on Clamp's manga series of the same name. It premiered on August 3, 1996, in Japan and had a limited screening in North America during 2000. The film focuses on the roles Kamui Shiro, Kotori Monou, and Fuma Monou play in the Apocalypse. After his mother's death, the young Kamui returns to Tokyo to participate in a Holy War between two groups that will either protect mankind or protect nature at the cost of mankind.

Contents

Rintaro was approached by Kadokawa Shoten to direct this movie and found this part of his career unique due to how he work with Ohkawa, Clamp's head writer, while also aiming to show a self-contained story with a style and atmosphere that might be accepted by the viewers. The film's theme song is "Forever Love" by X Japan. The film was released in both VHS and DVD format.

Critical response to the film was generally positive with critics praising the story, visuals and fight choreography; the relationship between Kamui and Fuma was also met with positive response. Furthermore, books focused on films praised Rintaro's film while the anime television series produced years later by Madhouse was felt superior due to the further handling of the cast.

Plot

After his mother dies to create a "Sacred Sword" to seal it into his body, a young man named Kamui Shiro goes back to his hometown Tokyo to understand his fate. As he arrives, he learns of a current war between two factions known as the Dragons of the Heavens and the Dragons of the Earth who seek the survival of mankind and nature, respectively. Shortly after Kamui's arrival, Subaru Sumeragi from the Heavens and Seishirō Sakurazuka from the Earth kill each other, resulting in a moment in the destruction of part of the city. Kamui meets his childhood friends Fuma Monou and Kotori Monou whom he came back to protect, but he and Fuma start suffering visions when seeing each other. Kamui is then attacked by the Dragons of Earth but is saved by the ones from the Heavens. As this happens Kotori is kidnapped by a woman named Kanoe while Fuma follows her.

Kamui is contacted by Princess Hinoto, Kanoe's sister, who seeks to recruit Kamui into the Dragons of Heavens to protect mankind from this war. Kamui refuses to take such responsibility but remains concerned about Fuma and Kotori. Kanoe meets Fuma and recognizes him as the "other Kamui" who could replace the other and join the Dragons of Earth. Seichiro Aoki and Karen Kasumi from the Heavens face Nataku and Shōgo from the Earth respectively but all four fighters are murdered. Fearing Kotori and Fuma possibly being killed by the Dragons of Earth, Kamui joins the Dragons of Heavens alongside the members Arashi Kishū, Sorata Arisugawa and Yuzuriha Nekoi to face their Dragons of Earth. Upon meeting a man named Kusanagi Shiyū from the Earth, Kamui tries to get him to tell him Kotori and Fuma's whereabouts but he tries to kill him alongside Yuzuriha. As this happens, Kamui suffers visions again and Yuzuriha is killed in a battle with Yūto and Kusanagi while protecting Kamui. Fuma finds Kamui and murders Kusanagi alongside Yuto later on.

Fuma then kills Kotori as her body contains another Sacred Sword to wield in the war. The continuous deaths of the Dragons of Heavens cause the destruction of more areas from Tokyo. Before dying from the falling debris, Hinoto transports Kamui to a safe area to protect mankind. Fuma then attempts to kill Kamui who is unwilling to fight his friend. Eventually, Kamui is forced to unseal his own Sacred Sword and beheads Fuma. Despite being the winner of the war, Kamui is completely grief-stricken over what transpired and cries while holding Fuma's head in the remains of Tokyo.

Cast

CharacterJapanese voice actorEnglish voice actor
Kamui Shirou Tomokazu Seki Alan Marriott
Fuma Monou Ken Narita Adam Henderson
Kotori Monou Junko Iwao Larrisa Murray
Kanoe Atsuko Takahata Denica Fairman
Princess Hinoto Yuko Minaguchi Stacey Jefferson
Sorata Arisugawa Kōichi Yamadera Mike Fitzpatrick
Seiichirō Aoki Hideyuki Tanaka David Jarvis
Shōgo Asagi Toshihiko Seki Rupert Degas
Yūto Kigai Kazuhiko Inoue Nigel Whitmey
Satsuki Yatōji Kotono Mitsuishi Julie Brahms
Yuzuriha Nekoi Yukana Nogami Anne-Marie Lewis
Arashi Kishū Emi Shinohara Teresa Gallagher
Karen Kasumi Mami Koyama Toni Barry
Tōru Shirō Masako Ikeda Liza Ross
Subaru Sumeragi Issei Miyazaki Mike Fitzpatrick
Seishirō Sakurazuka Tōru Furusawa Jeff Harding
Nataku Rica Matsumoto David Jarvis
Kusanagi Shiyū George Nakata Jeff Harding

Production

Nanase Ohkawa assisted Rintaro with the film's script Nanase Ohkawa at Anime Expo 2006.jpg
Nanase Ohkawa assisted Rintaro with the film's script

Rintaro directed the movie aimed. He was requested by the editorial Kadokawa Shoten due to unknown reasons, which he believes it was due to his work on Harmageddon , a 1983 film that employs different themes from the X manga. He aimed Asami Watanabi's script as a base to develop scenes of his liking. Based on the style he employed, Rintaro expected that multiple viewers would reject his work as the narrative gave Kamui a tragic ending which would impact people's personal taste. X was the first time Rintaro worked with Clamp which he found to be a unique experience. Since the manga was not finished, the script was made with Ohkawa's help to create a completely alternative story. He aimed the film to be a self-contained story and thus multiple subplots had to be removed from the source material. He often discussed this with Ohkawa who created the first script which Madhouse use to adapt. In retrospective, Rintaro is glad with how the movie was completed, specifically due to the focus on fight scenes. [1] The film was written to be as simple as possible. [2] [3]

The characters were designed by Nobuteri Yuki while the music was produced by Yasuaki Shimizu.[ citation needed ]X was the first time Rintaro used computer animation in his career. [4] The character Shogo Asagi was created exclusively to the movie. [5] Kadokawa Shoten editor Seichiro Aoki supervised the film which gave a large surprise when learning that one of the characters was modeled after him but written in different Japanese characters. His job was also making sure the characters were nearly identical to manga's original style. [6] Meanwhile, Clamp were asked for help by Rintaro who wanted to properly dress Karen. [7]

The film was given a limited release in the United States in early 2000 and released to VHS and DVD on September 25, 2001 by Manga Entertainment. [8] [9] X: The Destiny War, a comic book based on the feature film, was released on September 30, 1996. The X Japan song "Forever Love", composed by Yoshiki, was chosen as the film's theme song. [10] [11] "Forever Love" also appears on the soundtrack of the film. [12]

The XCharacter Files (キャラクターファイル, Kyarakutā Fairu) were released from June 1996 to December 1996 by Victor Entertainment. The seven audio dramas, scripted by Nanase Ohkawa, focus on the thoughts and motivations of the individual Dragons of Heaven and Earth. The Character Files are performed by the feature film voice actors. They were created to promote the film version of the manga. [13]

Reception

Released on March 10, 2000 in the United States, the film reached $143,355 at the box office. [14] The song "Forever Love" was later used by the former Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi in a campaign advertisement in 2001. [15] According to Anime News Network , X Japan became popular worldwide thanks to their contribution to the X film. [16] An alternate version of Shogo Asagi went to appear in Clamp's manga Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle as a gang leader who often encounters the series' protagonist, Syaoran, in the first story arc. [17]

The X film is also notable to be the goriest adaptation of the manga, as, while television series is violent, it does not show massive genocide or decapitations like the film. [18] Kamui is prophesied to return to Tokyo as one who will determine humanity's fate. The construction of Kamui as a messiah is reinforced by his miraculous birth and given name; "Kamui", like "Christ", alludes to the character's nature. [19] Bamboo Dong from Anime News Network praised the Japanese cast, pointing out the lead Tomokazu Seki's role voicing Kamui due to how he displays the character's emotions. Dong considered it as a "masterpiece", in the technical, plot and character aspects. [20] AnimeOnDVD writer Chris Beveridge praised the dialogue and audio provided by the English release. The felt that the dilemma between Kamui and Fuma being friends turned enemies was the most notable aspect of the narrative. He noted that the film was primarily a battle film and thus felt the plot was good, something he further noted during Rintaro's interview shown in the DVD. As a result, he awarded the DVD a "B+" [21] THEM Anime Reviews called it a poor adaptation of Clamp's manga compare to the anime series, while the concept of a war destined to decide the planet's fate was interesting, it was difficult to care for the characters, based on the fact almost everybody is in danger in the film, regardless of well coordinated battles. As a result, THEM gave the film three stars out of five and recommended the viewers to skip it and instead watch the anime television series. [22] Animerica was positive by how the drama focused on Kamui, Fuma and Kotori, finding it intense. He went to refer to it as a "surreal movie experience for both fans of the manga and those who have no idea what to expect." [23] In comparison to the film, Zac Bertschy from Anime News Network felt that Fuma's transformation into the series' villain is more realistic in the anime series. [24]

In the book Animation: A World History: Volume III: Contemporary Times, Giannalberto Bendazzi regarded X as one of Rintaro's "outstanding" works based on the visual presentations he created. [25] Even though the abbreviated story did not place the characters' action in the proper context like the manga series, the film is praised for its dreamlike atmosphere; [26] powerful imagery and visually engaging action sequences. [27] [20] The book Anime Classics Zettai!: 100 Must-See Japanese Animation Masterpieces noted that both the feature film and the anime television series provided attractive adaptations of Clamp's manga series, with the film achieving an appealing atmosphere based on the combination of animation and music while complimenting the character designs. [28] The New York Times compared the film's animation to that of other popular anime films like Princess Mononoke (1997), Ghost in the Shell (1995) and Akira (1988) despite mentioning the amount of concentration needed to follow the complex narrative of the story. [29]

Related Research Articles

<i>The Vision of Escaflowne</i> Japanese anime television series

The Vision of Escaflowne is a Japanese anime television series created by Shōji Kawamori with Sunrise Studios and directed by Kazuki Akane. It premiered from April to September 1996, on TV Tokyo. Sony's anime satellite channel, Animax also aired the series, both in Japan and on its various worldwide networks, including Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Southeast Asia. It was licensed for Region 1 release by Bandai Entertainment. The series is currently licensed by Crunchyroll.

<i>Magic Knight Rayearth</i> Japanese manga series by Clamp and its adaptations

Magic Knight Rayearth is a Japanese manga series created by CLAMP. Appearing as a serial in the manga magazine Nakayoshi from the November 1993 issue to the February 1995 issue, the chapters of Magic Knight Rayearth were collected into three bound volumes by Kodansha. They were published from July 1994 to March 1995. A sequel was serialized in the same manga magazine from the March 1995 issue to the April 1996 issue. It was published by Kodansha in three bound volumes from July 1995 to April 1996.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Clamp (manga artists)</span> Manga artist group

Clamp is an all-female Japanese manga artist group, consisting of leader and writer Nanase Ohkawa, and three artists whose roles shift for each series: Mokona, Tsubaki Nekoi, and Satsuki Igarashi.

<i>Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle</i> 2003 Japanese manga series by Clamp and its adaptations

Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by the manga artist group Clamp. It takes place in the same fictional universe as many of Clamp's other manga series, most notably xxxHolic. The plot follows how Sakura, the princess of the Kingdom of Clow, loses all her memories and how Syaoran, a young archaeologist who is her childhood friend, goes on arduous adventures to save her, with two other companions. The Dimensional Witch Yūko Ichihara instructs him to go with two people, Kurogane and Fai D. Flowright. They search for Sakura's memories, which were scattered in various worlds in the form of angelic-like feathers, as retrieving them will help save her very being. Tsubasa was conceived when four Clamp artists wanted to create a manga series that connected all their previous works. They took the designs for the main protagonists from their earlier manga called Cardcaptor Sakura.

<i>X</i> (manga) Japanese manga series and franchise

X, also known as X/1999, is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Clamp, a creative team made up of Satsuki Igarashi, Nanase Ohkawa, Tsubaki Nekoi, and Mokona. It premiered in Kadokawa Shoten's Monthly Asuka manga magazine in May 1992 and ran there until it went on hiatus in March 2003; it has yet to be concluded. The story takes place at the end of days in the year 1999. The series follows Kamui Shiro, a young esper who returns home to Tokyo after a six-year absence to face his destiny as the one who will determine the humanity's fate.

<i>Tokyo Babylon</i> Japanese manga series

Tokyo Babylon (東京BABYLON), also known as Tokyo Babylon: A Save Tokyo City Story, is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Clamp. It follows Subaru Sumeragi, the head of the Sumeragi clan, and his sister Hokuto, as they work to protect Tokyo from a myriad of supernatural perils while living with a man named Seishiro Sakurazuka. Shinshokan serialized it in South and Wings magazines from 1990 to 1993, and was collected in 7 tankōbon volumes.

<i>Clamp School Detectives</i> 1992 manga

Clamp School Detectives, also known as CLAMP Campus Detectives, is a manga series by Clamp, which was adapted into a 26-episode anime series, produced by Bandai Visual and Studio Pierrot. The manga series was serialized in Kadokawa Shoten's Monthly Asuka manga magazine between January 1992 and October 1993, spanning three tankōbon, while the anime premiered in Japan on TV Tokyo between May 3, 1997 and October 25, 1997.

<i>Miyuki-chan in Wonderland</i> Manga

Miyuki-chan in Wonderland is a comedy, yuri manga written and illustrated by Clamp, an all-female manga artist team consisting of Satsuki Igarashi, Mokona, Tsubaki Nekoi, and Nanase Ohkawa. The story focuses on the eponymous protagonist, a Japanese high-school girl who finds herself pulled into various worlds populated by women who consider her appealing.

<i>Chobits</i> Japanese manga series by Clamp

Chobits is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by the Japanese manga collective Clamp. It was serialized in Kodansha's seinen manga magazine Weekly Young Magazine from September 2000 to October 2002, with its chapters collected in eight bound volumes. Chobits was adapted as a 26-episode-long anime television series broadcast on TBS from April to September 2002. In addition, it has spawned two video games as well as various merchandise such as model figures, collectible cards, calendars, and artbooks.

<i>X</i> (TV series) Japanese anime television series

X, also known as X TV, is a Japanese anime television series based on Clamp's manga series of the same name. It was produced by Madhouse and directed by Yoshiaki Kawajiri. Its twenty-four episodes were broadcast in Japan on WOWOW from October 2001 to March 2002. The story takes place at the end of the days, in the year 1999. It follows Kamui Shiro, a young esper who returns home to Tokyo after a six-year absence to face his destiny as the one who will determine humanity's fate. There, he discovers two organizations who want to take him as well as another person who shares Kamui's same talent.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Seishiro Sakurazuka</span> Fictional character from Tokyo Babylon and X

Seishiro Sakurazuka is a fictional character that was created by Clamp and first appeared in the manga series Tokyo Babylon. He appears as a kind veterinarian who shows romantic affection for the young exorcist Subaru Sumeragi. During the story, it is revealed he is the Sakurazukamori, Japan's number-one assassin who is targeting Subaru. The character returns in the apocalyptic manga X as a combatant in the battle of Armageddon, a Dragon of Earth and Subaru's rival. An alternative version of Seishiro appears in Clamp's crossover series Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle as a young treasure hunter who is searching for two vampires, one of whom is an alternative version of Subaru.

Clamp in Wonderland is a series of animated music videos produced by Clamp, a creative team made up by Satsuki Igarashi, Nanase Ohkawa, Tsubaki Nekoi and Mokona.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Subaru Sumeragi</span> Fictional character from Tokyo Babylon and X

Subaru Sumeragi is the fictional protagonist of Clamp's manga series Tokyo Babylon. The head of the Sumeragi clan, Subaru is a young onmyōji in charge of exorcising demons and helping spirits reach the afterlife, while living with his twin sister Hokuto and love interest Seishiro Sakurazuka. Following the events of Tokyo Babylon, an adult Subaru appears in the live-action film Tokyo Babylon 1999 investigating a murder case. He becomes one of mankind's seven protectors in Clamp's series X, and Seishiro is his new rival. Subaru's fate in the battle of the end of the world has differed across X's multiple animated adaptations. An alternate version of the character appears in Clamp's crossover series, Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kamui Shiro</span> Fictional character from X

Kamui Shiro, also written as Kamui Shirou, is a fictional character that was created by Clamp and introduced as the protagonist of the manga series X. Kamui is a young esper who returns to his home, Tokyo, after a six-year absence following his mother's last will. According to her, he can change the world's fate. He can either join the groups a Dragons of Heaven or Dragons of Earth and fight for mankind or the nature, respectively. Kamui has also appeared in the animated adaptations of X, in which he follows a different course of action, and he also appears as an alternative persona from a post-apocalyptic Tokyo in the manga Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle.

<i>X: Unmei no Sentaku</i> 2002 video game

X: Unmei no Sentaku is a fighting game created by Arc System Works and published by Namco for PlayStation. Based on Madhouse's anime series X the game was released in Japan on August 22, 2002. The game features a total of ten fighters from two different groups present the X TV series who perform magic spells to take down each other.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fuma Monou</span> Fictional character from X

Fuma Monou, also written Fuuma Monou, is a fictional character created by the artists Clamp introduced in their manga series X. Fuma appears to be an ordinary, young man who is friends with protagonist Kamui Shiro. However, his frequent encounters with Kamui and Kamui's power has made him develop a cold-blooded alter-ego, who joins the Dragons of Earth to eliminate mankind, preserve the Earth and kill Kamui's own group, the Dragons of Heaven. Fuma also appears in an animated film and television series based on the manga, both of which have a different outcome because Clamp did not finish the X manga. An alternative version of the character has appeared in the Clamp's manga, Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle, as a rival of another Kamui.

<i>Cardcaptor Sakura</i> Japanese manga series by Clamp

Cardcaptor Sakura, abbreviated as CCS, is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by the manga group Clamp. Serialized monthly in the shōjo manga magazine Nakayoshi from the June 1996 to August 2000 issues, it was also published in 12 tankōbon volumes by Kodansha between November 1996 and July 2000. The story centers on Sakura Kinomoto, an elementary school student who discovers magical powers after accidentally freeing a set of magical cards into the world; she must retrieve the cards to prevent catastrophe. Each of these cards grants different magical powers, and can only be activated by someone with inherent magical abilities. A sequel by Clamp, Cardcaptor Sakura: Clear Card, focusing on Sakura in junior high school, began serialization in Nakayoshi in 2016.

<i>Blood-C: The Last Dark</i> 2012 film by Naoyoshi Shiotani

Blood-C: The Last Dark is a 2012 Japanese animated action horror film directed by Naoyoshi Shiotani and co-written by Nanase Ohkawa and Junichi Fujisaku based on the 2011 anime television series Blood-C co-created by studio Production I.G and manga artist group CLAMP. Produced by Production I.G and distributed by Shochiku, The Last Dark is set six months after the events of Blood-C; in the universe of Blood-C humanity is secretly preyed upon by a race called the Elder Bairns, whose feeding is kept under control by an ancient agreement called Shrovetide. The Last Dark follows Saya Kisaragi as she pursues Fumito Nanahara—the human guardian of Shrovetide who manipulated and betrayed her—through Tokyo with the help of an underground organization called SIRRUT. The film stars Nana Mizuki as the voice of Saya and Kenji Nojima as Fumito, alongside Ai Hashimoto, Hiroshi Kamiya, Yuki Kaji, Yuichi Nakamura, Kana Hanazawa, Yūko Kaida, Masumi Asano, Junichi Suwabe and Jun Fukuyama. The Last Dark was released in Japan on June 2, 2012.

References

  1. Karahashi, Takayuki (2000). "Animerica Interview X Rintaro". Animerica. Vol. 8, no. 5. Viz Media. p. 8. ISSN   1067-0831.
  2. X Perfect Book. Kadokawa Shoten.
  3. Luce, Eric. "X". EX: The Online World of Anime & Manga. Archived from the original on June 8, 2007. Retrieved July 1, 2007.
  4. "'X: 1999' a trip into an apocalyptic future". Daily Emerald. July 26, 2000. Archived from the original on September 15, 2022. Retrieved November 30, 2020.
  5. Karahashi, Takayuki (2000). "Animerica Interview X Rintaro". Animerica. Vol. 8, no. 5. Viz Media. p. 35. ISSN   1067-0831.
  6. Clamp no Kiseki, volume 5. Tokyo Pop. December 13, 2005. p. 30. ISBN   978-1595326096.
  7. "X". Monthly Asuka . No. December 2001. Kodansha. 2001.
  8. "X - The Movie VHS". Amazon.com. Archived from the original on September 15, 2022. Retrieved November 30, 2020.
  9. "X - The Movie". Amazon.com. Archived from the original on September 15, 2022. Retrieved November 29, 2020.
  10. "意外な曲も? 実はアニソンに使われていた! というJ-Popの名曲ランキングTop10 (2015年12月29日) - エキサイトニュース(2/4)". エキサイトニュース (in Japanese). Archived from the original on December 14, 2020. Retrieved August 7, 2023.
  11. "FOREVER LOVE - この曲を聴け!". hvymetal.com. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved August 7, 2023.
  12. Brian Camp; Julie Davis (2007). Anime Classics Zettai!: 100 Must-See Japanese Animation Masterpieces. Stone Bridge Press. p. 402. ISBN   9781933330228. Archived from the original on August 26, 2021. Retrieved September 15, 2022.
  13. Clamp. Clamp no Kiseki. Vol. 9. Tokyopop. p. 31.
  14. "X". Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on December 12, 2020. Retrieved November 29, 2020.
  15. Galbraith, Patrick W. (1999). The Otaku Encyclopedia . Kodansha International. p. 236. ISBN   978-4-7700-3101-3.
  16. Toole, Michael (December 23, 2014). "Interview: Yoshiki of X JAPAN". Anime News Network . Archived from the original on November 29, 2020. Retrieved November 30, 2020.
  17. Clamp (2004). Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle. Vol. 1. Del Rey Manga. ISBN   978-0-345-47057-7.
  18. Brian Camp; Julie Davis (2007). Anime Classics Zettai!: 100 Must-See Japanese Animation Masterpieces. Stone Bridge Press. p. 402. ISBN   9781933330228. Archived from the original on August 26, 2021. Retrieved September 15, 2022.
  19. Elliott, David (April 8, 2000). "X: an animated comic book with little between the covers". The San Diego Union-Tribune .
  20. 1 2 Dong, Bamboo (April 28, 2002). "X/1999 DVD Review". Anime News Network . Archived from the original on October 13, 2013. Retrieved August 7, 2023.
  21. Beveridge, Chris. "X". AnimeOnDVD. Archived from the original on March 5, 2005. Retrieved November 29, 2020.
  22. Nelson, Robert. "X: The Movie". THEM Anime Reviews . Archived from the original on November 24, 2020. Retrieved November 29, 2020.
  23. "X, the movie". Animerica . Archived from the original on April 7, 2004. Retrieved November 29, 2020.
  24. Bertschy, Zac (April 3, 2003). "X ONE TV DVD 3". Anime News Network . Archived from the original on June 8, 2019. Retrieved November 25, 2020.
  25. Bendazzi, Giannalberto (2016). Animation: A World History: Volume III: Contemporary Times. Routledge. p. 229. ISBN   978-1138035331.
  26. Mitchell, Elvis (March 24, 2000). "X: Even Animated, Poor Tokyo Can't Get a Moment's Peace". The New York Times .
  27. Harvey, Dennis (May 1, 2000). "Also Playing:X". Daily Variety .
  28. Camp, Brian; Davis, Julie (2007). Anime Classics Zettai!: 100 Must-See Japanese Animation Masterpieces. Stone Bridge Press. ISBN   978-1933330228. Archived from the original on September 15, 2022. Retrieved September 15, 2022.
  29. Mitchell, Elvis (March 24, 2000). "Film Review; Even Animated, Poor Tokyo Can't Get a Moment's Peace". The New York Times . Archived from the original on May 27, 2015. Retrieved November 30, 2020.