Yapunyah waterhole

Last updated

Yapunyah Waterhole
Yapunyah Waterhole.jpg
The waterhole in 2011
Australia Queensland relief location map.jpg
Red pog.svg
Yapunyah Waterhole
Australia relief map.jpg
Red pog.svg
Yapunyah Waterhole
Location South West Queensland
Coordinates 25°29′08″S144°18′43″E / 25.48556°S 144.31194°E / -25.48556; 144.31194 Coordinates: 25°29′08″S144°18′43″E / 25.48556°S 144.31194°E / -25.48556; 144.31194
Lake type Permanent waterhole
Primary inflows Nutting Creek
Catchment area Barcoo River
Basin  countriesLake Eyre Basin, Australia
Max. length2 km (1.2 mi)
Surface area 22 ha (54 acres)

Yapunyah Waterhole lies in the Mulga Lands bioregion of western Queensland. The waterhole is about two kilometres long and covers approximately 22 hectares when full. It is defined as a permanent waterhole in a region where permanent waterholes are extremely rare and therefore provide important refuges for aquatic plants and animals. These rare waterholes were also vital for Aboriginal people and provided both spiritual and physical nourishment. [1]

Contents

The waterhole is on a cattle-grazing property where efforts are being made to preserve the biodiversity and associated cultural heritage. The property owners are working with the local natural resource management group, Desert Channels Queensland. [2]

The Yapunyah Waterhole is a permanent waterhole in the Cooper Creek catchment and the Lake Eyre Basin. It lies in the Grey Range [3] between Adavale and Yaraka in South West Queensland. [4] The waterhole is fed by Nutting Creek, which starts at an elevation of 347 metres and drops around 85.5  metres over its 72 kilometre length before merging with Powell Creek. [5] Powell Creek in turn flows through Hell Hole Gorge National Park to the south-west and eventually into the Barcoo River. The waterhole is surrounded by mulga Acacia aneura woodland. Rainfall averages 390 millimetres per year and is exceeded by evaporation of three to four metres per year.

A permanent waterhole in a semi-arid landscape

Permanent waterholes [6] are extremely rare in the arid and semi-arid landscapes of the Lake Eyre Basin. These rare, often isolated waterholes are of vital importance as biological refugia and underpin the health and vitality of the aquatic animals. [1] Permanent waterholes have been defined as those that have not gone dry since European settlement and are generally about four metres deep when they cease to flow. They mostly occur on main rivers and creeks where they receive regular inundation. [1] Rivers in the Lake Eyre Basin exist mostly as a series of ephemeral, semi-permanent and permanent waterholes and flow only seasonally in response to summer monsoonal rainfall in the upper catchments.

Aquatic organisms which lack desiccation-resistant life-stages (i.e. cannot survive 'drying out'), are reliant on refuges during drought, as are wetland-dependent organisms which do not readily disperse, or which cannot move long distances between isolated habitats. Such animals include all fish, some macroinvertebrates, the Cooper Creek Turtle Emydura macquarii emmotti and water rat Hydromys chrysogaster. [1]

These waterholes also provide vital habitat for land mammals, reptiles, frogs and woodland birds that need to live near permanent water and/or that favour trees with hollows. [7]

Permanent waterholes also tend to have consistently higher species diversity than ephemeral and semi-permanent waterholes and provide consistency and stability in a highly variable system. The reduction of rivers to a handful of waterholes during drought highlights both the importance and vulnerability of these refuges. [1]

Riparian habitats Riparian vegetation.jpg
Riparian habitats

The main factors leading to the permanent nature of Yapunyah Waterhole include:

Habitats

Rockholes, ledges, overhangs and riparian zones at the waterhole provide a range of habitats for native flora and fauna, including the vulnerable yellow-footed rock wallaby [8] and the endemic Cooper Creek Turtle. The Yapunyah waterhole is a healthy aquatic system with no evidence of introduced fish species, cane toads, weeds or feral mammals (such as pigs and goats). It has abundant wildlife and a unique environment that provides a refuge for native species to survive the dry times.

Flora

Mint bush (Prostanthera megacalyx) Mint bush (Prostanthera megacalyx).jpg
Mint bush (Prostanthera megacalyx)

The predominant vegetation surrounding the rocky edges of the waterhole and Nutting Creek is defined as a mulga Acacia aneura woodland. Other flora species documented in the riparian areas of the waterhole include: river red gum E. camaldulensis, ghost gum Corymbia aparrerinja, bendee Acacia calendulata, [9] lancewood Acacia shirleyi, [10] narrow-leafed hop bush Dodonaea viscosa var angustissima, [11] Grampians, hook-leaf and rock Thryptomenes (Thryptomene sp.), inland spur-flower Plectranthus intraterraneus, [12] mint bush Prostanthera megacalyx [13] and red ash Alphitonia excelsa. [14] Two species of flora identified at Yapunyah Waterhole that usually occur further to the east include: Quinine bush Petalostigma pubescens and Reed grass Arundinella nepalensis. [15]

Fauna

Cooper Creek Turtle

The Cooper Creek Turtle Emydura macquarii emmottii is found only in the Lake Eyre Basin. It is a short-necked turtle and one of the largest species of side-necked turtle in Australia; weighing up to eight kilograms and growing over 40 centimetres in length. [16]

A Cooper Creek Turtle (Emydura sp.) surfaces Cooper Creek Turtle.jpg
A Cooper Creek Turtle (Emydura sp.) surfaces

Permanent waterholes are dominated by adult turtles in high densities; semi-permanent waterholes are dominated by juveniles and ephemeral waterholes contain no turtle populations. [16] Adult turtles are regularly seen swimming and surfacing at the Yapunyah Waterhole.

Yellow-footed rock wallaby

The yellow-footed rock wallaby Petrogale xanthopus is recognized as a distinct sub-species in Queensland (Petrogale xanthopus celeris), [8] and only occurs in rugged country in a triangular area between Adavale, Blackall and Stonehenge. Within this range the rock wallabies live in a number of colonies in Idalia, Welford and Hell Hole Gorge National Parks and also on private land (such as "Bulloo Lakes" station). [17] The rocky ledges and overhangs of Yapunyah Waterhole provide habitat for yellow-footed rock wallabies and they are often observed drinking there. The yellow-footed rock wallaby is listed as vulnerable under the Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act). [17]

Fish

Yellow-footed rock wallaby (Petrogale xanthopus) footprints. Rock wallaby footprints.jpg
Yellow-footed rock wallaby (Petrogale xanthopus) footprints.

Permanent waterholes provide important fish habitat in south-western Queensland. They are vital for several endemic and near-endemic species including: Lake Eyre yellow belly (Macquaria sp.) and related species and Cooper Creek tandan (Neosilurus sp.). Other fishes include hardy heads (Craterocephalus sp.) and gudgeons (Hypseleotris sp.). [7]

Fish species identified in the nearby Nutting Creek include: Spangled perch (Leiopotherapon unicolour), Bony bream (Nematalosa erebi) and Desert rainbow fish (Melanotaenia splendida tatei). Other aquatic species include: Freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium australiense) and Blue Claw (Cherax destructor).

Cultural heritage

Permanent and semi-permanent waterholes in the arid zone were vital places for Aboriginal people over thousands of years. River and creek courses provided natural routes or corridors for people to travel through the area and reliable waterholes acted as vital nodes along these routes. Unsurprisingly, given their immense value, waterholes were also rich in mythology and regarded as places of spiritual as well as physical nourishment. [1] Evidence suggests that the Yapunyah Waterhole was an important place for Aboriginal people. It is likely that this location would have been beneficial for food, bush medicines, water and raw materials for stone tools. With Indigenous involvement, the current property owners are ensuring preservation and protection of this significant waterhole now and into the future.

Pastoral settlement history

The Yapunyah Waterhole is one of numerous permanent waterholes on "Bulloo Lakes" station; a cattle grazing property south-west of Blackall. The first record of European settlement of the area now known as "Bulloo Lakes" station (originally called "Kenilworth") shows a lease taken up on 1 July 1864 by J Mollison, Black and Smith. In 1866 it was transferred to William Sloane and in 1867 to John Earles. In 1886 "Kenilworth" was consolidated with other blocks and named "Kilcumin". [18]

"Bulloo Lakes" on the eastern side of the Bulloo River was a block taken off "Milo" and drawn by a Mr Andy Madden (prior to the 1930s (precise date unknown)) and there's a record stating that the Madden's lived in a log cabin with a dirt floor. Harry Richardson bought "Bulloo Lakes" from Andy Madden in Ann De Hennin's name with 800 head of cattle (date unknown). (The Lands Department would not allow Mr Richardson to hold the property as only a certain area could be leased by one person). [18] During the 1930s it was bought by Harry Richardson and taken over by Jim Richardson. The property has changed hands two more times before being purchased by the current owners in the mid 2000s.

Management and protection

Fencing projects complete Yapunyah fencing.jpg
Fencing projects complete

There is a recognised need to protect the fragile wetlands in this region and landowners like the current owners of "Bulloo Lakes" Station are taking measures to ensure this occurs.

Increasing vegetation coverage and excluding livestock from creek corridors stabilises the environment and significantly contributes to protecting the wetlands of this region. This was achieved at Yapunyah Waterhole by erecting thirteen kilometres of fencing in 2008, 20 kilometres of fencing in 2011 and then a further 25 kilometres of fencing in 2012 to complete a stock proof enclosure around the waterhole. They've also put other vital measures in place such as relocating watering points to better manage grazing and its impacts.

The fencing in 2008 also enabled the protection of a section of Nutting Creek and protected 243 hectares of riparian vegetation and 4,615 hectares in total. The fencing in 2011 further protected Yapunyah Waterhole and also helped protect Kokanah Waterhole on Powell Creek. With all three fences in place, the land managers can totally exclude stock from the Yapunyah and Kokanah Waterholes and adjacent areas of the Nutting and Powell Creeks; an area of 6,477 hectares in total.

To ensure continued protection and as part of their property management plan, the land owners also exclude stock from the fenced area (other than for fire risk management); maintain the new fencing; monitor watering points; complete an annual monitoring of waterhole and creek areas; record sightings of wallaby species and maintain fire and pest risk management plans. Desert Channels Queensland (the local natural resource management group) [2] provided assistance to protect these vital wetlands through the funding of two grants for the fencing projects in 2008 and 2011. The owners of "Gooyeah" station (neighbouring "Bulloo Lakes") also contributed towards the fencing in 2011. These fencing projects have improved the capacity to manage the land while protecting fragile riparian areas and conserving an important ecosystem to the benefit of native flora and fauna. [19]

While there is no public access to Yapunyah Waterhole, the owners of "Bulloo Lakes" Station are keen for other landholders and locals in the area to "discover evidence of, and develop respect for the cultural and natural heritage of the area". They have conducted a study trip at the waterhole for interested parties and shared the outcomes of this best practice wetland management. The landholders would like to hear from people who are genuinely interested in helping to protect this relatively undisturbed and unique area. [20]

Knowledge gaps

The Yapunyah waterhole's remote and inaccessible location has limited the gathering of survey data and other information on the ecology of the area. Full surveys of flora, fauna and wetland habitats have not yet been fully documented. In a fact sheet developed by the Environmental Protection Agency, [7] it says this wetland type is relatively well known in south-western Queensland in terms of ecology and species diversity; the fact sheet also contains a full list of commonly found flora and fauna (including birds).

Related Research Articles

Girraween National Park Protected area in Queensland, Australia

Girraween National Park is an area of the Granite Belt in the Darling Downs region of Queensland, Australia reserved as a national park. Girraween is known for its spectacular flowers, dramatic landscapes and unique wildlife. Bushwalking and rock climbing are the most popular activities in the park.

Boodjamulla National Park Protected area in Queensland, Australia

Boodjamulla National Park, formerly known as Lawn Hill National Park, is a national park in the Shire of Burke, Queensland, Australia. The Riversleigh World Heritage Area is a World Heritage Site within the park.

Welford National Park Protected area in Queensland, Australia

Welford is a national park in Central West Queensland, Australia, 991 km west of Brisbane founded by Claire Gillman. It is located just to the south east of Jundah. The park was established in 1992 to protect the biodiversity of the mulga lands, mitchell grass and Channel Country ecoregions. The southern border is marked by the Barcoo River.

Lake Eyre basin Place in *Queensland *South Australia *Northern Territory *New South Wales, Australia

The Lake Eyre basin is a drainage basin that covers just under one-sixth of all Australia. It is the largest endorheic basin in Australia and amongst the largest in the world, covering about 1,200,000 square kilometres (463,323 sq mi), including much of inland Queensland, large portions of South Australia and the Northern Territory, and a part of western New South Wales. The basin is also one of the largest, least-developed arid zone basins with a high degree of variability anywhere. It supports about 60,000 people and a large amount of wildlife, and has no major irrigation, diversions or flood-plain developments. Low density grazing is the major land use, occupying 82% of the total land within the basin.

Cooper Creek River in Queensland, South Australia

The Cooper Creek is one of the most famous rivers in Australia because it was the site of the death of the explorers Burke and Wills in 1861. It is sometimes known as the Barcoo River from one of its tributaries and is one of three major Queensland river systems that flow into the Lake Eyre basin. The flow of the creek depends on monsoonal rains falling months earlier and many hundreds of kilometres away in eastern Queensland. It is 1,300 kilometres (810 mi) in length.

Thomson River (Queensland)

The Thomson River is a perennial river that forms part of the Lake Eyre Basin, situated in the central west and western regions of Queensland, Australia. Much of the course of the river comprises a series of narrow channels synonymous with the Channel Country and the Galilee subregion.

Threatened fauna of Australia

Threatened fauna of Australia are those species and subspecies of birds, fish, frogs, insects, mammals, molluscs, crustaceans and reptiles to be found in Australia that are in danger of becoming extinct. This list is the list proclaimed under the Australian federal Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. The classifications are based on those used by the World Conservation Union (IUCN), however IUCN and Australian rankings do differ. Each state and territory has its own legislation relating to environmental protection.

Lake Galilee (Queensland) Lake in Queensland, Australia

Lake Galilee is a semi-arid salt lake in the locality of Galilee, Barcaldine Region, within the Desert Uplands area of Central West Queensland, Australia. The lake is about 36 kilometres long, up to 12.5 kilometres wide and covers approximately 25,700 hectares.

Buckaringa Sanctuary Protected area in South Australia

Buckaringa Sanctuary is a 20 km2 nature reserve in the southern Flinders Ranges of South Australia. It is 30 km north of the town of Quorn. It is owned and managed by the Australian Wildlife Conservancy (AWC).

Bulloo River

The Bulloo RiverBUUL-oo is an isolated drainage system in western Queensland, central Australia. Its floodplain, which extends into northern New South Wales, is an important area for waterbirds when inundated. It comprises most of the Bulloo-Bancannia drainage basin.

The Suttor River is a river in Central Queensland, Australia. The Belyando River is its main tributary. The river has its origins in the Leichhardt Range, north west of Glenden. It flows into Lake Dalrymple, becoming a tributary of the Burdekin River.

Brigalow Belt

The Brigalow Belt is a wide band of acacia-wooded grassland that runs between tropical rainforest of the coast and the semi-arid interior of Queensland, Australia. The Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia (IBRA) divides the Brigalow Belt into two IBRA regions, or bioregions, Brigalow Belt North (BBN) and Brigalow Belt South (BBS). The North and South Brigalow Belt are two of the 85 bioregions across Australia and the 15 bioregions in Queensland. Together they form most of the Brigalow tropical savanna ecoregion.

Heavy rain in March 2010 saw much of south western and central Queensland undergo major flooding. The floods saw inundation of the towns of Charleville, Roma, St George and Theodore among others. Major rivers affected include the Balonne River, Bulloo River, Paroo River and the Dawson River.

Mulga Lands

The Mulga Lands are an interim Australian bioregion of eastern Australia consisting of dry sandy plains with low mulga woodlands and shrublands that are dominated by Acacia aneura (mulga). The Eastern Australia mulga shrublands ecoregion is coterminous with the Mulga Lands bioregion.

Goyder Lagoon

The Goyder Lagoon is a large ephemeral swamp in the Australian state of South Australia in the state's Far North region. The lake is part of the Diamantina River floodplain, lying beside the Birdsville Track close to the state border with Queensland.

The Bulloo-Bancannia drainage basin or Cooper Creek–Bulloo River Basin is a Level 2 drainage basin that covers part of western Queensland and New South Wales. It was recognised by the Bureau of Meteorology and CSIRO as a subdivision of the Lake Eyre basin in the 2012 Australian Water Resources Assessment.

Macumba River

Macumba River, once known as Treuer River, is an ephemeral freshwater stream in the far north of South Australia, that is part of the Lake Eyre Basin.

Haughton River

The Haughton River is a river located in North Queensland, Australia.

Wilson River (Queensland)

The Wilson River, part of the Lake Eyre Basin, is an ephemeral river located in the Channel Country in western Queensland, Australia.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Silcock, Jenny (2009), Identification of Permanent Refuge Waterbodies in the Cooper Creek & Georgina-Diamantina River Catchments for Queensland and South Australia, Final Report to South Australian Arid Lands Natural Resource Management Board.
  2. 1 2 Desert Channels Queensland Incorporated – Caring for the Queensland section of the Lake Eyre Basin.
  3. ↑ Grey Range – Queensland by Degrees. Royal Geographical Society of Queensland. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
  4. ↑ Our landscape. Desert Channels Queensland. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
  5. ↑ Map of Nutting Creek, QLD. Bonzle. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
  6. ↑ Wetlands of Southern Queensland: Permanent river reaches and waterholes. Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
  7. 1 2 3 Environmental Protection Agency (1999), Permanent river reaches and waterholes of south-western Queensland, [Reprinted from Jaensch, R. 1999. The status and importance of Queensland’s south-western wetlands. Report by Wetlands International-Oceania to Environmental Protection Agency (see http://www.derm.qld.gov.au/register/p00210aa.pdf).
  8. 1 2 Yellow-footed rock-wallaby. Department of Environment and Heritage Protection. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
  9. ↑ Acacia catenulata. Atlas of living Australia. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
  10. ↑ Acacia shirleyi. Atlas of living Australia. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
  11. ↑ Dodonaea viscosa var angustissima. Atlas of living Australia. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
  12. ↑ Plectranthus intraterraneus. Atlas of living Australia. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
  13. ↑ Prostanthera megacalyx Altas of living Australia. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
  14. ↑ Alphitonia excelsa. Atlas of living Australia. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
  15. ↑ Arundinella nepalensis Atlas of living Australia. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
  16. 1 2 Georges, Arthur; White, Melissa & Guarino, Fioenzo (December 2003), Turtle Populations and the Impacts of Fishing, Dryland River Refugia Newsletter number 2, University of Canberra.
  17. 1 2 Department of Environment and Heritage Protection (Qld) (updated 2011), Yellow-footed rock wallaby – wildlife (A-Z of animals), (see http://www.ehp.qld.gov.au/wildlife/animals-az/yellow_footed_rock_wallaby).
  18. 1 2 Speedy, Char and Welfrod, Tania (2003), The Bulloo River Story: Life along the Bulloo River 1880s – 2000s, Quilpie, Qld.
  19. ↑ Mobbs R and A. (2012), Protecting Kokanah Waterhole and Powell Creek, Bulloo Lakes Pastoral and Gooyeah Station Fact Sheet.
  20. ↑ DCQ contacts page Contact via Desert Channels Queensland.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.