Buffelskloof Formation

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Buffelskloof Formation
Stratigraphic range: Early Cretaceous
Map of the Western Cape with Mossel Bay highlighted (2016).svg
Map showing the location of the formation
Type Geological formation
Unit of Uitenhage Group
Underlies Algoa Group
Overlies Kirkwood Formation
Lithology
Primary Conglomerate
Other Sandstone
Location
Region Western Cape
CountryFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa

The Buffelskloof Formation is a geological formation found in the Western Cape province in South Africa. It is the uppermost of the four formations found within the Uitenhage Group of the Algoa Basin. It is considered an informal formation by some of the literature as it is very thin and only outcrops as isolated horizons in the Oudshoorn-Gamtoos, Herbertsdale-Mossel Bay, and Heidelberg-Riversdale Basins. Along the Worcester-Pletmos Basin, it occurs in patches along the southern flanks of the Langeberg mountain range - from Worcester in the west and as far as Mossel Bay in the east. [1] From Mossel Bay this formation is inter fingered by the informal Hartenbos Formation. The Buffelskloof and Hartenbos Formations only occur in the Oudshoorn-Gamtoos and Herbertsdale-Mossel Bay basins and seem to correlate to the Sundays River Formation in age. [2] [3] [4] [5]

Contents

Geology

The Buffelskloof Formation was formed along the southern section of South Africa during the break up of Gondwana when there was widespread erosion of rocks comprising the Cape Fold Belt. [6] The Buffelskloof and Hartenbos Formations are tilted northwards, which is indicative of further crustal extension and faulting in the later phase of the break up of Gondwana. [7] [8]

It is considered to be Early Cretaceous in age although more thorough dating needs to be undertaken to confirm this. It provides important geological data on the change in landscape during the break-up of Gondwana in relation to the older Kirkwood Formation which it overlies. The Buffelskloof and Hartenbos Formations are only found in the Western Cape and do not overlie the Sundays River Formation, which may be indicative of an unconformity. The relationship between the Buffelskloof and Hartenbos Formations, and the lower formations of the Uitenhage Group needs further study.

The Buffelskloof Formation mainly comprises reddish conglomerates that are interbedded by quartz-rich sandstone lenses and angular breccias. The conglomerates and sandstones were likely deposited in a high-energy alluvial environment where debris flows from flash floods were common during the rainy season, while the breccias are the remains of scree mountain-slope deposits. The breccias were formed from renewed erosion of the Cape Fold Belt rocks due to the next phase of tectonic activity associated with the breakup of Gondwana. [9] [10]

The reddish coloration of the rocks is due to iron oxide being supplied during deposition of the sedimentary rock. The Hartenbos Formation predominantly comprises sandy mudstone and claystone which were likely deposited in deltaic settings downstream and seaward from the Buffelskloof Formation deposits. [11] [12]

Paleontology

Only fragmented, petrified and semi-petrified fossil wood have been recovered from the Buffelskloof Formation. No fossil remains have been found in the Hartenbos Formation at this time. Poor vertebrate fossil content is typical of high-energy environments that predominantly contain braided river systems. However, due to the similarities between the Buffelsdorp Formation and the older Enon Formation, [13] it is possible that dinosaur teeth and claws could be recovered from this formation in the future. [14] [15] [16]

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Teekloof Formation Late Permian geological formation that forms part of the Beaufort Group of South Africa

The Teekloof Formation is a geological formation that forms part of the Beaufort Group, one of the five geological groups that comprises the Karoo Supergroup in South Africa. The Teekloof Formation is the uppermost formation of Adelaide Subgroup deposits West of 24ºE and contains Middle to Late Permian-aged deposits and four biozones of the Beaufort Group. It overlies the Abrahamskraal Formation. The Teekloof Formation does not underlie other units other than the younger Karoo dolerites and sills that relate to the emplacement of the Early Jurassic Drakensberg Group to the east. Outcrops and exposures of the Teekloof Formation range from Sutherland through the mountain escarpments between Fraserburg and Beaufort West. The northernmost localities of the Teekloof Formation are found by Loxton, Victoria West and Richmond.

Scalenodontoides is an extinct genus of traversodontidae, a family of herbivorous cynodonts. It lived during the Late Triassic in what is now South Africa. Its type species is Scalenodontoides macrodontes. It was named in 1957 by A. W. Crompton and F. Ellenberger. Arctotraversodon plemmyrodon was originally classified as a species of Scalenodontoides, but was given its own genus in 1992. It is found in the Scalenodontoides Assemblage Zone of the Elliot Formation, which is named for it. It is one of the geologically youngest traversodontids, alongside the putative traversodontid Boreogomphodon. It is closely related to Exaeretodon and Siriusgnathus, but is distinguished by the presence of a shelf-like expansion of its parietal called the nuchal table. Though the largest known complete skull is only 248 millimetres (9.8 in) long, it may have been the largest non-mammaliaform cynodont, as an incomplete snout would have belonged to a specimen with an estimated skull length of 617 millimetres (24.3 in).

References

  1. ↑ Dingle, R.V. and Scrutton, R.A., 1974. Continental breakup and the development of post-Paleozoic sedimentary basins around southern Africa. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 85(9), pp.1467-1474
  2. ↑ Muir, R.A.; Bordy, E.M.; Reddering, J.S.V.; Viljoen, J.H.A. (2017-06-01). "Lithostratigraphy of the Enon Formation (Uitenhage Group), South Africa". South African Journal of Geology. 120 (2): 273–280. doi:10.25131/gssajg.120.2.273. ISSN   1012-0750.
  3. ↑ Muir, R.A.; Bordy, E.M.; Reddering, J.S.V.; Viljoen, J.H.A. (2017-06-01). "Lithostratigraphy of the Kirkwood Formation (Uitenhage Group), including the Bethelsdorp, Colchester and Swartkops Members, South Africa". South African Journal of Geology. 120 (2): 281–293. doi:10.25131/gssajg.120.2.281. ISSN   1012-0750.
  4. ↑ John Pether (April 2014) Extension of quarrying on Portion 12 of Farm Hartenbosch 217 (Maandagskop Crusher), Mossel Bay, Western Cape. Brief Palaeontological Assessment (Desktop Study). Link:http://www.phsconsulting.co.za/uploads/7593872PIA%20Brief%20Maandagskop.pdf
  5. ↑ "Buffelskloof Formation | SAHRA". www.sahra.org.za. Retrieved 2018-08-15.
  6. ↑ Jokat, Wilfried; Boebel, Tobias; König, Matthias; Meyer, Uwe (September 2003). "Timing and geometry of early Gondwana breakup". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 108 (B9). doi: 10.1029/2002jb001802 . ISSN   0148-0227.
  7. ↑ John Pether (April 2014) Extension of quarrying on Portion 12 of Farm Hartenbosch 217 (Maandagskop Crusher), Mossel Bay, Western Cape. Brief Palaeontological Assessment (Desktop Study). Link: http://www.phsconsulting.co.za/uploads/7593872PIA%20Brief%20Maandagskop.pdf
  8. ↑ Johnston, S.T. (2000-07-01). "The Cape Fold Belt and Syntaxis and the rotated Falkland Islands: dextral transpressional tectonics along the southwest margin of Gondwana". Journal of African Earth Sciences. 31 (1): 51–63. doi:10.1016/S0899-5362(00)00072-5. ISSN   1464-343X.
  9. ↑ de Wit, M.J. and Ransome, I.G.D., 1992. The Cape Fold Belt: A challenge for an integrated approach to inversion tectonics. Inversion tectonics of the Cape fold belt, Karoo and Cretaceous basins of Southern Africa, pp.3-12.
  10. ↑ Johnston, S.T. (2000-07-01). "The Cape Fold Belt and Syntaxis and the rotated Falkland Islands: dextral transpressional tectonics along the southwest margin of Gondwana". Journal of African Earth Sciences. 31 (1): 51–63. doi:10.1016/S0899-5362(00)00072-5. ISSN   1464-343X.
  11. ↑ John Pether (April 2014) Extension of quarrying on Portion 12 of Farm Hartenbosch 217 (Maandagskop Crusher), Mossel Bay, Western Cape. Brief Palaeontological Assessment (Desktop Study). Link: http://www.phsconsulting.co.za/uploads/7593872PIA%20Brief%20Maandagskop.pdf
  12. ↑ Muir, R.A.; Bordy, E.M.; Reddering, J.S.V.; Viljoen, J.H.A. (2017-06-01). "Lithostratigraphy of the Enon Formation (Uitenhage Group), South Africa". South African Journal of Geology. 120 (2): 273–280. doi:10.25131/gssajg.120.2.273. ISSN   1012-0750.
  13. ↑ Muir, R.A.; Bordy, E.M.; Reddering, J.S.V.; Viljoen, J.H.A. (2017-06-01). "Lithostratigraphy of the Enon Formation (Uitenhage Group), South Africa". South African Journal of Geology. 120 (2): 273–280. doi:10.25131/gssajg.120.2.273. ISSN   1012-0750.
  14. ↑ Muir, R.A.; Bordy, E.M.; Reddering, J.S.V.; Viljoen, J.H.A. (2017-06-01). "Lithostratigraphy of the Kirkwood Formation (Uitenhage Group), including the Bethelsdorp, Colchester and Swartkops Members, South Africa". South African Journal of Geology. 120 (2): 281–293. doi:10.25131/gssajg.120.2.281. ISSN   1012-0750.
  15. ↑ John Pether (April 2014) Extension of quarrying on Portion 12 of Farm Hartenbosch 217 (Maandagskop Crusher), Mossel Bay, Western Cape. Brief Palaeontological Assessment (Desktop Study). Link: http://www.phsconsulting.co.za/uploads/7593872PIA%20Brief%20Maandagskop.pdf
  16. ↑ Muir, Robert A.; Bordy, Emese M.; Prevec, Rose (2015-09-01). "Lower Cretaceous deposit reveals first evidence of a post-wildfire debris flow in the Kirkwood Formation, Algoa Basin, Eastern Cape, South Africa". Cretaceous Research. 56: 161–179. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2015.04.005. ISSN   0195-6671.
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