Hardoi district

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Hardoi district
A tribute to the Martyr Narpat Singh.JPG
Monument to Narpati Singh in Hardoi
India Uttar Pradesh districts 2012 Hardoi.svg
Location of Hardoi district in Uttar Pradesh
CountryFlag of India.svg  India
State Uttar Pradesh
Division Lucknow
Headquarters Hardoi
Tehsils Hardoi, Shahabad, Sawayajpur, Bilgram and Sandila.
Government
  Lok Sabha MP Jay Prakash Rawat
   Vidhan Sabha constituencies 8
Area
  Total5,947 km2 (2,296 sq mi)
Population
 (2011) [1]
  Total4,092,845
  Density690/km2 (1,800/sq mi)
   Urban
541,806
Demographics
   Literacy 50%
  Sex ratio856
Time zone UTC+05:30 (IST)
Website hardoi.nic.in

Hardoi district is a district situated in the center of Uttar Pradesh, India. The district headquarters is in the city of Hardoi. Hardoi is the third largest district of Uttar Pradesh. It falls under Lucknow division in the historical region of Awadh State.

Contents

As of the 2011 census, the total population of Hardoi district is 4,092,845 people, in 730,442 households. [2] It is the 13th-most populous district in Uttar Pradesh. [2]

History

The present-day Hardoi district was created by the British after their takeover of Awadh in 1856. [3] At the time of Akbar in the 1500s, the area of the modern district was divided between the sarkars of Lucknow and Khairabad. [3] Five mahals were in Lucknow sarkar: Sandila, Mallanwan, Kachhandao, "Garanda" (probably a miscopying of Gundwa), and Bilgram. [3] The Ain-i-Akbari does list a mahal of Hardoi in Lucknow district, but this was referring to the Hardoi in modern Rae Bareli district instead of the one in Hardoi district. [3] As for the sarkar of Khairabad, the mahals of Gopamau, Sara, Bawan, Sandi, Pali, and Barwar-Anjana were either partially or entirely in the territory of modern Hardoi district. [3]

In the following centuries, the administrative setup in the area underwent various changes. [3] The pargana of Balamau was formed out of Sandila around the end of Akbar's reign, and it included an area of 42 villages cleared from the jungle by a Kurmi named Balai. [3] The pargana of Barwan was also established at an early date, being split off from Sandi. [3] Kalyanmal became a separate pargana during the reign of Aurangzeb, when a fort was built there; it had previously been part of Gundwa. [3] Shahabad became a pargana in 1745, almost 70 years after the town itself was established; it was split off from the pargana of Pali. [3] Pachhoha was separated from Pali to become a pargana in about 1840. [3] The pargana of Katiari was formed in the early 1800s by taking some areas belonging to Sandi and some belonging to Pali, and the small pargana of Saromannagar was created in 1803 from parts of Pali and parts of Sara. [3] Mansurnagar was created in 1806 from parts of Sara and Gopamau. [3] Bangar was split off from Bilgram in 1807, when the lowlands (kachh) and uplands (bangar) of Bilgram were separated. [3] Finally, Barwar-Anjana was entirely dismantled in 1703 and replaced with 9 smaller parganas, including Pindwara, Pihani, and Alamnagar. [3]

Under the Nawabs of Awadh, the area of present-day Hardoi district was divided into several different chaklas. [3] Sandila became a chakla in 1821, consisting of the parganas of Sandila, Mallanwan, Kachhandao, and Malihabad (the last of which is now in Lucknow district). [3]

Hardoi district was first formed after the British annexed Awadh in February 1856, and it was originally called Mallanwan district because its headquarters were at Mallanwan. [3] After the 1857 uprising the seat was moved to Hardoi due to its more central location. [3] At that time, Hardoi district consisted of four tehsils: Shahabad, Hardoi, Bilgram, and Sandila. [3] Shahabad tehsil contained eight parganas: Shahabad, Pali, Pachhoha, Saromannagar, Barwan, Mansurnagar, Alamnagar, and Pindarwa-Pihani. [3] Hardoi tehsil contained the parganas of Bangar, Gopamau, Sara, and Bawan. [3] Bilgram tehsil contained the parganas of Bilgram, Mallanwan, Kachhandao, Sandi, and Katiari; and finally, Sandila tehsil comprised the four parganas of Sandila, Gundwa, Kalyanmal, and Balamau. [3] In 1869, Sara pargana was divided into Sara North and Sara South, and Sara North was transferred into Shahabad tehsil, while at the same time Barwan was transferred into Hardoi tehsil. [3]

Geography

Hardoi is the westernmost district of Awadh. [3] Its eastern border is formed by the Gomti River, which separates it from Sitapur and Lakhimpur Kheri districts. [3] To the south, it borders Lucknow and Unnao districts. [3] On the west, its border is formed partly by the Sendha river until it joins the Ramganga, and then the district border cuts south to the Ganges, which then forms the western boundary the rest of the way. [3]

There are two main geographic divisions of Hardoi district: the kachh or lowlands in the west and the bangar or uplands in the east. [3] The dividing line between them is a high bank of barren sandhills on the east side of the Garra basin, running north–south in the western part of the district. [3]

In the east, a broad upland belt with sandy soil overlooks the Gomti. [3] Between them and the river, there is a small area of tarai lowlands with mostly poor sandy soil, some of which is covered by swamps. [3] The uplands are characterised by rolling sandhills, which are often covered with tufts of munj grass several meters tall. [3] These hills are otherwise dry and barren, and they present a constant hazard to the farms below them because they are liable to shift during high winds. [3] They are most prominent in the area around Gopamau. [3] The sandy ridges are broken up by steep ravines, which drain the water that collects in lower-lying areas to the west. [3] In some of those depressions, there are large reedy swamps. [3]

Further west is the Sai valley, which consists of alternating patches of loamy and clayey soil. [3] There are many depressions and jhils, stretches of barren usar land, and, historically, scattered patches of dhak jungle. [3] Especially in the north, the banks of the Sai were in many places heavily forested. [3] Further south, both banks of the Sai are high and sandy, although here it is much more fertile than along the Gomti. [3] Between them and the river itself, there are narrow strips of tarai lowlands, vulnerable to flooding. [3]

The western border of the bangar uplands is formed by another high bank of barren sandhills, which mark the eastern part of the Garra basin and may have once done the same for the Ganges. [3] This bank is narrow, scoured by many ravines, and slopes steeply down to the kachh lowlands on the west. [3] These lowlands are traversed by many rivers and streams, and they are prone to flooding and often covered by marshes. [3] Continuing westward, the final river that crosses the kachh is the mighty Ganges, whose course often shifts around in its extremely wide bed. [3] The annual floods cover this entire lowlying area, depositing a sandy soil which is less conducive to agriculture than the more loamy deposits of the Garra and Ramganga. [3]

Hardoi district was once heavily wooded, especially in the upland areas, but by the turn of the 20th century much of this had been cleared, mostly since the 1870s. [3] The remaining jungle at that time was described as mostly dhak, karaunda, and scrub, with other trees such as the bargad, pipal, pakar, shisham, and neem being much less common and "mere relics of the old jungles." [3]

Geology

The geology of Hardoi district is fairly unremarkable, with most of the district being covered in Gangetic alluvium like the rest of the Awadh region. [3] In the eastern parts of the district, the surface soil is a reddish clay with an average depth of about 8 feet. [3] Below that is black clay, which is 2 to 10 feet deep. [3] Below that is sandy soil, either grey, white, or yellow and unmixed with clay. [3] In the Sai basin, the sandy layer is closer to the surface; above it is sandy clay, and at the top is a thin layer of yellow clay. [3] For three miles on either side of the Sai, the surface is pure sand. [3] Around the jhils near Pipri, the bottom sandy layer gives way to a bluish, sandy clay, possibly marking an ancient river channel. [3]

Wildlife

The blackbuck is a common site all throughout the district, especially in the area around Gopamau and along the sandy banks of the Gomti. [3] wolves are also sometimes seen in the ravines along the Gomti and other rivers in the district, but not in especially large numbers. [3] Nilgais are most common in the tamarisk jungles around Dharampur between the Ganga and Ramganga, but they are also found in the larger dhak jungles to the east and northeast. [3] Rarely, leopards are seen in the jungles north of Pihani. [3] The chital, or spotted deer, was once fairly common in the area, but by the early 20th century it had "practically disappeared". [3] The four-horned antelope was also formerly native to the area, but the last one known was shot by hunters in 1865. [3] Jackals and hares are very common. [3]

Common birds in the district include the grey partridge and quail. [3] The black partridge is also found in the grass jungles along the Gomti, as well as a few other scattered areas. [3] During colder months, snipe are also a common sight. [3] Geese and ducks inhabit the district's various jhils. [3]

Sandi Bird Sanctuary is a freshwater marsh and wildlife sanctuary located in Hardoi district, 19 km from the city of Hardoi. [4] It is typical of wetlands in the Indo-Gangetic plains and receives most of its water from monsoon rains. [4] Rich in aquatic plant life and home to a large population of waterfowl, the sanctuary is managed jointly by the Office of the Conservator of Forests and local forest and wildlife officials. [4] It is a popular recreation spot and tourist destination. [4] The sanctuary is vulnerable to drought; in 2014 and 2015 it was dry, and the local bird population declined precipitously. [4] It was designated as a Ramsar site on 26 September 2019. [4]

Economy

In 2006 the Ministry of Panchayati Raj named Hardoi one of the country's 250 most backward districts (out of a total of 640). [5] It is one of the 34 districts in Awadh, Uttar Pradesh currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF). [5]

Divisions

Map of Hardoi district's tehsils and blocks Hardoi district subdivisions map.png
Map of Hardoi district's tehsils and blocks

Hardoi district is divided into five tehsils - Hardoi, Shahabad, Sawayajpur, Bilgram, and Sandila. [2] These tehsils consist of 19 blocks (Ahrori, Hariyawan, Sursa, Shahabad, Bharkhani, Bharawan, Harpalpur, Bilgram, Madhoganj, Mallawan, Tadiyawan, Tondarpur, Kothwan, Sandila, Behadar, Pihani, Sandi, Kachhauna, Bawan). [2] The district has 1,101 gram panchayats and 2,070 revenue villages (1,907 of them are inhabited and 163 are uninhabited). [2] There are also 191 Nyaya panchayats.

The district has 13 towns, including 7 Nagar Palika Parishads (municipal boards) and 6 Nagar Panchayats. [2] There was previously also the census town of Som, but it was reclassified as a village for the 2011 census. [2] The current towns in the district are listed below: [2]

Town nameClassificationTehsilPopulation (in 2011)
Shahabad Nagar Palika Parishad Shahabad80,226
Pihani Nagar Palika ParishadShahabad36,014
Pali Nagar Panchayat Sawayajpur18,708
Gopamau Nagar PanchayatHardoi15,526
Hardoi Nagar Palika ParishadHardoi197,029
Sandi Nagar Palika ParishadBilgram26,007
Bilgram Nagar Palika ParishadBilgram29,768
Madhoganj Nagar PanchayatBilgram11,523
Mallawan Nagar Palika ParishadBilgram36,915
Kursath Nagar PanchayatBilgram5,924
Kachhauna Patseni Nagar PanchayatSandila15,647
Beniganj Nagar PanchayatSandila10,173
Sandila Nagar Palika ParishadSandila58,346

This district is a district of the Lucknow Commissionary in Uttar Pradesh Province of India, it is situated in between 26-53 to 27-46 north latitude and 79-41 to 80-46 east longitude. Its north border touches Shahjahanpur district and Lakhimpur Kheri district. Lucknow (capital of U.P.) and Unnao are situated at the southern border. The western border touches Kanpur (industrial city of U.P.) and Farrukhabad district and on the eastern border the Gomati River separates the district from the Sitapur district. 'Nemisharayan, the Pilgrim of Dvapara Yuga (3rd age)' is just 45 km from district headquarters. The length of this district from northwest to southeast is 125.529 km and width from east to west is 74.83 km., the area 5947 km2.[ citation needed ]

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
19011,092,236    
19111,120,542+0.26%
19211,083,727−0.33%
19311,126,750+0.39%
19411,239,083+0.95%
19511,361,562+0.95%
19611,573,171+1.46%
19711,849,519+1.63%
19812,274,929+2.09%
19912,747,082+1.90%
20013,398,306+2.15%
20114,092,845+1.88%
source: [6]

According to the 2011 census Hardoi district has a population of 4,092,845, [1] roughly equal to the nation of Lebanon [7] or the US state of Oregon. [8] This gives it a ranking of 51st in India (out of a total of 640). [1] The district has a population density of 683 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,770/sq mi) . [1] Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 20.39%. [1] Hardoi has a sex ratio of 868 females for every 1000 males (the 62nd-highest ratio in Uttar Pradesh) and a literacy rate of 64.6%.(51st in the state). 13.24% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes made up 31.14% of the population. [2] Additionally, 15.9% of the district's population is in the 0-6 age group as of 2011. [2]

In 1901, the population of Hardoi district was 1,092,834 and Hardoi had 12,174 inhabitants. By the time, the main city was Shahabad with 20,036 inhabitants, Mallanwan 11,158. [3]

Languages of Hardoi district (2011) [9]

   Hindi (97.43%)
   Urdu (2.45%)
  Others (0.12%)

The predominant language spoken in Hardoi district is the Kannauji dialect of Hindi. [3] This sets it apart from the other districts in Awadh, where the Awadhi dialect is spoken. [3] However, in the eastern parts of Hardoi district, the form of Kannauji spoken is very close to the form of Awadhi spoken in neighbouring Unnao and Sitapur districts. [3]

At the time of the 2011 Census of India, 97.43% of the population in the district spoke Hindi (or a related language) and 2.45% Urdu as their first language. [9]

Religion

Religions in Hardoi district (2011) [10]
ReligionPercent
Hinduism
85.71%
Islam
13.59%
Other or not stated
0.70%
Distribution of religions

The majority of Hardoi district's population are Hindus. [10] The proportion of Hindus in the district is high for Awadh, but lower than some districts such as Unnao, Raebareli, and Pratapgarh. [10] Most Hindus in Hardoi district do not belong to any particular sect, which have relatively few followers compared to other districts. [3] [ better source needed ] Muslims are most numerous in the district's old historic towns, although they are still usually in the minority there. [10] Shahabad and Sandila are home to high proportions of Muslims, while in Hardoi itself the proportion is lower. [10] Over 90% of the district's Muslims practice Sunni Islam; the proportion that practices Shia Islam is somewhat higher than average for the region, but not especially so. [3] [ better source needed ]

Places of interest

Historical places in the district include:

Notable people

Notable people from the district include:

Related Research Articles

Hardoi is a city and municipal board in Hardoi district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is the administrative headquarters of Hardoi district. It is also known as Prahalad Nagari. Hardoi is about 100 km from the state capital Lucknow and about 385 km from New Delhi. Hardoi is a temple town.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shahjahanpur district</span> District of Uttar Pradesh in India

Shahjahanpur is a district of Uttar Pradesh India. It is a part of Bareilly division. It was established in 1813 by the British Government. Previously it was a part of district Bareilly. Geographically the main town is Shahjahanpur which is its headquarters. Its 4 Tehsils are: Powayan, Tilhar, Jalalabad and Sadar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sitapur district</span> District of Uttar Pradesh in India

Sitapur district is one of the districts which is situated in Uttar Pradesh state of India, with Sitapur town as the district headquarters. Sitapur district is a part of Lucknow division.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lucknow district</span> District of Uttar Pradesh in India

Lucknow district is a district located in the state of Uttar Pradesh in northern India. The city of Lucknow is the district headquarters and the district is part of Lucknow Division. It also is the capital of Uttar Pradesh Lucknow is Bounded on the east by Barabanki district, on the west by Unnao and Hardoi districts, on the south by Raebareli district and in the north by Sitapur district.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Unnao district</span> District of Uttar Pradesh in India

Unnao district is a district of Uttar Pradesh state in northern India. The city of Unnao is the district headquarters. The district is part of Lucknow Division.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bilgram</span> Town in Uttar Pradesh, India

Bilgram is a town and a nagar palika parishad in Hardoi district in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. It is located 16 miles (26 km) south of the city of Hardoi, on an elevated bluff that once formed the eastern bank of the Ganges. Important industries in Bilgram include ceramics and embroidery.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Madhoganj</span> City in Uttar Pradesh, India

Madhoganj is a town and Nagar Panchayat in Bilgram tehsil of Hardoi district, Uttar Pradesh, India. It is located on the north side of the main road from Sitapur to Kanpur, with other roads leading to Bilgram to the northwest, Mallawan to the south, and Beniganj and Balamau to the east. As of 2011, the population of Madhoganj is 11,523, in 2,180 households. It is also the seat of a community development block.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mallawan</span> Town in Uttar Pradesh, India

Mallawan, also spelled Mallanwan is a town and Nagar Palika Parishad in Hardoi district of Uttar Pradesh, India. It served as the original district headquarters from 1856 to 1858. It is located south of Bilgram, on the road to Unnao. Mallawan is a major centre of handloom weaving, with handloom cloth being a major export. As of 2011, the population of Mallawan is 36,915, in 6,086 households. It is included in the legislative assembly constituency of Bilgram-Mallanwan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sandi, Uttar Pradesh</span> City in Uttar Pradesh, India

Sandi is a town and a nagar palika parishad in Bilgram tehsil of Hardoi district, Uttar Pradesh, India. It is located on the left bank of the Garra river, on the road from Hardoi to Fatehgarh. As of 2011, its population is 26,007, in 4,396 households.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sandila</span> Town in Uttar Pradesh, India

Sandila is a town and nagar palika parishad in Hardoi district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It serves as a tehsil headquarters within the district. Located midway between Hardoi and Lucknow, Sandila is a well-connected town with roads leading in all directions and a major broad gauge rail line passing through the south side of town. Important industries include sweets — its laddus are especially well-known — as well as beedi production and zardozi work.

Pali is a town and nagar panchayat in Sawayajpur tehsil of Hardoi district, Uttar Pradesh, India. It is on the right bank of the Garra river, 20 miles northwest of Hardoi, Pali historically served as the seat of a pargana and was a regional political headquarters under the Nawabs of Awadh. The town's name is possibly connected to the Pal dynasty that once ruled the nearby city of Kannauj. As of 2011, the population of Pali is 18,708 in 2,949 households.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Balamau</span> Village in Uttar Pradesh, India

Balamau is a village in Kachhauna block of Hardoi district, Uttar Pradesh, India. It is located about a mile from the left bank of the Sai river, 25 miles from Hardoi and 4 miles southwest of the namesake Balamau station, which is actually in Kachhauna. Balamau was historically the largest settlement in the area, serving as the seat of a pargana since the reign of Akbar. As of 2011, its population is 4,749, in 1,022 households.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bawan</span> Populated place in Uttar Pradesh, India

Bawan is a large village and corresponding community development block in Hardoi district of Uttar Pradesh, India. It is located 10 km west of Hardoi, on the south side of the road to Bazpur-Naktaura and the Sai Ghat. Bawan was historically the seat of a pargana since at least the time of the Mughal Emperor Akbar, and it is also the site of a mela held in honour of Darshan Debi on the first Sunday of Bhadon, at a site called the Suraj Kund. The main staple crops here are wheat, rice, and gram. Markets are held on Mondays and Thursdays. As of 2011, the population of Bawan is 13,524, in 2,230 households.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Harpalpur, Hardoi</span> Populated place in Uttar Pradesh, India

Harpalpur is a village and corresponding community development block in Sawayajpur tehsil of Hardoi district, Uttar Pradesh, India. It is located west of Sandi, on the road to Fatehgarh. The main staple crops here are wheat, rice, and maize. Markets are held twice weekly. As of 2011, the population of Harpalpur is 8,822, in 1,544 households. The total block population is 172,224, in 29,232 households.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dasauli</span> Populated place in Uttar Pradesh, India

Dasauli is a village in Sandi block of Hardoi district, Uttar Pradesh, India. It is located 10 km away from Sandi, which is the nearest city. The main staple crops are wheat and rice. As of 2011, its population was 1,950, in 291 households.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nikari</span> Populated place in Uttar Pradesh, India

Nikari is a village in Sandi block of Hardoi district, Uttar Pradesh, India. It is located 8 km (5.0 mi) away from Sandi, which is the nearest city. The village has one primary school, and the main staple crops are wheat and rice. As of 2011, the population of Nikari is 1,878, in 283 households.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kurseli</span> Populated place in Uttar Pradesh, India

Kurseli is a large village in Hariyawan block of Hardoi district, Uttar Pradesh, India. It is located north of the city of Hardoi, to the west of the main road to Pihani. Kurseli hosts a market on Mondays and Thursdays, and the main staple foods are wheat and rice. It has several schools and one clinic, along with five practitioners of traditional medicine. The village lands extend a long way to the south, and include a chain of jhils that ultimately drain into the Sai river. As of 2011, the population of Kurseli is 10,404, in 1,936 households.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gaju</span> Populated place in Uttar Pradesh, India

Gaju is a village in Kachhauna block of Hardoi district, Uttar Pradesh, India. Located on the road from Balamau station to Beniganj and Sitapur, Gaju has a railway station on the Sitapur-Balamau branch line and hosts a market on Mondays and Thursdays. As of 2011, its population is 8,912, in 1,592 households.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bharawan</span> Populated place in Uttar Pradesh, India

Bharawan is a village and corresponding community development block in Sandila tehsil of Hardoi district, Uttar Pradesh, India. Located 23 km from Sandila, it hosts a market on Mondays and Thursdays and has four primary schools and one healthcare facility. The main staple foods are wheat and juwar. As of 2011, the population of Bharawan is 10,443, in 1,649 households.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mahgawan, Hardoi</span> Village in Uttar Pradesh, India

Mahgawan is a large village in Sandila block of Hardoi district, Uttar Pradesh, India. It is located to the north of Sandila. As of 2011, it has a population of 8,037, in 1,523 households.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 "District Census Handbook: Hardoi" (PDF). censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. 2011.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Hardoi, Part A (Village and Town Directory)" (PDF). Census 2011 India. pp. xiii–xv, 4–5, 578–81. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 Nevill, H.R. (1904). Hardoi - A Gazetteer. Allahabad: Government Press. pp. 1–18, 59–71, 100, 134–142. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Sandi Bird Sanctuary". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
  5. 1 2 Ministry of Panchayati Raj (8 September 2009). "A Note on the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme" (PDF). National Institute of Rural Development. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 April 2012. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
  6. Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901
  7. US Directorate of Intelligence. "Country Comparison:Population". Archived from the original on 13 June 2007. Retrieved 1 October 2011. Lebanon 4,143,101 July 2011 est.
  8. "2010 Resident Population Data". U. S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 23 August 2011. Retrieved 30 September 2011. Oregon 3,831,074
  9. 1 2 "Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Uttar Pradesh". www.censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 "Table C-01 Population by Religion: Uttar Pradesh". censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. 2011.
  11. "Bawan-Puri". District Hardoi - India. Retrieved 5 December 2023.
  12. "Prahlad Ghat". District Hardoi - India. Retrieved 5 December 2023.
  13. "Sandi Bird Sanctuary". District Hardoi - India. Retrieved 5 December 2023.
  14. "Tomb of Nawab Diler Khan, Shahabad". District Hardoi - India. Retrieved 5 December 2023.

27°25′N80°15′E / 27.417°N 80.250°E / 27.417; 80.250