Karrier

Last updated

Karrier Motors Limited
Company type Subsidiary (1934–79)
Industry Automotive
Founded1908
Defunct1979;45 years ago (1979)
FatePurchased by Commer (Rootes Group) in 1934
Successor Dodge (Chrysler)
Headquarters Huddersfield, England
Luton, England
Key people
  • Herbert Clayton, (founder)
  • Reginald Clayton
Products
Parent

Karrier was a British marque of motorised municipal appliances and light commercial vehicles and trolley buses manufactured at Karrier Works, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, by Clayton and Co. (Huddersfield) Limited. They began making Karrier motor vehicles in 1908 in Queen Street South, Huddersfield. In 1920, H.F. Clayton sold Clayton and Co's Huddersfield business into public listed company Karrier Motors while keeping their Penistone operation separate. Mechanical and electrical engineers Clayton & Co Penistone, remain active in 2020 as Clayton Penistone Group.

Contents

Karrier produced buses as well as their other municipal vehicles and in latter years, especially during the Second World War, Trolleybuses, notably their Karrier 'W' model.

In 1934 Karrier became part of the Rootes Group where it retained its brand identity though the business was operated as part of Rootes's Commer commercial vehicle operation. The Karrier name began to disappear from products when Chrysler bought Rootes in 1967. It was finally dropped in the early 1970s.

Ownership

Clayton and Co

Herbert Fitzroy Clayton (1857–1935), a prosperous chemicals manufacturer or drysalter and dyer, [1] [2] incorporated in December 1904 a company, Clayton & Co Huddersfield Limited, to own the engineering business he had carried on independently since 1899 [note 1] when he had left his Dixon Clayton & Co partnership. [3] In 1908, [4] joined by his second son, Reginald Fitzroy Clayton MIAE (1885–1964), Clayton & Co began designing and making Karrier petrol driven motor vehicles and charabancs which became their main business. In 1920, [5] keeping Clayton & Co Penistone separate and retaining control of this new company, [6] Clayton & Co Huddersfield was sold to a newly incorporated public listed company which they named Karrier Motors Limited. [5] At this time the products had been:

Karrier motor lorries vans and wagons and motor charabancs
Fog signalling machines and detonators, Clayton Certainty Railway Fog Signal, (manufactured at Huddersfield, 68 Victoria Street, London SW1 and Westhorpe, Penistone, Yorkshire) which remained with Clayton & Co Penistone
Patents for and to manufacture the (yet to go into production) Karrier Combined Motor Roadsweeper, Sprinkler and Refuse Collector providing sanitary street cleansing in an economical manner [5]
Karrier Motors Limited
Share certificate of Karrier Motors Ltd, issued 21 March 1930 Karrier Motors Ltd 1930.jpg
Share certificate of Karrier Motors Ltd, issued 21 March 1930

Karrier experienced financial difficulties and suffered substantial losses in the late 1920s. [7] [8] [9]

A plan to amalgamate T.S. Motors Limited (Tilling-Stevens) with Karrier agreed in August 1932 [10] [11] was dropped a month later without explanation. [12] The following August 1933 Karrier tardily announced that under difficult trading conditions they had made a substantial loss during that 1932 calendar year. [13] At the beginning of June 1934 Karrier was put into receivership though it was also announced that business would continue while "negotiations" were completed. [14] It was bought by Rootes.

Rootes Group

Rootes Securities, through its partly-owned subsidiaries, acquired Karrier in August 1934 when employee numbers had fallen to 700. [15] [16] Rootes closed the Huddersfield operation and moved production to Commer's Luton works but trolley-bus manufacture was moved to Moorfield Works, Wolverhampton where the same Karrier designs were to be built alongside Sunbeam Commercial Vehicles' trolley-buses. [17] Tilling Stevens would eventually join the Rootes Group in 1950.

Dodge (UK)

Dodge Brothers, then a leading builder of light trucks in USA, in 1922 began to bring knocked-down kits for assembly in Park Royal, London. Dodge Brothers became a Chrysler subsidiary in 1928 and truck production moved to Chrysler's car plant at Kew. Dodges built there were known as "Dodge Kews" and the (partly Canadian sourced) American model cars built beside them, "Chrysler Kews". During the Second World War this Chrysler factory was part of London Aircraft Production Group and built Handley Page Halifax aircraft assemblies. Dodge (some vehicles badged Fargo or De Soto) truck production was merged with Commer and Karrier at Dunstable in 1965. The Public Record Office is now on the site of the Chrysler plant.

Chrysler Europe

By 1970, the Rootes Group had been taken over (in stages) by Chrysler Europe, with support from the British Government which was desperate to support the ailing British motor industry. The Dodge brand (also used by Chrysler in the USA) began to take precedence on all commercial models. The last vestige of Karrier was probably in the Dodge 50 Series, which began life badged as a (Chrysler) Dodge but with a Karrier Motor Company VIN (vehicle identification number) plate.

Peugeot and Renault

Chrysler eventually withdrew from UK operations, selling the business to Peugeot. The new owner had little interest in heavy trucks and the factory was then run in conjunction with Renault Véhicules Industriels, (then part of Renault though now Volvo). The combined company used the name Karrier Motors Ltd. [18]

The Karrier trademark is still in the possession of Peugeot, and it is not uncommon for vehicle marques to be reinstated.

Products

Early trucks

From the outset the Karrier vehicles used J. Tylor and Sons engines. One characteristic of the early Karrier trucks was their preference to have the engine under the footboards, thereby giving a larger proportion of the length of the vehicle over to the load bed. However in a report of 1910 they had just launched a 25cwt truck with conventional bonneted layout. [19] In 1913 Clayton built a truck according to WD guidelines and were successful in getting it certified under the War Office Subsidy Scheme. [20] The scheme was aimed at having vehicles in civilian use that were fit for immediate use by the military in time of war. When the war began in mid-1914 the manufacturers of certified vehicles were in a good position to supply vehicles direct to the war department, and Karrier produced their "subsidy" 3–4 ton B4 truck throughout the war. At the end of the war they continued the 3-4 ton model and added 5-ton chain driven model (the B110). [21]

In 1920 Karrier announced they had been developing their own engine for some time, and this would now be fitted in all their models. [22] At the 1920 October Commercial vehicle show at Olympia they had their 4 and 5 ton goods models plus a road sweeper and the Karrier "Superb" char-à-banc on display. [23] At the 1921 show they added a three-way tipper truck, and offered their other chassis models with the driver moved forward partly alongside the engine, allowing 2 foot more load bed/passenger space. [24] In 1922 they launched their first small capacity chassis since before the war, the type C for 30cwt load, and type CX for 2 ton load or 14 seat char-à-banc. [25] The 30cwt was certified under the post-WW1 War Department Subsidy Scheme which ran from 1922 to 1935. [26]

Light tractor units

Colt
Cob, National Rail Museum, York Karrier Cob (1930) (4667565504).jpg
Cob, National Rail Museum, York
Stockport Corporation recovery vehicle--in service 1926-1970 Stockport Corporation recovery vehicle (YM9410).jpg
Stockport Corporation recovery vehicle—in service 1926–1970

In 1929, Karrier started production of the "Colt" three-wheeler as a dustcart chassis for Huddersfield Corporation. In 1930, this was developed into the "Cob" tractor to haul road trailers for the London, Midland and Scottish Railway.

Later, in 1933, Scammell produced their own, Napier designed, Scammell Mechanical Horse.

In the mid-1930s, the "Cob" range was supplemented by the four-wheel "Bantam".

Cob

Described by newspapers, quoting Karrier, in 1930 [27] as a "mechanical horse" the small "Cob" tractor was designed by J Shearman, road motor engineer for London, Midland and Scottish Railway. Its small wheels let it turn in confined spaces and manoeuvre more easily in traffic. The front wheels are lifted from the ground when the tractor is attached and it was then classed as an articulated vehicle. It was capable of pulling a three-ton load at 18 mph and capable of restarting on a gradient of one in eight. [28] Production tractors powered by Jowett engines were displayed on the Karrier stand at Olympia's Motor Transport Show. A Karrier "Cob" Major, a 4-ton three-wheeled tractor, was also displayed [29]

Ro-Railer

Karrier's Ro-Railer was a hybrid single decker bus, capable of running on both road and rail, intended for towns and villages distant from a railway. Also designed by J Shearman, road motor engineer to London, Midland and Scottish Railway it was tested by the chairman and board of directors of LM & S in January 1931 by travelling between Redbourn and Hemel Hempstead. [30]

Though it was not a success, [31] [32] Karrier's road railbus looked like a bus and could be changed from road to rail in 2½ to 5 minutes. With a six-cylinder engine and a body by Craven it ran at up to 50 mph. Said to be very rough-riding it ran for 1930–31 on the Stratford-on-Avon and Midland joint line. Finally it became a vehicle used to transport track ballast on the West Highland Line. [33]

Trolleybuses

Bradford Trolleybus 735 (1946) at Black Country Living Museum Bradford Trolleybus 735 at Black Country Living Museum - geograph.org.uk - 839238.jpg
Bradford Trolleybus 735 (1946) at Black Country Living Museum

In 1925, Karrier became the first British manufacturer to produce a three-axle passenger vehicle, aided by the availability of larger pneumatic tyres, [34] and in 1926, entered into an agreement with Clough, Smith & Co. Ltd. to produce the 'Karrier-Clough' trolley-omnibus which Clough would market. [34] This arrangement continued until 1933, when Karrier began marketing the trolleybuses themselves. Despite receiving multiple orders in 1933–4, Karrier went into receivership, leading to the takeover by Humber in 1934, thus becoming part of the Rootes Group. [34] Trolleybus manufacture was moved to Rootes's Sunbeam subsidiary's factory at Wolverhampton, where it continued up until World War II. [34] During the periods in wartime, when production was allowed, only one model was produced, the W4, which could be badged either as Sunbeam or Karrier. [35] Post-war, production continued briefly before the trolleybus portion of the company was sold to Brockhouse in 1946. [35]

Rootes Group products

1961 Gamecock water tender Karrier Ladder Fire Engine (8631547637).jpg
1961 Gamecock water tender
1961 Karrier van; Mr. Whippy ice cream--original at the Albert Dock, Liverpool in 2013 MR WHIPPY KARRIER ICE CREAM VAN ORIGINAL AT THE ALBERT DOCK LIVERPOOL MAY 2013 (8717643464).jpg
1961 Karrier van; Mr. Whippy ice cream—original at the Albert Dock, Liverpool in 2013
Karrier Bantam c. 1952 Karrier Bantam.jpg
Karrier Bantam c.1952

In the late 1950s and 1960s some Karrier vehicles were fitted with the Rootes TS3 two-stroke opposed piston diesel engine. Other engines used in this period include Humber Hawk 4-cylinder petrol engines (L-Head and OHC), Humber Super Snipe 6-cylinder (L-Head and OHV) and Perkins Diesels.

At Luton, the only designs carried over from the previous era were the three wheeler and the six-wheel trolleybus chassis.

The trolleybus business became integrated with that of Sunbeam Commercial Vehicles Limited following Sunbeam's purchase by the Rootes group. [17] In 1946 J. Brockhouse and Co Limited of West Bromwich, the engineering group, bought Sunbeam Commercial Vehicles but sold the trolley-bus part of the business to Guy Motors Limited in September 1948. [36]

Under Rootes ownership, Karrier trucks were generally a smaller size than their sister Commer brand, with "Bantam" models using 13-inch wheels – and "Gamecock" models using 16-inch wheels – to give lower loading height. They were designed for local authorities and their varied applications, including highway maintenance tippers, refuse collection vehicles and street lighting maintenance tower wagons. Karrier trucks and chassis were also built for and supplied to airport operators and airlines for baggage handling trucks, water bowsers and toilet servicing.

Lorry or bus chassis

C 14-seat or 30 cwt (1922, 1924–5)
CK3 3 ton RSC road sweeper-collector vehicles (c.1937)
CK6 3 ton RSC road sweeper-collectorvehicles (c.1937)
CX 40 cwt (1922) public cleansing vehicle
CY 40 cwt public cleansing vehicle or 20 seat (1924–27)
CY1 (1925–)
CY2 40cwt (1928–31) low loader refuse wagon
Victor 65cwt (1932)
CY3 hand operated tipper
CVR 50-65cwt (1930–34) low-loader
CYR 60 cwt (1934) low loader refuse wagon
CYS 40 cwt
CWY 60 cwt (1926–31)
Protector 75/80cwt (1932–34)
CL 20/29 seat 60 cwt e.g. Norfolk (1926)
CY6 50cwt (1926)
CL4 30, 26, 26/29 seat (1927–29)
CL6 30 seat (1928)
CV5 32 seat (1928)
CV6 6-wheel rigid body, 65 cwt chassis (1926–)
CL R-6WH 30 seat (1927)
K1 60/65cwt or 28–45 seat (1922–23)
SK1 60/65cwt (1922–23)
K2 70/75/80 cwt (1922–24)
SK2 70/75/80cwt (1922–24)
K3 60 cwt or 28–54 seat (1922–25)
SK3 33/35 seat (1922–25)
K4 80/90cwt (1922–27)
SK4 80cwt (1922–25)
K5 100/110/120 cwt (1922–31)
SK5 100/110cwt (1922–25)
Consul 155cwt (1932–34)
Carrimore 10/12 ton, e.g. on K5 chassis (c.1936)
KL 30/32 seat 5 ton e.g. Stafford (1926)
K6 tractor 12 ton (1927–31)
K7 7 ton (1928–31)
KW6 8 ton (1929)
KWR6 8/9 ton (1930–33)
KWF6 8/10 ton (1930–33)
JH 60/65/70 cwt (1924–27)
JK 30/32 seat 75 cwt e.g. Durham (1926)
JKL 52 or 32 seat (1927–28)
JKL FC 32 seat (1929)
ZX 30 cwt or 20 seat, e.g. Devon (1926–29)
ZX2 24 seat (1927)
GH5 FC 80/100/120cwt (1929–33)
Colossus 220/265cwt (1932–34)
Falcon 3 ton (1934)
Defender 5 ton (1934)
Elector 6 ton (1934)
Autocrat 6 ton (1934) forward drive
Democrat 5 ton (1934)

Bus chassis

WL6 6-wheel rigid chassis, 5 ton, 28 passengers single or 54 passengers double deck bus
DD6 various bus models (1929–31)
WO6 various bus models (1929–31)
RM6 100/120cwt (1931–32)
FM6 100/120cwt (1931–34)
TT tractor 12 ton (1931–33)
Cutter 20 seat 4-wheel (1928–32)
Coaster 28 seat 4-wheel (1928–35)
Chaser 4 26/35 seat 4-wheel (1928–32)
Chaser 6 26 seat (1930–5)
Clipper 40 seat 6-wheel (1928–31)
Consort 68 seat 6-wheel (1928–34)
Monitor 50 seat 4-wheel double decker (1929–34)

Trolley bus chassis

EA3 32-4 seat single deck 4-wheel ()
E4L 326 seat single deck 4-wheel light-eight ()
E4S 32 seat single deck 4-wheel ()
E4 56 seat double deck 4-wheel ()
E6 Clough 60 seat double deck 6-wheel ()
E6A 70 seat double deck 6-wheel ()
W4 double deck 4-wheel ()

Light goods vehicles

Colt 2 ton 3 wheel tractor or RSC (1930–4)
Colt Major 4 ton 3 wheel tractor (1930–4)
Colt (1937–39)
Cob 50/60 cwt 3 wheel tractor (c.1930)
Cob Junior 4 ton 3 wheel tractor or RSC road sweeper-collector (1935-9)
Cob Major 4 ton 3 wheel tractor
Cob Senior 6 ton 3 wheel tractor or RSC road sweeper-collector (c.1937)
Cob Six 6 ton 3 wheel tractor (1934)
Gamecock E-series 3–4 ton 6-cylinder (1950–)
Gamecock 14 seat coach and ambulance (1954–)
Karrier-Walker 12 seat bus (1958–)
Karrier-Dennis Ambulance (1962–)
Ramillies refuse collector (1962–)
Karrier ice cream van (c.1962)
Bantam 50cwt (1933–34, 36–40)
Bantam RSC road sweeper-collector (1933–39)
Bantam F-series 2–3 ton (1948–63)
Bantam FA-series 3–5 ton (1948–63)
Bantam 4–5 ton tractor (1956–)
Bantam tipper (1958–)
Bantam FB-series 3 ton (1972–)

Scale models and die-cast

Notes

  1. Electrical engineers, Fog-signal manufacturers, Mechanics and Engineers at Penistone and at Milnsbridge near Huddersfield Yorkshire
    Clayton & Co Huddersfield Limited formed 16 December 1904

Related Research Articles

Dodge is an American brand of automobiles and a division of Stellantis North America, based in Auburn Hills, Michigan. Dodge vehicles have historically included performance cars, and for much of its existence Dodge was Chrysler's mid-priced brand above Plymouth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rootes Group</span> British automobile manufacturer

The Rootes Group or Rootes Motors Limited was a British automobile manufacturer and, separately, a major motor distributors and dealers business. Run from London's West End, the manufacturer was based in the Midlands and the distribution and dealers business in the south of England. In the decade beginning 1928 the Rootes brothers, William and Reginald, made prosperous by their very successful distribution and servicing business, were keen to enter manufacturing for closer control of the products they were selling. One brother has been termed the power unit, the other the steering and braking system.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Commer</span> British van, lorry and bus manufacturer

Commer was a British manufacturer of commercial and military vehicles from 1905 until 1979. Commer vehicles included car-derived vans, light vans, medium to heavy commercial trucks, and buses. The company also designed and built some of its own diesel engines for its heavy commercial vehicles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Renault Trucks</span> Subsidiary of Volvo

Renault Trucks is a French commercial truck manufacturer with corporate headquarters at Saint-Priest near Lyon. Originally part of Renault, it has been a subsidiary of the Volvo Group since 2001.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chrysler flathead engine</span> Reciprocating internal combustion engine

The Chrysler flathead engine is a flathead automotive engine manufactured by the Chrysler Corporation from 1924 through the early 1960s. The flathead engine came in four-,six-, and eight-cylinder configurations and varying displacement, with both a cast iron and cast aluminum cylinder head. It was installed in Chrysler, DeSoto, Dodge and Plymouth branded vehicles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sunbeam Motor Car Company</span> British automobile manufacturer, 1905–1934

Sunbeam Motor Car Company Limited was a British automobile manufacturer in operation between 1905 and 1934. Its works were at Moorfields in Blakenhall, a suburb of Wolverhampton in Staffordshire, now West Midlands. The Sunbeam name had originally been registered by John Marston in 1888 for his bicycle manufacturing business. Sunbeam motor car manufacture began in 1901. The motor business was sold to a newly incorporated Sunbeam Motor Car Company Limited in 1905 to separate it from Marston's pedal bicycle business; Sunbeam motorcycles were not made until 1912.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chrysler Europe</span> Subsidiary of Chrysler

Chrysler Europe was the American automotive company Chrysler's operations in Europe from 1967 through 1978. It was formed from the merger of the French Simca, British Rootes and Spanish Barreiros companies. In 1978, Chrysler divested these operations to PSA Peugeot Citroën.

Scammell Lorries Limited was a British manufacturer of trucks, particularly specialist and military off-highway vehicles, between 1921 and 1988. From 1955 Scammell was part of Leyland Motors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vulcan (motor vehicles)</span> Early 20th century car maker

The Vulcan Motor and Engineering Company Limited, of Southport, England, made cars from 1902 until 1928 and commercial vehicles from 1914 until 1953.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Guy Motors</span> Defunct British motor vehicle manufacturer

Guy Motors was a Wolverhampton-based vehicle manufacturer that produced cars, lorries, buses and trolleybuses. The company was founded by Sydney S. Guy (1885–1971) who was born in Kings Heath, Birmingham. Guy Motors operated out of its Fallings Park factory from 1914 to 1982, playing an important role in the development of the British motor industry.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dodge 50 Series</span> British truck

The Dodge 50 Series, later known as the Renault 50 Series, were light commercial vehicles produced in the UK by Chrysler Europe and later Renault Véhicules Industriels between 1979 and 1993 as a replacement for the earlier Dodge Walk-Thru stepvan and smaller Dodge Spacevan cab-over van. The Dodge 50 series utilized the same cab as the American Dodge B series vans, however in a modified state catered for European regulations. The chassis however was British-designed and had no parts shared with the American van, being significantly bigger.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ipswich Transport Museum</span>

The Ipswich Transport Museum is a museum in Ipswich, Suffolk, England, devoted principally to the history of transport and engineering objects made or used in its local area.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Canadian Military Pattern truck</span> 3 ton 4x4 Cargo

Canadian Military Pattern (CMP) trucks were mutually coherent ranges of military trucks, made in large numbers, in several classes and numerous versions, by Canada's branches of the U.S. 'Big Three' auto-makers during World War II, compliant to British Army specifications, primarily intended for use in the armies of the British Commonwealth allies, but also serving in other units of the British Empire.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Scammell Scarab</span>

The Scammell Scarab is a British 3-wheeled tractor unit produced by the truck manufacturer Scammell between 1948 and 1967. These vehicles are often known as "Snub-nose Trucks" or "Snub-nose Lorries" because of the round hood in front of the cab.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dodge WC series</span> American WWII light military trucks

The Dodge WC series is a prolific range of light 4WD and medium 6WD military utility trucks, produced by Chrysler under the Dodge and Fargo marques during World War II. Together with the 14-ton jeeps produced by Willys and Ford, the Dodge 12‑ton G-505 and 34‑ton G-502 trucks made up nearly all of the light 4WD trucks supplied to the U.S. military in WWII – with Dodge contributing some 337,500 4WD units.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Trolleybuses in Doncaster</span>

The Doncaster trolleybus system once served the town of Doncaster, South Yorkshire, England. Opened on 22 August 1928, it gradually replaced the Doncaster Corporation Tramways. By the standards of the various now-defunct trolleybus systems in the United Kingdom, the Doncaster system was a moderately sized one, with a total of 6 routes, all radiating out from the town centre, and a maximum fleet of 47 trolleybuses. The Bentley route was the first to close, on 12 February 1956, and the Beckett Road route was the last to go, on 14 December 1963.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coupé utility</span> Automotive body style

A coupé utility is a vehicle with a passenger compartment at the front and an integrated cargo tray at the rear, with the front of the cargo bed doubling as the rear of the passenger compartment.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sunbeam Commercial Vehicles</span>

Sunbeam Commercial Vehicles was a commercial vehicle manufacturing offshoot of the Wolverhampton based Sunbeam Motor Car Company when it was a subsidiary of S T D Motors Limited. Sunbeam had always made ambulances on modified Sunbeam car chassis. S T D Motors chose to enter the large commercial vehicle market in the late 1920s, and once established they made petrol and diesel buses and electrically powered trolleybuses and milk floats. Commercial Vehicles became a separate department of Sunbeam in 1931.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thames (commercial vehicles)</span> Subsidiary of Ford Motor Company

Thames was a commercial vehicle brand produced by Ford of Britain.

In 1900 the War Office formed a Mechanical Transport Committee looking to develop the use of mechanical transport as a way to move troops, equipment and supplies. A subsidy scheme - also known as a subvention scheme - was devised where approved vehicles bought by civilian owners would be granted a subsidy in exchange for the vehicles being made available in time of war. While the financial details of the scheme were complex and changed over time, the trials and their results both improved the vehicles and engines available for heavy transport, and had an important influence on the vehicles and engines that were made and used during WW1.

References

  1. Census 1911 by FindMyPast and Free BMD
  2. Death Of Mr. H. F. Clayton. The Times, Monday, 1 April 1935; pg. 4; Issue 47027
  3. Page:558, The London Gazette Publication date:27 January 1899 Issue:27046
  4. Out and Home.—By "The Extractor." The Commercial Motor, 24 September 1908, Page 12
  5. 1 2 3 Karrier Motors, Limited. The Times, Tuesday, 9 March 1920; pg. 22; Issue 42354.
  6. Karrier Motors, Ltd. The Times, Monday, 21 October 1929; pg. 25; Issue 45339
  7. Company Results. The Times, Tuesday, 7 July 1925; pg. 23; Issue 44007
  8. The Karrier Motors Capital Scheme. The Times, Wednesday, 20 October 1926; pg. 24; Issue 44407
  9. Karrier Motors Scheme. The Times, Friday, 18 October 1929; pg. 24; Issue 45337.
  10. Commercial Motor Makers' Fusion. The Times, Thursday, 4 August 1932; pg. 16; Issue 46203
  11. T.S. Motors, Ltd. The Times, Saturday, 27 August 1932; pg. 15; Issue 46223
  12. The Times Tuesday, 13 September 1932; pg. 17; Issue 46237
  13. Company Results. The Times, Saturday, 26 August 1933; pg. 14; Issue 46533
  14. Negotiations Stated To Be In Progress, page16, Yorkshire Post and Leeds Intelligencer, Thursday 7 June 1934
  15. Big Motor Deal, Good News for Huddersfield WorkersYorkshire Evening Post – Friday 10 August 1934
  16. Humber, Limited. The Times, Wednesday, 28 November 1934; pg. 21; Issue 46923.
  17. 1 2 Humber, Limited. The Times, Wednesday, 27 November 1935; pg. 20; Issue 47232
  18. "Rootes-Chrysler resource site".
  19. "Karrier Car Developments". Commercial Motor. 17 March 1910. p. 36.
  20. News and Comment, Commercial Motor, 20 November 1913, p266
  21. "The Maker's Peace Period Intentions". Commercial Motor. 12 December 1918. p. 338.
  22. "Karrier Progress". Commercial Motor. 29 June 1920. pp. 542–545.
  23. "Karrier". Commercial Motor. 19 October 1920. p. 355.
  24. "Karrier". Commercial Motor. 18 October 1921. p. 339.
  25. "Two New Karrier Models". Commercial Motor. 16 May 1922. p. 388.
  26. "The War Department's Scheme". Commercial Motor. 28 August 1923. p. 38.
  27. Mechanical Horse. page 5, Yorkshire Post and Leeds Intelligencer – Tuesday 18 November 1930
  28. A "Mechanical Horse". The Times, Thursday, 4 December 1930; pg. 5; Issue 45687.
  29. Motor Transport Show. The Times, Friday, 6 November 1931; pg. 20; Issue 45973
  30. The "Ro-Railer". The Times, Friday, 23 January 1931; pg. 11; Issue 45728
  31. "Railways, Part III" . Retrieved 17 December 2016.
  32. "New Scientist". Reed Business Information. 23 December 1982. Retrieved 17 December 2016 via Google Books.
  33. L A Summers, British Railways Steam 1948–1970, Amberley Publishing, Stroud, 2014. ISBN   9781445634685
  34. 1 2 3 4 Lumb, Geoff (1995). British Trolleybuses: 1911–1972. Ian Allan Publishing. p. 81. ISBN   0711023476.
  35. 1 2 Lumb, Geoff (1995). British Trolleybuses: 1911–1972. Ian Allan Publishing. p. 82. ISBN   0711023476.
  36. City News In Brief. The Times, Friday, 1 October 1948; pg. 9; Issue 51191
  37. Ramsey, John (1984). The Swapmeet and Toyfair Catalogue of British Diecast Model Toys. Swapmeet Toys and Models. p. 35. ISBN   095093190X.
  38. 1 2 Ramsey, John (1984). The Swapmeet and Toyfair Catalogue of British Diecast Model Toys. Swapmeet Toys and Models. p. 93. ISBN   095093190X.
  39. Ramsey, John (1984). The Swapmeet and Toyfair Catalogue of British Diecast Model Toys. Swapmeet Toys and Models. pp. 146–7. ISBN   095093190X.