List of pterosaur genera

This list of pterosaurs is a comprehensive listing of all genera that have ever been included in the order Pterosauria, excluding purely vernacular terms. The list includes all commonly accepted genera, but also genera that are now considered invalid, doubtful ( nomen dubium ), or were not formally published ( nomen nudum ), as well as junior synonyms of more established names, and genera that are no longer considered pterosaurian. The list currently includes 286 genera.

Scope and terminology

There is no official, canonical list of pterosaur genera, but the most thorough attempts can be found at the Pterosauria section of Mikko Haaramo's Phylogeny Archive, ^[1] the Genus Index at Mike Hanson's The Pterosauria, ^[2] supplemented by the Pterosaur Species List, ^[3] and in the fourth supplement of Donald F. Glut's Dinosaurs: The Encyclopedia series. ^[4]

Authors and year

The authors column lists the authors of the formal description responsible for the erection of the genus listed. They are not necessarily the same as the authors of the type species as sometimes a species from one genus is determined sufficiently distinct to warrant the erection of a new genus to house it. If this is the case, only the latter authors will be listed. The year column notes the year the description was published.

Status

Naming conventions and terminology follow the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Technical terms used include:

• Junior synonym : A name which describes the same taxon as a previously published name. If two or more genera are formally designated and the type specimens are later assigned to the same genus, the first to be published (in chronological order) is the senior synonym, and all other instances are junior synonyms. Senior synonyms are generally used, except by special decision of the ICZN, but junior synonyms cannot be used again, even if deprecated. Junior synonymy is often subjective, unless the genera described were both based on the same type specimen.
• Nomen nudum (Latin for "naked name"): A name that has appeared in print but has not yet been formally published by the standards of the ICZN. Nomina nuda (the plural form) are invalid, and are therefore not italicized as a proper generic name would be. If the name is later formally published, that name is no longer a nomen nudum and will be italicized on this list. Often, the formally published name will differ from any nomina nuda that describe the same specimen.
• Preoccupied name: A name that is formally published, but which has already been used for another taxon. This second use is invalid (as are all subsequent uses) and the name must be replaced. As preoccupied names are not valid generic names, they will also go unitalicized on this list.
• Nomen dubium (Latin for "dubious name"): A name describing a fossil with no unique diagnostic features. As this can be an extremely subjective and controversial designation, this term is not used on this list.

Age

The age column denotes the epoch of geologic time to which the fossils date. Genera that are invalid, misidentified, or otherwise do not represent a valid pterosaur are listed as age N/A because there was never a time in which a pterosaur by that generic name actually lived.

Location and notes

The location column designates the geographic region where remains of the relevant genus have been found. The regions used are continents except in the case of smaller landmasses (e.g. Cuba.) Political bodies, being non-existent in the Mesozoic are not used to indicate genera locations. Genera that are invalid, misidentified, or otherwise do not represent a valid pterosaur are listed as location N/A because there was never a place in which a pterosaur by that generic name actually lived. The notes column is a collection of annotations on the scientific significance and taxonomic history of listed genera, as well as elaborations on the information presented in other columns.

The list

Genera

Genus Author(s) Year Status Age Location Notes Images Aerodactylus Vidovic & Martill 2014 Disputed Late Jurassic Germany Some studies suggest that every specimen assigned to this genus is indistinguishable from Pterodactylus [5] [6] Aerodraco Holgado & Pêgas 2020 Valid Early Cretaceous to Late Cretaceous United Kingdom ( England) Originally named as a species of Pterodactylus , but it was found to be unrelated Aerotitan Novas et al. 2012 Valid Late Cretaceous Argentina The first azhdarchid recovered from South America Aetodactylus Myers 2010 Valid Late Cretaceous United States Based on a single, almost complete lower jaw Afrotapejara Martill et al. 2020 Valid Late Cretaceous Morocco The first tapejarid named from Africa and the fourth pterosaur genus from the Kem Kem Group Aidachar Nesov 1981 Misidentification N/A N/A Actually a teleost fish whose remains were originally mistaken for jaw fragments of a ctenochasmatid pterosaur. The mistake was corrected in 1986 Akharhynchus [7] Jacobs, Smith & Zouhri 2024 Valid Early Cretaceous? to Late Cretaceous Morocco Closely related to the contemporary Siroccopteryx Alamodactylus Andres & Myers 2013 Valid Late Cretaceous United States Known solely from a partial, but badly crushed left wing Alanqa Ibrahim et al. 2010 Valid Late Cretaceous Morocco Possessed straight, pointed jaws not unlike those of azhdarchids Albadraco Solomon et al. 2020 Valid Late Cretaceous Romania Has been suggested to be possibly a young individual of the coeval Hatzegopteryx , but this was considered very unlikely [8] Alcione Longrich et al. 2018 Valid Late Cretaceous Morocco Had relatively short wings, an adaptation either for rapid flapping during flight or used to aid with underwater movement Allkaruen Codorniú et al. 2016 Valid Early Jurassic Argentina Its braincase has an intermediate morphology between "rhamphorhynchoid" and pterodactyloid pterosaurs Altmuehlopterus Vidovic & Martill 2017 Valid Late Jurassic Germany Once referred to as a second species of Germanodactylus Amblydectes Hooley 1914 Valid Late Cretaceous United Kingdom ( England) Had been synonymized with four other pterosaur genera Angustinaripterus He et al. 1983 Valid Middle Jurassic China Its Dorygnathus -like teeth suggest it had a piscivorous diet Anhanguera Campos & Kellner 1985 Valid Early Cretaceous to Late Cretaceous Brazil Morocco One study of its anatomy helped resolve controversy regarding pterodactyloids' posture while on the ground [9] Anurognathus Döderlein 1923 Valid Late Jurassic Germany An insectivorous pterosaur known for its short skull with pin-like teeth Apatomerus Williston 1903 Misidentification N/A N/A Probably a misidentified plesiosaur Apatorhamphus McPhee et al. 2020 Valid Late Cretaceous Morocco Known from fragmentary remains, which make its phylogenetic position within the Azhdarchoidea uncertain Aralazhdarcho Averianov 2007 Valid Late Cretaceous Kazakhstan May be closely related to Phosphatodraco Arambourgiania Nessov 1989 Valid Late Cretaceous Jordan Morocco? United States? Its neck possessed extremely elongated vertebrae, making it longer than those of modern giraffes Araripedactylus Wellnhofer 1977 Dubious? Early Cretaceous Brazil Has been regarded as a potential nomen dubium due to the fragmentary, incomplete nature of its remains [10] Araripesaurus Price 1971 Dubious? Early Cretaceous Brazil Suggested to be possibly dubious as its supposed diagnostic features are widespread among pteranodontoids [10] Archaeoistiodactylus Lü & Fucha 2010 Valid Middle Jurassic China Had very short metacarpals Arcticodactylus Kellner 2015 Valid Late Triassic Greenland Originally described as a species of Eudimorphodon , but it was found to have enough differences to be classified as its own genus Ardeadactylus Bennett 2013 Valid Late Jurassic Germany Possessed fewer, larger teeth than its contemporary Pterodactylus , suggesting it possibly would have preyed on larger fish than the latter Argentinadraco Kellner & Calvo 2017 Valid Late Cretaceous Argentina Unusually, its lower jaw exhibits an elaborate combination of ridges and depressions on the top surface Arthurdactylus Frey & Martill 1994 Valid Early Cretaceous Brazil Named after Arthur Conan Doyle, author of the 1912 novel The Lost World , which features large reptilian pterosaurs Aurorazhdarcho Frey, Meyer & Tischlinger 2011 Disputed Late Jurassic Germany Potentially a junior synonym of Gnathosaurus [11] Aussiedraco Kellner, Rodrigues & Costa 2011 Valid Early Cretaceous Australia Known from a partial mandibular symphysis lacking the teeth Austriadactylus Dalla Vecchia et al. 2002 Valid Late Triassic Austria Possessed an elongated skull that may have carried a widened bony crest Austriadraco Kellner 2015 Valid Late Triassic Austria Its scapula is relatively long in comparison to the coracoid Avgodectes Peters 2004 Jr. synonym N/A N/A Junior synonym of Haopterus Aymberedactylus Pêgas et al. 2016 Valid Early Cretaceous Brazil Likely had a horned sheath above the tip of its jaw, a trait shared with the coeval Tupandactylus Azhdarcho Nesov 1984 Valid Late Cretaceous Kazakhstan Tajikistan? Uzbekistan This genus is the namesake of the Azhdarchidae, a family of pterosaurs noted for their elongated limbs and very long necks Bakiribu [12] Pêgas et al. 2025 Valid Early Cretaceous Brazil Possessed a unique pattern of interlocking comb-like teeth in its jaws that were probably used for filter feeding, similarly to its Argentinian relative Pterodaustro Bakonydraco Ősi, Weishampel & Jianu 2005 Valid Late Cretaceous Hungary Has been variously suggested to be a tapejarid, an azhdarchid, or an azhdarchoid placed outside those groups Balaenognathus [13] Martill et al. 2023 Valid Late Jurassic Germany Distinguishable by the spatula-shaped tip of the rostrum Banguela Headden & Campos 2015 Valid Early Cretaceous Brazil Originally described as an unusually toothless dsungaripterid, [14] then considered a species of Thalassodromeus , [15] and finally regarded as a valid taxon, potentially a chaoyangopterid [16] Barbaridactylus Longrich et al. 2018 Valid Late Cretaceous Morocco Its femur is similar in morphology to that of Pteranodon Barbosania Elgin & Frey 2011 Valid Early Cretaceous Brazil Several remains formerly assigned to Brasileodactylus may actually belong to this genus Batrachognathus Ryabinin 1948 Valid Late Jurassic Kazakhstan Discovered in a lacustrine sediment similar to the deposits found in the German Solnhofen Limestone Beipiaopterus Lü 2003 Valid Early Cretaceous China A 2005 analysis of the preserved wing membrane shows that it contained various blood vessels, an adaptation to thermoregulation [17] Bellubrunnus Hone et al. 2012 Valid Late Jurassic Germany Unique among pterosaurs for its forward-curving wingtips Belonochasma Broili 1939 Misidentification N/A N/A Subsequently found to be a reptile of uncertain affinities Bennettazhia Nessov 1991 Valid Early Cretaceous United States Originally mistakenly believed to be a species of the unrelated Pteranodon Bergamodactylus Kellner 2015 Jr. synonym N/A N/A Junior synonym of Carniadactylus Bogolubovia Nessov & Yarkov 1989 Valid Late Cretaceous Russia Had been considered a dubious name that may be synonymous with Volgadraco , although its validity was reaffirmed by later research [18] Boreopterus Lü & Ji 2005 Valid Early Cretaceous China Possessed quite large teeth Brachytrachelus Giebel 1850 Preoccupied N/A N/A Preoccupied name; now known as Scaphognathus Brasileodactylus Kellner 1984 Valid Early Cretaceous Brazil Had a long pointed snout with cone-shaped teeth Cacibupteryx Gasparini, Fernández & de la Fuente 2004 Valid Late Jurassic Cuba Based on a three-dimensionally preserved partial skull Caelestiventus Britt et al. 2018 Valid Late Triassic United States One of the largest Triassic pterosaurs Caiuajara Manzig et al. 2014 Valid Early Cretaceous Brazil Known from large concentrations of fossils belonging to individuals of different ages, indicating it might have lived in colonies Camposipterus Rodrigues & Kellner 2013 Valid Early Cretaceous United Kingdom ( England) Its snout was rounded when viewed from the side Campylognathoides Strand 1928 Valid Early Jurassic Germany India? Preserved gut contents of one specimen suggest a diet of cephalopods for this taxon [19] Campylognathus Plieninger 1894 Preoccupied N/A N/A Preoccupied name; now known as Campylognathoides Carniadactylus Dalla Vecchia 2009 Valid Late Triassic Italy Similar to Eudimorphodon but much smaller, suggesting these taxa occupied different ecological niches Cascocauda [20] Yang et al. 2022 Valid Middle Jurassic to Late Jurassic China Some of the preserved pycnofibres are similar to the feathers of maniraptoran theropod dinosaurs, implying a close relationship between these integuments Cathayopterus Wang & Zhou 2006 Valid Early Cretaceous China Described based on an incomplete skull damaged on the left side Caulkicephalus Steel et al. 2005 Valid Early Cretaceous United Kingdom ( England) May have had a backwards-pointing crest on its head Caupedactylus Kellner 2013 Valid Early Cretaceous Brazil Possessed an exceptionally thin crest that descended over the parietals Caviramus Fröbisch & Fröbisch 2006 Valid Late Triassic   Switzerland Its discovery indicates a greater diversity of Triassic pterosaurs than previously thought Cearadactylus Leonardi & Borgomanero 1985 Valid? Early Cretaceous Brazil Has been interpreted as a possible junior synonym of Brasileodactylus [21] [22] Ceoptera [23] Martin-Silverstone et al. 2024 Valid Middle Jurassic United Kingdom ( Scotland) May have lived in a low-salinity lagoon habitat with wet and dry seasons Changchengopterus Lü 2009 Valid Middle Jurassic China Known from two specimens belonging to different ontogenetic stages Chaoyangopterus Wang & Zhou 2003 Valid Early Cretaceous China Originally assigned by its describers to the Nyctosauridae Cimoliopterus Rodrigues & Kellner 2013 Valid Late Cretaceous United Kingdom ( England) United States Its fossils are mainly known from marine deposits, suggesting an adaptation for long-distance oceanic soaring for the animal Cimoliornis Owen 1846 Valid Late Cretaceous United Kingdom ( England) Once erroneously believed to be a giant albatross-like bird Coloborhynchus Owen 1874 Valid Early Cretaceous United Kingdom ( England) Has had a highly convoluted history of taxonomy Comodactylus Galton 1981 Dubious Late Jurassic United States The first non-pterodactyloid pterosaur discovered in North America. Known from a single metacarpal Cratonopterus [24] Jiang et al. 2023 Valid Early Cretaceous China Shares one feature of the first wing phalanx with ornithocheiroids despite being more primitive Cretornis Frič 1881 Valid Late Cretaceous Czech Republic The distal part of its humerus is diamond-shaped in cross-section Criorhynchus Owen 1874 Jr. synonym N/A N/A Junior synonym of Ornithocheirus Cryodrakon Hone et al. 2019 Valid Late Cretaceous Canada The northernmost pterosaur known from North America Ctenochasma Meyer 1851 Valid Late Jurassic France Germany Would have had a spoonbill-like lifestyle based on the morphology of its jaws and teeth Cuspicephalus Martill & Etches 2013 Valid Late Jurassic United Kingdom ( England) Distinguished from other wukongopterids by its longer head, higher tooth count, and larger body size Cycnorhamphus Seeley 1870 Valid Late Jurassic France Germany Its unusual jaws may have had a similar role to extant openbill storks, being used to hold hard prey such as molluscs "Daitingopterus" Maisch et al. 2004 Nomen nudum N/A N/A Now referred to Altmuehlopterus Daohugoupterus Cheng et al. 2015 Valid Middle Jurassic to Late Jurassic China The smallest pterosaur of the Yanliao Biota Darwinopterus Lü et al. 2010 Valid Middle Jurassic China Interpreted as an intermediate form between "rhamphorhynchoid" and pterodactyloid pterosaurs Dawndraco Kellner 2010 Disputed Late Cretaceous United States A possible junior synonym of either Geosternbergia or Pteranodon Dearc [25] Jagielska et al. 2022 Valid Middle Jurassic United Kingdom ( Scotland) Its discovery refutes the assumption that pterosaurs did not attain larger body sizes until the appearance of pterodactyloid lineages of the Cretaceous Dendrorhynchoides Ji, Ji & Padian 1999 Valid Early Cretaceous China Had an elongated fifth toe Dendrorhynchus Ji & Ji 1998 Preoccupied N/A N/A Preoccupied name; now known as Dendrorhynchoides Dermodactylus Marsh 1881 Dubious Late Jurassic United States Only known from one partial metacarpal Dimorphodon Owen 1859 Valid Early Jurassic United Kingdom ( England) Possessed two different types of teeth Diopecephalus Seeley 1871 Valid Late Jurassic Germany Has been synonymized with the coeval Pterodactylus Dolicorhamphus Seeley 1885 Valid Middle Jurassic United Kingdom ( England) A close relative of Klobiodon [26] Domeykodactylus Martill et al. 2000 Valid Early Cretaceous Chile Shares some traits with both ctenochasmatids and dsungaripterids Doratorhynchus Seeley 1875 Nomen vanum Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous United Kingdom ( England) Definitively known from only an undiagnostic wing phalanx Dorygnathus Wagner 1860 Valid Early Jurassic France Germany May have been piscivorous due to its heterodont dentition and the preserved gut contents of one individual which contain remains of Leptolepis Douzhanopterus Wang et al. 2017 Valid Late Jurassic China Phylogenetically placed between the Wukongopteridae and Propterodactylus Draigwenia [27] Holgado 2021 Valid Early Cretaceous United Kingdom ( England) Originally thought to belong to Ornithocheirus Dsungaripterus Young 1964 Valid Early Cretaceous China South Korea? Characterized by its upward-curving jaws lacking teeth at the front part Elanodactylus Andres & Ji 2008 Valid Early Cretaceous China Its neck vertebrae are somewhat similar to those of azhdarchids Eoazhdarcho Lü & Ji 2005 Valid Early Cretaceous China Can be distinguished by the relatively long metacarpals in comparison to the cervical vertebrae and hindlimb bones Eopteranodon Lü & Zhang 2005 Valid Early Cretaceous China Potentially closely related to Sinopterus Eosipterus Ji & Ji 1997 Valid Early Cretaceous China Had robust, elongated wings Eotephradactylus [28] Kligman et al. 2025 Valid Late Triassic United States The oldest North American pterosaur Epapatelo [29] Fernandes et al. 2022 Valid Late Cretaceous Angola Known from left partial limb remains, all preserved three-dimensionally Eudimorphodon Zambelli 1973 Valid Late Triassic Italy Several specimens were once assigned to this genus, but some of these have been reclassified as their own taxa Eurazhdarcho Vremir et al. 2013 Valid Late Cretaceous Romania Distinguishable by characters of its cervical vertebrae Eurolimnornis Kessler & Jurcsák 1986 Dubious Early Cretaceous Romania Originally described as a bird, although it was subsequently reinterpreted as a pterosaur [30] Europejara Vullo et al. 2012 Valid Early Cretaceous Spain The first tapejarid described from Europe Faxinalipterus Bonaparte et al. 2010 Misidentification N/A N/A Originally believed to be a pterosaur, but has since been reinterpreted as a non-pterosaurian ornithodiran, possibly a lagerpetid [31] Feilongus Wang et al. 2005 Valid Early Cretaceous China Possessed a very pronounced overbite Fenghuangopterus Lü, Fucha & Chen 2010 Valid Middle Jurassic China Known from an almost complete but badly damaged skeleton Ferrodraco Pentland et al. 2019 Valid Late Cretaceous Australia Discovered by a cattle farmer while spraying herbicide Forfexopterus Jiang et al. 2016 Valid Early Cretaceous China Unusually for a ctenochasmatid, it did not have a spatula-shaped snout tip and had more curved teeth Galgadraco [32] Giaretta et al. 2025 Valid Late Cretaceous Brazil Closely related to Albadraco Gallodactylus Fabre 1974 Jr. synonym N/A N/A Junior synonym of Cycnorhamphus Garudapterus [33] Manitkoon et al. 2025 Valid Early Cretaceous Thailand The first pterosaur recovered from Southeast Asia and the youngest named gnathosaurine Gegepterus Wang et al. 2007 Valid Early Cretaceous China Two specimens have been identified to date Geosternbergia Miller 1978 Jr. synonym N/A N/A Junior synonym of Pteranodon , specifically P. sternbergi Germanodactylus Yang 1964 Valid Late Jurassic Germany Had a distinctive head crest Gladocephaloideus Lü 2012 Valid Early Cretaceous China The holotype was originally believed to represent an adult, although the discovery of the second specimen indicates it actually belonged to an immature individual [34] Gnathosaurus Meyer 1833 Valid Late Jurassic Germany United Kingdom ( England) Originally mistakenly thought to be a marine crocodylomorph Gobiazhdarcho [35] Pêgas, Zhou & Kobayashi 2025 Valid Late Cretaceous Mongolia One of the few pterosaurs formally named from Mongolia Guidraco Wang et al. 2012 Valid Early Cretaceous China Noted for the slightly forward-curving crest above an angled skull roof Gwawinapterus Arbour & Currie 2011 Misidentification N/A N/A Initially thought to be an istiodactylid pterosaur, but it was reidentified as an indeterminate saurodontid fish one year later [36] Haliskia [37] Pentland et al. 2024 Valid Early Cretaceous Australia Represents the most completely known Australian pterosaur Hamipterus Wang et al. 2014 Valid Early Cretaceous China Known to have had sexual dimorphism, with males having larger crests and body sizes than females. Fossilized eggs have also been attributed to this taxon, suggesting some form of parental care Haopterus Wang & Lü 2001 Valid Early Cretaceous China The first Chinese pterosaur from which the skull is known Harpactognathus Carpenter et al. 2003 Valid Late Jurassic United States Had a premaxillary crest above the midline of the skull that may have been expanded by soft tissues Hatzegopteryx Buffetaut et al. 2002 Valid Late Cretaceous Romania One of the largest known pterosaurs. Possessed unusually robust body proportions Herbstosaurus Casamiquela 1975 Valid Late Jurassic Argentina Formerly erroneously interpreted as a dinosaur Hongshanopterus Wang et al. 2008 Valid Early Cretaceous China Had a tooth row that extended beyond the first third of its skull and some backward-pointing teeth Huanhepterus Dong 1982 Valid Early Cretaceous China The right half of the only known specimen was obliterated by an explosion that occurred in the quarry where it was found Huaxiadraco [38] Pêgas et al. 2023 Valid Early Cretaceous China The third tapejarid validly named from the Jehol Biota Huaxiapterus Lü & Yuan 2005 Jr. synonym N/A N/A Junior synonym of Sinopterus Iberodactylus Holgado et al. 2019 Valid Early Cretaceous Spain The largest pterosaur from the Iberian Peninsula. A close relative of Hamipterus Ikrandraco Wang et al. 2020 Valid Early Cretaceous China United Kingdom ( England) Uniquely for a pterosaur, its skull possesses a pronounced crest in the lower jaw Inabtanin [39] Rosenbach et al. 2024 Valid Late Cretaceous Jordan May have flapped its wings during flight in contrast to the soaring capabilities deduced for the contemporary but larger Arambourgiania Infernodrakon [40] Thomas et al. 2025 Valid Late Cretaceous United States Based on a single neck vertebra once believed to be a potential specimen of Quetzalcoatlus Ingridia Unwin & Martill 2007 Jr. synonym N/A N/A Objective junior synonym of Tupandactylus Istiodactylus Howse, Milner & Martill 2001 Valid Early Cretaceous China? United Kingdom ( England) Its skull combines a low, blunt snout at the front part and an extremely large naso-antorbital opening Javelinadactylus Campos 2021 Jr. synonym N/A N/A Junior synonym of Wellnhopterus . Although named a few months earlier, its description was retracted over allegations that the describer did not have access to its holotype, and seemingly wrote it to beat out a major series of papers which the Wellnhopterus description was part of Jeholopterus Wang et al. 2002 Valid Middle Jurassic to Late Jurassic China North Korea? Named from a crushed specimen preserving impressions of carbonized skin fibres and pycnofibres Jianchangnathus Cheng et al. 2012 Valid Middle Jurassic China Shares a number of features with Scaphognathus Jianchangopterus Lü & Bo 2011 Valid Middle Jurassic China Known from a nearly complete, articulated skeleton preserved in a single slab Jidapterus Dong, Sun & Wu 2003 Valid Early Cretaceous China Had small eye sockets. Closely related to Shenzhoupterus and Chaoyangopterus Kariridraco [41] Cerqueira et al. 2021 Valid Early Cretaceous Brazil The holotype specimen was falsified by workers who glued the snout of another pterosaur that did not belong to this genus Kepodactylus Harris & Carpenter 1996 Valid Late Jurassic United States Discovered alongside the remains of Stegosaurus Keresdrakon Kellner et al. 2019 Valid Early Cretaceous Brazil Its remains were found directly associated with those of Caiuajara , representing the first known evidence of sympatry among pterosaurs. May have filled a role of opportunistic predator in its environment Klobiodon O'Sullivan & Martill 2018 Valid Middle Jurassic United Kingdom ( England) Distinguished by its lower jaw which gradually curves downwards at the front Kryptodrakon Andres, Clark & Xu 2014 Valid Middle Jurassic to Late Jurassic China The oldest and earliest-diverging pterodactyloid yet known Kunpengopterus Wang et al. 2010 Valid Middle Jurassic? to Late Jurassic China The species K. antipollicatus can be characterized by the unusual opposable thumb Lacusovagus Witton 2008 Valid Early Cretaceous Brazil The largest pterosaur from the Crato Formation. Possibly a chaoyangopterid Laopteryx Marsh 1881 Dubious Late Jurassic United States Initially believed to be a relative of Archaeopteryx Leptostomia [42] Smith et al. 2021 Valid Early Cretaceous? to Late Cretaceous Morocco Likely a probe-feeder due to the unique anatomy of its beak Liaodactylus Zhou et al. 2017 Valid Late Jurassic China Older and less specialized than other ctenochasmatids Liaoningopterus Wang & Zhou 2003 Valid Early Cretaceous China The fourth tooth of the upper jaw is the longest known for any pterosaur Liaoxipterus Dong & Lü 2005 Valid Early Cretaceous China Might be an insectivore capable of protruding its tongue as indicated by the preserved hyoid Limnornis Kessler & Jurcsák 1984 Preoccupied N/A N/A Later renamed Palaeocursornis Lingyuanopterus [43] Xu et al. 2022 Valid Early Cretaceous China Several features of the only known skull suggest a scavenging lifestyle for this taxon Linlongopterus Rodrigues et al. 2015 Valid Early Cretaceous China May have not been fully grown due to poor fusion of its bones, causing them to be disarticulated during preservation "Lithosteornis" Gervais 1844 Nomen nudum N/A N/A Referred to Ornithocheirus Lonchodectes Hooley 1914 Valid Late Cretaceous United Kingdom ( England) Had long, vertically compressed jaws with relatively small teeth Lonchodraco Rodrigues & Kellner 2013 Valid Early Cretaceous to Late Cretaceous United Kingdom ( England) Previously assigned to Pterodactylus and Lonchodectes Lonchognathosaurus Maisch, Matzke & Sun 2004 Valid Early Cretaceous China Russia? Unlike other pterosaurs, it had a straight bottom margin in the upper jaw Longchengpterus Wang et al. 2006 Valid Early Cretaceous China The first istiodactylid officially described from China Luchibang Hone et al. 2020 Valid Early Cretaceous China Recently found to be a chimera in which only the tip of the snout is confidently referrable to the genus while the postcranial material may have belonged to an azhdarchomorph [44] Ludodactylus Frey et al. 2003 Valid Early Cretaceous Brazil Its head crest is convergently similar to that of male Pteranodon Luopterus Hone 2020 Valid Middle Jurassic to Late Jurassic China Remains originally misidentified as belonging to Dendrorhynchoides Lusognathus [45] Fernandes et al. 2023 Valid Late Jurassic Portugal A rounded triangular expansion is present at the front part of its premaxilla Maaradactylus Bantim et al. 2014 Valid Early Cretaceous Brazil Had one of the largest skulls among the anhanguerids described from the Santana Group Macrotrachelus Giebel 1852 Jr. synonym N/A N/A Junior synonym of Pterodactylus Makrodactylus [46] Hone et al. 2025 Valid Late Jurassic Germany Smaller than other known early members of the Monofenestrata Meilifeilong [47] Wang et al. 2023 Valid Early Cretaceous China The best-preserved and most complete chaoyangopterid known to date Melkamter [48] Fernandes, Pol & Rauhut 2024 Valid Early Jurassic Argentina Represents the oldest known monofenestratan and the fifth Jurassic pterosaur from South America Mesadactylus Jensen & Padian 1989 Valid Late Jurassic United States Originally thought to be a bird on account of its fused sacral vertebrae Microtuban Elgin & Frey 2011 Valid Late Cretaceous Lebanon Based on a juvenile individual whose bones are broken, perhaps from either a collision or an attack by a predator Mimodactylus Kellner et al. 2019 Valid Late Cretaceous Lebanon The first completely known Afro-Arabian pterosaur. Possessed a broad snout with cone-shaped teeth located only at the front half of the jaws Mistralazhdarcho Vullo et al. 2018 Valid Late Cretaceous France Shared various traits with the South American Aerotitan Moganopterus Lü et al. 2012 Valid Early Cretaceous China Had the largest skull of any known toothed pterosaur Montanazhdarcho Padian, de Ricqlès & Horner 1995 Valid Late Cretaceous United States Known from a largely uncompressed fossil coming from an adult Muzquizopteryx Frey et al. 2006 Valid Late Cretaceous Mexico The holotype had been used as a decorative piece of an office wall Mythunga Molnar & Thulborn 2008 Dubious? Early Cretaceous Australia Has been regarded as an indeterminate tropeognathine by a 2025 analysis [21] Navajodactylus [49] Sullivan Fowler 2011 Valid Late Cretaceous N. America Nemicolopterus [50] X. Wang Kellner et al. 2008 Valid Early Cretaceous Asia Nesodactylus [51] Colbert 1969 Valid Late Jurassic Cuba Nesodon [52] Jensen Ostrom 1977 Lapsus calami N/A N/A Misspelling of Nesodactylus , also preoccupied by a toxodont. Nicorhynchus [53] Holgado Pêgas 2020 Valid Early Cretaceous to Late Cretaceous Africa Europe Ningchengopterus [54] Lü 2009 Valid Early Cretaceous Asia Nipponopterus [55] Zhou et al. 2025 Valid Late Cretaceous Asia Noripterus [56] Yang 1973 Valid Early Cretaceous Asia Normannognathus [57] Buffetaut J.-J. Lepage G. Lepage 1998 Valid Late Jurassic Europe Nurhachius Wang Kellner et al. 2003 Valid Early Cretaceous Asia Nyctodactylus [58] Marsh 1881 Jr. synonym N/A N/A Jr. synonym of Nyctosaurus . Nyctosaurus [59] Marsh 1876 Valid Late Cretaceous [60] N. America, [60] S. America [60] "Odontorhynchus" Stolley 1936 Jr. synonym N/A N/A Jr. synonym of Rhamphorhynchus . "Oolithorhynchus" [2] Whalley 2000 Nomen nudum [2] Manuscript name [2] about which almost nothing is known. Orientognathus Lü et al. 2015 Valid Late Jurassic Asia Ordosipterus [61] Ji 2020 Valid Early Cretaceous Asia Ornithocephalus [62] von Sömmering 1812 Jr. snyonym N/A N/A Jr. synonym of Pterodactylus . Ornithocheirus [56] Seeley 1869 Valid Early Cretaceous . [63] Europe [63] Ornithodesmus [2] Seeley 1887 Misidentification [2] N/A N/A Misidentified dromaeosaurid. [2] Ornithopterus [64] Fitzinger 1843 Jr. snyonym N/A N/A Jr. synonym of Rhamphorhynchus . Ornithostoma [56] Seeley 1871 Valid Late Cretaceous Europe "Osteornis" [65] Gervais 1844 Nomen nudum N/A Europe Nomen ex dissertationae for pterosaur remains later named Palaeornis and Cimoliornis. Otogopterus [66] Ji Zhang 2020 Valid Early Cretaceous Asia Pachagnathus [67] Martínez et al. 2022 Valid Late Triassic S. America Pachyrhamphus [64] Fitzinger 1843 Preoccupied N/A N/A Preoccupied name; now known as Scaphognathus Palaeocursornis [68] Kessler Jurcsák 1986 Valid Early Cretaceous Europe Originally described under the name Limnornis as a bird; Limnornis was preoccupied, and the fossils were subsequently reinterpreted as pterosaurian. [30] Palaeornis Mantell 1844 Preoccupied N/A N/A preoccupied name. Pangupterus Lü et al. 2016 Valid Early Cretaceous Asia Paranurognathus [69] Peters 2005 Jr. snyonym N/A N/A Jr. synonym of Anurognathus . Parapsicephalus [70] von Arthaber 1919 Valid Early Jurassic Europe Peteinosaurus [56] Wild 1978 Valid Late Triassic [71] Europe [71] Petrodactyle [72] Hone et al. 2023 Valid Late Jurassic Europe "Phobetor" [2] [56] Bakhurina 1986 Jr. snyonym N/A N/A Jr. synonym of Noripterus . [73] Phosphatodraco [74] Pereda-Suberbiola Bardet et al. 2003 Valid Late Cretaceous Africa Piksi [75] Varricchio 2002 Valid Late Cretaceous N. America Originally described as a bird, subsequently reinterpreted as a pterosaur. [30] Plataleorhynchus [76] Howse Milner 1995 Valid Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous Europe Prejanopterus [77] Vidarte Calvo 2010 Valid Early Cretaceous Europe Preondactylus [56] Wild 1983 Valid Late Triassic [78] Europe [78] "Pricesaurus" [79] Bonaparte Sanchez 1986 Nomen nudum Early Cretaceous S. America Propterodactylus [80] Spindler 2024 Valid Late Jurassic Europe Ptenodactylus [81] Seeley 1869 Preoccupied N/A N/A Preoccupied name. Ptenodracon [82] Lydekker 1888 Jr. synonym N/A N/A Junior synonym of Pterodactylus . Pteranodon [56] Marsh 1876 Valid Late Cretaceous [83] N. America. [83] Ptéro-dactyle Cuvier 1809 N/A N/A Renamed Pterodactylus . Pterodactylus Rafinesque 1815 Valid Late Jurassic . [84] Africa, [84] Europe [84] Pterodaustro [56] Bonaparte 1970 Valid Early Cretaceous [85] S. America [85] Pterofiltrus [86] Jiang Wang 2011 Valid Early Cretaceous Asia Pteromonodactylus Teryaev 1967 Jr. snyonym N/A N/A Jr. synonym of Rhamphorhynchus . Pterorhynchus [87] Czerkas Q. Ji 2002 Valid Late Jurassic Asia Pterotherium [88] Fischer von Waldheim 1813 Jr. snyonym N/A N/A Jr. synonym of Pterodactylus . Puntanipterus [89] Bonaparte Sanchez 1975 Valid Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous S. America Qinglongopterus [90] Lü Unwin et al. 2012 Valid Middle Jurassic Asia Quetzalcoatlus [56] Lawson 1975 Valid Late Cretaceous [91] N. America [91] Radiodactylus [92] Andres Myers 2013 Valid Early Cretaceous N. America Raeticodactylus [93] Stecher 2008 Valid N/A N/A Possible junior synonym of Caviramus Rhabdopelix [2] Cope 1870 Misidentification [2] N/A N/A At first it was thought to be a Triassic pterosaur, but is now known to be (at least in part) a kuehneosaurid. [2] Rhamphinion [94] Padian 1984 Valid Early Jurassic N. America Rhamphocephalus Seeley 1880 Misidentification Middle Jurassic Europe Originally assigned to Pterosauria, later reassigned to Thalattosuchia. [95] Rhamphorhynchus [56] von Meyer 1846 Valid Late Jurassic . [96] Africa, [96] Europe [96] Samrukia [97] Naish et al. 2012 Valid Late Cretaceous Asia Originally described as a bird but reinterpreted as a pterosaur. Santanadactylus [98] de Buisonjé 1980 Valid Early Cretaceous S. America Saratovia [99] Averianov 2025 Valid Late Cretaceous Europe Scaphognathus [56] Wagner 1861 Valid Late Jurassic . [100] Europe [100] Seazzadactylus [101] Dalla Vecchia 2019 Valid Late Triassic Europe Sericipterus Andres Clark X. Xing 2010 Valid Late Jurassic Asia Serradraco [102] Rigal Martill Sweetman 2017 Valid Late Jurassic . Europe Shenzhoupterus [103] Lü Unwin et al. 2008 Valid Early Cretaceous Asia Simurghia [104] Longrich et al. 2018 Valid Late Cretaceous Africa Sinomacrops [105] Wei et al. 2021 Valid Middle Jurassic to Late Jurassic Asia Sinopterus [106] X. Wang Z. Zhou 2003 Valid Early Cretaceous Asia Siroccopteryx [107] Mader Kellner 1999 Valid N/A N/A Possible junior synonym of Coloborhynchus Skiphosoura [108] Hone et al. 2024 Valid Late Jurassic Europe Sordes [56] Sharov 1971 Valid Late Jurassic . [109] Asia [109] Spathagnathus [110] Fernandes et al. 2025 Valid Late Jurassic Europe Sultanuvaisia [111] Nesov 1981 Misidentification Late Cretaceous Asia. Actually a fish. Tacuadactylus [112] Soto et al. 2021 Valid Late Jurassic S. America Tapejara [56] Kellner 1989 Valid Early Cretaceous S. America Targaryendraco [113] Pêgas et al. 2019 Valid Early Cretaceous Europe Tendaguripterus [114] Unwin Heinrich 1999 Valid Late Jurassic Africa Tethydraco [104] Longrich et al. 2018 Valid Late Cretaceous Africa Thalassodromeus [115] Kellner Campos 2002 Valid Early Cretaceous S. America Thanatosdrakon Ortiz David et al. 2022 Valid Late Cretaceous South America Thapunngaka [116] Richards et al. 2021 Valid Early Cretaceous Australia "Titanopteryx" [117] Arambourg 1959 Preoccupied Late Cretaceous Asia Preoccupied by a simuliid blackfly. It was later renamed Arambourgiania . Torukjara [118] Pêgas 2024 Valid Early Cretaceous South America Tribelesodon Bassani 1886 Misidentification N/A N/A At first it was thought to be a Triassic pterosaur but is now known to be a misinterpreted specimen of the prolacertiform Tanystropheus . Tropeognathus Wellnhofer 1987 Valid Early Cretaceous S. America One of the largest anhanguerids. Tsogtopteryx [35] Pêgas et al. 2025 Valid Late Cretaceous Asia Tupandactylus [119] Kellner Campos 2007 Valid Early Cretaceous S. America Tupuxuara [120] Kellner Campos 1988 Valid Late Cretaceous S. America Uktenadactylus [121] Rodrigues Kellner 2008 Valid Early Cretaceous N. America Possible junior synonym of Coloborhynchus Unwindia [122] Martill 2011 Valid Late Cretaceous S. America Utahdactylus [123] Czerkas Mickelson 2002 Valid Late Jurassic N. America Vectidraco [124] Naish Simpson Dyke 2013 Valid Early Cretaceous Europe Vesperopterylus [125] Lü et al. 2017 Valid Early Cretaceous Asia Volgadraco [126] Averianov Arkhangelsky Pervushov 2008 Valid Late Cretaceous Asia Wellnhopterus [127] Andres, Langston Jr. 2021 Valid Late Cretaceous N. America Wenupteryx [128] Codorniú Gasparini 2013 Valid Late Jurassic S. America Wightia [129] Martill et al. 2020 Valid Early Cretaceous Europe Wukongopterus X. Wang Kellner et al. 2009 Valid Middle Jurassic Asia "Wyomingopteryx" [130] Bakker 1994 Nomen nudum Xericeps [131] D. Martill et al. 2017 Valid Early Cretaceous to Late Cretaceous Africa Yelaphomte [67] Martínez et al. 2022 Valid Late Triassic S. America Yixianopterus [132] Lü S. Ji et al. 2006 Valid Early Cretaceous Asia Zhejiangopterus [133] Z. Cai F. Wei 1994 Valid Late Cretaceous Asia Zhenyuanopterus [134] Lü 2010 Valid Early Cretaceous Asia

Ichnogenera

Genus Authors Year Status Age Location Notes Agadirichnus Ambroggi Lapparent 1954 Valid uK Africa Haenamichnus [135] Hwang Huh et al. 2002 Valid uK [135] Asia. [135] More than 5 times as large as Pteraichnus, these tracks were probably made by azhdarchids. [135] Kouphichnium Nopcsa 1923 Misidentification N/A N/A The trackmaker was probably a limulid. Pteraichnus Stokes 1957 Valid uJ Asia [136] Europe N. America Some tracks attributed to Pteraichnus have been considered crocodilian in origin by some scientists (Padian, 1984) however, recent studies in the past decade have overturned Padian's thoughts. Purbeckopus Delair 1963 Nomen dubium lK Europe.		Haenamichnus

Oogenera

Although pterosaur eggs are known, some with complete embryos, no oogenera have been erected to house them. The holotype of the oospecies Oolithes sphaericus was briefly considered by Harry Govier Seeley to be pterosaurian in origin, although this attribution was dismissed before the formal erection of that oogenus.

See also

• Paleontology portal

• List of dinosaurs
• List of plesiosaurs
• List of pterosaur classifications
• Pterosaur
• Timeline of pterosaur research

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External links

• Pterosaur FAQs, by Raymond Thaddeus C. Ancog.
• The Pterosaur Database, by Paul Pursglove.