Old Lombard language

Last updated
Old Lombard
lonbardo
Native to Italy
Region Northern Italy, specifically the Lordship of Milan, Crema, Cremona, Lodi, and Bressa.
EthnicityLombards
EraEvolved into Modern Lombard and Siculo-Lombard in the end of the 14th century.
Early forms
Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-3 –
Galloitalic map 1300.jpg
Map of the Gallo-Italic languages in 1300.

Old Lombard (Lombard : Lombard antigh (Milanese orthography)) is a Gallo-Italic language and the earliest form of Lombard (spoken in northern Italy, southwestern Switzerland, and Santa Catarina in Brazil) and Siculo-Lombard (spoken by a minority in areas of Sicily). It was spoken in the 13th to 14th centuries and was closely related to Old Piedmontese, being both considered in the proposed Lombard-Piedmontese language grouping. Other languages similar include Old Venetian and Old Ligurian.

Contents

Orthography

Most early languages in northern Italy at the time were written in the Lombard koiné, which was a writing system that also included Old Lombard.

Grammar

Final -i may possibly be attributed to masculine plural -i, like in the word zinqui (five). This is shown in other languages, like Old Genovese seti and Old Umbrian nuovi. [2] Old Lombard also doesn't have obligatory enclisis in a context where a word is used after a coordinating conjuction. [3] Inflectional -s had survived in verb forms, too. [4] [5] The Latin suffixes mente and *-(i)ter would merge and become Old Lombard -mentre, -menter. [6]

Literature

Until the 13th century, the majority of writers in the north of Italy wrote in Old Occitan, thus these were called troubadours. Sirventese lombardesco was one of the first texts in Old Lombard, being written in the Mantua dialect. between 1264 and 1274, Pietro da Barsegape wrote Sermon divin (Divine Sermon), one of the first texts in western Lombard. Around the same time, in 1274, Bonvesin da la Riva wrote his Liber di Tre Scricciur (Book of the Three Scriptures), which is divided into three books, the Scricciura Negra (Black Scripture), the Scricciura Rossa (Red Scripture), and the Scricciura Dorada (Golden Scripture). Mayor gremeza was a document found in 1980 which was written by Bortolino Benolchini in 10 May 1355, which was written in Eastern Lombard. Other poets include Gherardo Patecchio, Uguccione da Lodi and Salimbene de Adam, while some anonymous works include Lodigian Legend of San Bassiano.

Sample text


Liber di Tre Scricciur

In nom de Jesu Criste e de Sancta Maria
Quest'ovra al so onor acomenzadha sia:
Ki vol odir cuintar parol de baronia,
Sì olza e sì intenda per soa cortesia.

Odir e no intende negata zovarave
E ki ben intendesse anc negata farave
Ki no metess in ovra so k'el intenderave:
O l'om no mett lo cor e l'ingegn nient vare.

In questo nostro libro da tre guis è scrigiura:
La prima sì è negra e è de grand pagura
La segonda è rossa, la terza è bella e pura
Pur lavoradha a oro ke dis de grand dolzura.

English translation:

Book of the Three Scriptures

In the name of Jesus Christ, and Saint Mary
This work began in their honor:
Who wants to hear a valuable speech,
Please listen and understand.

Listening and not understanding would do no good,
And whoever understood well would still conclude nothing,
If he does not put into practice what he has understood:
What you don't put your heart and ingenuity into has no value.

In this book we deal with three types of writing:
The first is black and instills great fear
The second is red, the third is beautiful and pure,
Also worked with gold, so much so that you would say it is of great refinement.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Romance languages</span> Direct descendants of Vulgar Latin

The Romance languages, also known as the Latin or Neo-Latin languages, are the languages that are directly descended from Vulgar Latin. They are the only extant subgroup of the Italic branch of the Indo-European language family.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gallo-Romance languages</span> Branch of the Romance languages

The Gallo-Romance branch of the Romance languages includes in the narrowest sense the langues d'oïl and Franco-Provençal. However, other definitions are far broader and variously encompass the Occitan or Occitano-Romance, Gallo-Italic or Rhaeto-Romance languages.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Piedmontese language</span> Gallo-Italic language spoken in Piedmont, Italy

Piedmontese is a language spoken by some 2,000,000 people mostly in Piedmont, a region of Northwest Italy. Although considered by most linguists a separate language, in Italy it is often mistakenly regarded as an Italian dialect. It is linguistically included in the Gallo-Italic languages group of Northern Italy, which would make it part of the wider western group of Romance languages, which also includes French, Occitan, and Catalan. It is spoken in the core of Piedmont, in northwestern Liguria, and in Lombardy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lombard language</span> Gallo-Italic language spoken in the Italian region of Lombardy

The Lombard language belongs to the Gallo-Italic group within the Romance languages and is characterized by a Celtic linguistic substratum and a Lombardic linguistic superstratum and is a cluster of homogeneous dialects that are spoken by millions of speakers in Northern Italy and southern Switzerland, including most of Lombardy and some areas of the neighbouring regions, notably the far eastern side of Piedmont and the extreme western side of Trentino, and in Switzerland in the cantons of Ticino and Graubünden. The language is also spoken in Santa Catarina in Brazil by Lombard immigrants from the Province of Bergamo, in Italy.

<i>Langues doïl</i> Dialects including French and its close relatives

The langues d'oïl are a dialect continuum that includes standard French and its closest autochthonous relatives historically spoken in the northern half of France, southern Belgium, and the Channel Islands. They belong to the larger category of Gallo-Romance languages, which also include the historical languages of east-central France and western Switzerland, southern France, portions of northern Italy, the Val d'Aran in Spain, and under certain acceptations those of Catalonia.

Milanese is the central variety of the Western dialect of the Lombard language spoken in Milan, the rest of its metropolitan city, and the northernmost part of the province of Pavia. Milanese, due to the importance of Milan, the largest city in Lombardy, is often considered one of the most prestigious Lombard variants and the most prestigious one in the Western Lombard area.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Languages of Italy</span> On the various languages spoken in Italy

The languages of Italy include Italian, which serves as the country's national language, in its standard and regional forms, as well as numerous local and regional languages, most of which, like Italian, belong to the broader Romance group. The majority of languages often labeled as regional are distributed in a continuum across the regions' administrative boundaries, with speakers from one locale within a single region being typically aware of the features distinguishing their own variety from one of the other places nearby.

The Ticinese dialect is the set of dialects, belonging to the Alpine and Western branch of the Lombard language, spoken in the northern part of the Canton of Ticino (Sopraceneri); the dialects of the region can generally vary from valley to valley, often even between single localities, while retaining the mutual intelligibility that is typical of the Lombard linguistic continuum.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gallo-Italic languages</span> Sub-family of Romance languages spoken in Northern Italy

The Gallo-Italic, Gallo-Italian, Gallo-Cisalpine or simply Cisalpine languages constitute the majority of the Romance languages of northern Italy: Piedmontese, Lombard, Emilian, Ligurian, and Romagnol. In central Italy they are spoken in the northern Marches ; in southern Italy in some language islands in Basilicata and Sicily.

Western Lombard is a group of dialects of Lombard, a Romance language spoken in Italy. It is widespread in the Lombard provinces of Milan, Monza, Varese, Como, Lecco, Sondrio, a small part of Cremona, Lodi and Pavia, and the Piedmont provinces of Novara, Verbano-Cusio-Ossola, the eastern part of the Province of Alessandria (Tortona), a small part of Vercelli (Valsesia), and Switzerland. After the name of the region involved, land of the former Duchy of Milan, this language is often referred to as Insubric or Milanese, or, after Clemente Merlo, Cisabduano.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Northern Italy</span> Geographical and cultural region in the northern part of Italy

Northern Italy is a geographical and cultural region in the northern part of Italy. The Italian National Institute of Statistics defines the region as encompassing the four northwestern regions of Piedmont, Aosta Valley, Liguria and Lombardy in addition to the four northeastern regions of Trentino-Alto Adige, Veneto, Friuli-Venezia Giulia and Emilia-Romagna.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Italo-Western languages</span> Romance language branch

Italo-Western is, in some classifications, the largest branch of the Romance languages. It comprises two of the branches of Romance languages: Italo-Dalmatian and Western Romance. It excludes the Sardinian language and Eastern Romance.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bergamasque dialect</span> Western variant of the Lombard language

The Bergamasque dialect is the western variant of the Eastern Lombard group of the Lombard language. It is mainly spoken in the province of Bergamo and in the area around Crema, in central Lombardy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Classification of Romance languages</span>

The internal classification of the Romance languages is a complex and sometimes controversial topic which may not have one single answer. Several classifications have been proposed, based on different criteria.

Eastern Lombard is a group of closely related variants of Lombard, a Gallo-Italic language spoken in Lombardy, mainly in the provinces of Bergamo, Brescia and Mantua, in the area around Cremona and in parts of Trentino. Its main variants are Bergamasque and Brescian.

Varesino, Varesotto or Bosin is a dialect of Western Lombard language spoken in the Central province of Varese. The Northern side speaks more Ticinese than Bosin. The Southern side speaks more Bustocco.

This article discusses the grammar of the Western Lombard (Insubric) language. The examples are in Milanese, written according to the Classical Milanese orthography.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Western Romance languages</span> Subdivision of the Romance languages

Western Romance languages are one of the two subdivisions of a proposed subdivision of the Romance languages based on the La Spezia–Rimini Line. They include the Gallo-Romance, Occitano-Romance and Iberian Romance branches. Gallo-Italic may also be included. The subdivision is based mainly on the use of the "s" for pluralization, the weakening of some consonants and the pronunciation of “Soft C” as /t͡s/ rather than /t͡ʃ/ as in Italian and Romanian.

Bolognese is a dialect of Emilian spoken in the most part in the city of Bologna and its hinterland, but also in the district of Castelfranco Emilia in the province of Modena, and in the towns of Sambuca Pistoiese (Tuscany), Cento, Sant'Agostino, and Poggio Renatico.

The Liber di Tre Scricciur is a 1274 epic poem by Bonvesin da la Riva written in the Lombard language. The poem is an imaginative vision of the afterlife, divided into three books or "scriptures": one about Hell, one about the Passion of Christ and one about Heaven. It is composed of quatrains with only one rhyme.

References

  1. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2023-07-10). "Glottolog 4.8 - Piemontese-Lombard". Glottolog . Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.7398962 . Archived from the original on 2023-10-29. Retrieved 2023-10-29.
  2. ↑ Gvozdanovic, Jadranka (2011-06-03). Indo-European Numerals. Walter de Gruyter. p. 453. ISBN   978-3-11-085846-4.
  3. ↑ Zanuttini, Raffaella; Campos, Héctor; Herburger, Elena; Portner, Paul H. (2006-05-19). Crosslinguistic Research in Syntax and Semantics: Negation, Tense, and Clausal Architecture. Georgetown University Press. p. 81. ISBN   978-1-58901-305-6.
  4. ↑ Maiden, Martin (1996). "On the Romance Inflectional Endings -i and -e". Romance Philology. 50 (2). ISSN   0035-8002.
  5. ↑ Ahlqvist, Anders (1982-01-01). Papers from the Fifth International Conference on Historical Linguistics, Galway, April 6–10 1981. John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN   978-90-272-8069-5.
  6. ↑ Karlsson, Keith E. (2015-08-31). Syntax and affixation: The evolution of "mente" in Latin and Romance. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 134. ISBN   978-3-11-132901-7.
Portrait de Dante.jpg

This article about Romance languages is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.