Krishna district | |
---|---|
Ghantasala stupa | |
Coordinates(Machilipatnam): 16°11′40″N81°8′58″E / 16.19444°N 81.14944°E | |
Country | India |
State | Andhra Pradesh |
Region | Kosta Andhra |
Headquarters | Machilipatnam |
Administrative divisions | |
Government | |
• District collector and magistrate | D. K. Balaji IAS |
• Superintendent of Police | Adnan Nayoom Azmi IPS |
• Lok Sabha constituencies | 01 constituency |
• Assembly constituencies | 07 constituencies |
Area | |
• Total | 3,773 km2 (1,457 sq mi) |
Population | |
• Total | 1,735,079 |
• Density | 460/km2 (1,200/sq mi) |
Demographics | |
• Literacy | 73.74% |
• Sex ratio | 996 |
Vehicle registration | AP-16 (former) AP–39, AP–40 (from 30 January 2019) [3] |
Major highways | NH-65, NH-216 |
Website | krishna |
Krishna district is a district in the coastal Andhra Region in Indian state of Andhra Pradesh, with Machilipatnam as its administrative headquarters. It is surrounded on the East by Bay of Bengal, West by Guntur, Bapatla and North by Eluru and NTR districts and South again by Bay of Bengal. [4]
Krishna District with its district headquarters at Machilipatnam is the coastal district of Andhra Pradesh. It was formerly called as Machilipatnam District. Later it was renamed as Krishna District after the holy river Krishna, by adding certain Taluks of the abolished Guntur District in 1859. Again in 1925, Krishna District was further divided into Krishna and West Godavari Districts. There are no changes in its jurisdiction except some minor changes (in Divi Taluk and Munagala Paragana). Further Again in 2022 Krishna District was divided into Krishna and NTR Districts. [5] It was named after the Krishna River (also known as Krishnaveni in literature) the third longest river in India. The river flows through the district before it empties itself into Bay of Bengal, near Hamsaladevi village. [6]
The history of this region dates back to the 2nd century BCE. The area was ruled by the Satavahanas (230 BC – AD 227); Pallavas (AD 340 – AD 500), Chalukyas (AD 615 – 1070 AD) and later by Cholas, Kakatiyas, Musunuri Nayaks, Reddy dynasty and Gajapati kings of Odisha. [7]
Satavahana period (230 BC – AD 227): The Satavahanas ruled this region with headquarters at Srikakulam, at present a village in Ghantasala mandal of the district. Prominent rulers during this period were Srimukha (founder), Gotamiputra Satakarni and Yajnasri Satakarni (last Satavahana king). The Satavahanas imparted more stability and security to the life of the people of the region for more than four centuries.
Pallava Kingdom (AD 340 – AD 500), spread over from Krishna river to Tungabhadra, including Amaravati in the East, Bellary in the West and Kancheepuram in the South with capital cities at Venginagar near Eluru and Pithapuram, both in Vengidesa. Bruhitpalayanas, the contemporaries of Pallavas ruled the district with Koduru as their capital. Vishnukundinas (AD 6th century) rulers created cave temples at Mogalrajapuram (now in Vijayawada) and Undavalli.
Eastern chalukyas (AD 615 – AD 1070), the entire Andhra country was under the control of a single ruler under their reign. The Eastern Chalukyas were credited with the excavations of the cave temple at Undavalli, rock cut shrines, and Shiva temples. [7]
Cholas ruled this region with their capital located at Rajamahendri. It was during Rajaraja Narendra's reign that Nannayya Bhattu translated the Mahabharata into Telugu. Kakatiyas ruled this region up to the early 14th century with Orugallu as their capital. They are followed by Musunuri Nayaks who rebelled against Delhi sultanate and won. Musunuri Nayaks constructed various forts in South India including Hampi and ruled many states of India independently. Reddy dynasty a subordinate of Musunuri Kapaya Naidu established himself in the hill fort of Kondaveedu. The Kondaveedu Reddis were great patrons of Telugu literature. The poet Srinadha and his brother-in-law Bammera Pothana flourished at his court. [7]
Gajapathis of Odisha: Kapileswarapuram named in honour of Kapileswara Gajapathi now in Pamidimukkala mandal exists to this day. He was succeeded by Vidyadhara Gajapathi who built Vidyadharapuram (now in Vijayawada) and constructed a reservoir at Kondapalli. Krishnadevaraya of Vijayanagara empire conquered this region in the early 16th century. Then this region became part of the Kingdom of Golconda in 1550 which was founded by Sultan Quli Qutub Shah as part of the Qutb Shahis in 1512. Abu-l-Hussain Shah known as Tanisha was the last ruler of Qutab Shahi dynasty. [7] [8]
Aurangazeb ruled this region as part of the province of Golconda. Asaf Jah who was appointed as subedar or viceroy of the Deccan in AD 1713 with the title of Nizam-ul-Mulk. The province of Golconda comprised five Nawabs’ charges viz. Arcot, Cuddapah, Kurnool, Rajahmundry and Chicacole (Srikakulam). This region was part of the Nawab of Rajahmundry. [7]
The British: In the year 1611 the English founded their settlement at Masulipatnam which remained their headquarters until they finally moved to Madras in 1641. The Dutch and French also had settlements at Masulipatnam. Upon the death of the old Nizam-ul-Mulk in June 1748, his heirs strove for the succession with the support of the English and the French. When Nizam Ali Khan was proclaimed ruler of Golconda in 1761, the British secured at first the divisions of Masulipatnam, Nizampatnam and part of Kondaveedu and later the entire Circars. At first the district was administered by a chief and council at Masulipatnam but in 1794 Collectors, directly responsible to the Board of Revenue, were appointed at Masulipatnam. [7]
The Krishna District was formed from the district of Rajahmundry in 1859, when it also included Guntur and West Godavari districts of united Andhra Pradesh. Guntur district was created from Krishna district in 1904. Similarly West Godavari district was created from Krishna district in 1925. [9] [10]
Krishna District had 10 Talukas in 1971. In 1978 they were increased to 21 Talukas. In 1985, Mandal system was created and 50 mandals were formed in the district. In 2022 Krishna district was divided into Krishna and NTR districts. [11]
As of 2011 [update] census of India, the district had a population of 4,517,398 with a density of 518 persons per km2. The total population constitute, 2,267,375 males and 2,250,023 females –a ratio of 992 females per 1000 males. The total urban population is 1,843,660 (40.81%). [12] : 20 There are 3,009,718 literates with a literacy rate of 73.74%. [12] : 21
Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
---|---|---|
1901 | 861,068 | — |
1911 | 993,086 | +1.44% |
1921 | 1,059,731 | +0.65% |
1931 | 1,229,176 | +1.49% |
1941 | 1,413,516 | +1.41% |
1951 | 1,736,429 | +2.08% |
1961 | 2,076,956 | +1.81% |
1971 | 2,493,574 | +1.84% |
1981 | 3,048,463 | +2.03% |
1991 | 3,698,833 | +1.95% |
2001 | 4,187,841 | +1.25% |
2011 | 4,517,398 | +0.76% |
source: [13] |
Krishna district is surrounded on the east by Bay of Bengal, west by Guntur and Bapatla districts and north by Eluru and NTR districts and south by Bay of Bengal. The Krishna district occupies an area of 3,775 square kilometres (1,458 sq mi). [1] It has a total coastline of 88 km (55 mi). [14]
The forest occupies only 9 percent of the total undivided district area. However, it contains Reserved Forest areas in Nandigama, Vijayawada, Tiruvuru, Nuzvid, Gannavaram, Machilipatnam and Divi Seema Talukas. A type of light wood known as ‘Ponuku’ (Gyrocapus Jacquini) is found in the Kondapalli hills. The wood is used for the manufacture of the well known Kondpalli toys. The most noticeable trees are pterocarpus, Terminalia, Anogeissus and Logustroeinai and Casuarina. [15]
Panthers, hyenas, jungle cats, foxes, bears and other carnivorous mammalian fauna are found here. Deer, spotted deer sambar, blackbuck and other herbivorous animals are found in the inland forests. The district has a large number of Murrah buffaloes and cows. [15]
The climatic conditions of the district consist of extremely hot summers and moderately hot winters and may be classified as tropical. The period starting from April to June is the hottest. The annual rainfall in the region is about 1047.68 mm and 66% of it is contributed to by the Southwest monsoon. [16]
Black Cotton (57.6 percent), Sand clay loams (22.3 percent), Red loams (19.4 percent), and sandy soils account for balance 0.7% in the district. [16]
After reorganization the district had a population of 17,35,079, of which 482,513 (27.81%) live in urban areas. Krishna district has a sex ratio of 996 females per 1000 males and a literacy rate of 73.75%. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 346,989 (20.00%) and 37,716 (2.17%) of the population respectively. [1]
Based on the 2011 census, 93.30% of the population spoke Telugu and 5.97% Urdu as their first language. [18]
The parliamentary constituency is Machilipatnam Lok Sabha constituency
It comprises the following legislative assembly segments: [19]
Constituency number | Name | Reserved for (SC/ST/None) | Parliament |
---|---|---|---|
71 | Gannavaram | None | Machilipatnam |
72 | Gudivada | None | |
74 | Pedana | None | |
75 | Machilipatnam | Nona | |
76 | Avanigadda | None | |
77 | Pamarru | SC | |
78 | Penamaluru | None |
The district is divided into 3 revenue divisions: Gudivada, Machilipatnam and Vuyyuru, which are further subdivided into a total of 26 mandals, each headed by a sub-collector. [20]
The list of 26 mandals in Krishna district, divided into 3 revenue divisions, is given below. [21]
There are one municipal corporation and four municipalities in the district. [22] [23]
Ciy/Town | Civil status | Revenue Division | Population |
---|---|---|---|
Machilipatnam | Municipal Corporation | Machilipatnam | 169,892 |
Gudivada | Municipality Grade – Special | Gudivada | 118,167 |
YSR-Tadigadapa | Municipality Grade – Special | Vuyyuru | 126,190 |
Vuyyuru | Nagar Panchayat | Vuyyuru | 49,521 |
Pedana | Municipality Grade – 3 | Machilipatnam | 30,721 |
Source: Assembly segments of Parliamentary constituencies [19]
Agriculture is the main stay of economy. Paddy is the main food crop cutivated. Based on 2019–20 data, the gross cropped area of the district was 3.76 Lakh Hectares of which gross irrigated area was 2.42 lakh Hectares. [27] Other products produced include sugarcane, mango, tomato, milk, meat and fisheries.
NH 65 from Pune to Machilipatnam, NH 165 from Pamarru to Palakollu, NH 216 from Ongole to Kathipudi pass through the district.
There exists 97 km (60 mi) of rail network in the district. Gudivada Junction railway station and Machilipatnam railway station are prominent railway stations in the district. Nearest major railway station is Vijayawada Junction railway station at a distance of 80Km from Machilipatnam by train. [28]
The Machilipatnam Port is currently under construction. [29] The Port will have an initial cargo capacity of 35 million tonnes (35 MMTPA), through four berths-three general cargo berths and one coal terminal. The Port is scheduled to be completed in two years. In the future, the capacity of the four-berth deep water port will be increased to 116 million tonnes (116 MMTPA) as the cargo traffic increases gradually. [30]
Krishna district is served by Vijayawada International airport located in Gannavaram at a distance of 67.9 km from Machilipatnam. [31] [28]
Dr.Gururaju Government Homoeo Medical college and Regional Research Institute for Homoeopathy are located in Gudivada. Krishna University is located in Machilipatnam.
The culture of Krishna district is mostly traditional in rural places and moderately modern in Gudivada and Machilipatnam. It is also famous as the birthplace for Indian classical dance named Kuchipudi. The dialect of Telugu spoken in Krishna is widely considered to be the standard form of Telugu. [32]
Kabbadi is the most popular sport, followed by cricket, volleyball, badminton, basketball and tennis.
NTR Stadium is the main sports venue in Gudivada. It is used for several sports, like athletics, volleyball, cricket practice, kho kho, kabaddi, badminton, tennis and basketball. [33] It is also the stadium for Krishna District Cricket Association.
There are several places of tourist interest in the district. Some of them are given below. [34]
Coastal Andhra or Kosta Andhra is a geographic region in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. Vijayawada is the largest city in this region followed by Guntur. The region share borders with Rayalaseema region of the state and Telangana. It was a part of Madras State before 1953 and Andhra State from 1953 to 1956. According to the 2011 census, it has an area of 91,915 square kilometres (35,489 sq mi) which is 57.99% of the total state area and a population of 34,193,868 which is 69.20% of Andhra Pradesh state population. This area includes the coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh on the Circar Coast between the Eastern Ghats and the Bay of Bengal, from the northern border with Odisha to Rayalaseema in the south.
Machilipatnam, also known as Masulipatnam and Bandar, is a city in Krishna district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is a municipal corporation and the administrative headquarters of Krishna district. It is also the mandal headquarters of Machilipatnam mandal in Machilipatnam revenue division of the district. The ancient port town served as the settlement of European traders from the 16th century, and it was a major trading port for the Portuguese, British, Dutch and French in the 17th century.
Gudivada is a city in Krishna district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is a municipality and the headquarters of Gudivada mandal in Gudivada revenue division. It is one of the cities in the state to be a part of Andhra Pradesh Capital Region. It is the twenty-seventh most populous city in Andhra Pradesh and the three-hundredth most populous city in India with a population of 118,167 according to the 2011 Census of India.
Guntur district is one of the twenty six districts in the Coastal Andhra region of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. The administrative seat of the district is located at Guntur, the largest city of the district in terms of area and with a population of 670,073. It has a coastline of approximately 100 km (62 mi) on the right bank of Krishna River, that separates it from Krishna district and NTR district. It is bounded on the south by Bapatla district and on the west by Palnadu district. It has an area of 2,443 km2 (943 sq mi), with a population of 20,91,075, as per 2011 census of India.
Vuyyuru is a town in Krishna district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is a Nagar panchayat and the headquarters of Vuyyuru Mandal. It is emerging as neighbourhood of Vijayawada, India situated 30 km away.
Nandivada is a village in Krishna district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is located in Nandivada mandal of Gudivada revenue division. It is one of the villages in the mandal to be a part of Andhra Pradesh Capital Region. Geographically, it is 8 kilometres north of Gudivada and directly adjacent to the town of Sreenivasapuram.
Mopidevi is a village in Krishna district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is the mandal headquarters of Mopidevi mandal in Machilipatnam revenue division. It is one of the villages in the mandal to be a part of Andhra Pradesh Capital Region. The village is known for its famous Lord Subrahmanyeswar Swamy Temple. The village is situated 80Km from Vijayawada and 30Km from Machilipatnam.
Movva is the name of a well-known village in the Krishna district of the Indian state known as Andhra Pradesh. It is located in 'Movva mandal of Machilipatnam revenue division'. It is one of the villages in the mandal to be a part of Andhra Pradesh Capital Region.
Nandigama is a town in NTR district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is a Municipality and also the headquarters of Nandigama mandal in Nandigama revenue division.
Chebrolu is a village in Guntur district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is the headquarters of Chebrolu mandal in Tenali revenue division. It was once a Buddhist site and territorial capital of Kakatiya dynasty. The Archaeological excavations revealed Buddhist artefacts of Satavahana and Ikshavaku period.
Kuchipudi is a village in Krishna district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is also known as Kuchelapuram or Kuchilapuri. It is the origin of the eponymous dance form Kuchipudi, one of the eight major Indian classical dances. It is one of the villages in the Movva mandal to be a part of Andhra Pradesh Capital Region.
Sugguna Lanka is a village in Kollur mandal, located in Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh in India. The name of this village is derived from the Lastname Sugguna.
Pedaprolu is a village in Krishna district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is located in Mopidevi mandal of Machilipatnam revenue division. It is a part of Andhra Pradesh Capital Region.
Amaravati is the capital city of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is situated in Guntur district at the heart of the state, on the right bank of the Krishna River and south west of Vijayawada. It is named after the historic Amaravathi site adjacent to Dharanikota, the ancient city, that served as the capital of the Satavahana dynasty more than 2,200 years ago. The Andhra Pradesh Capital Region encompasses the neighboring cities of Guntur, and Vijayawada.
Machilipatnam revenue division is an administrative division in the Krishna district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is one of the 3 revenue divisions in the district with 12 mandals under its administration. Machilipatnam serves as the headquarters of the division. The division has 2 municipalities namely, Machilipatnam and Pedana.
Nuzvid revenue division is an administrative division in the Eluru district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is one of the 3 revenue divisions in the district with 6 mandals under its administration. Nuzvid serves as the headquarters of the division. The division has 1 municipality.
Alinakhi Palem is a village near by Choragudi Panchayat present in Pamidimukkala mandal of Krishna district of Andhra Pradesh state, India. It is situated at an altitude of 09 ft above sea-level. A survey by Madras Office in 1926 by Sri Govindarajulu and LGB Firth displayed its assigned numbers. AP supplementary survey in 1965 by Sri V. Sriramulu included it in Gannavaram Taluk of Krishna district.
NTR district is a district in coastal Andhra Region in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. The district headquarters is located at Vijayawada. The district is named after former Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh N. T. Rama Rao. The district shares boundaries with Guntur, Palnadu, Krishna, Eluru, Khammam and Suryapet districts.
Palnadu district is a district in coastal Andhra Region in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. With Narasaraopet as its administrative headquarters, it was formed on 4 April 2022 to become one of the resultant twenty-six districts The district was formed from Gurazala, Sattenapalli and Narasaraopet revenue divisions from Palnadu district. The district covers most of the Palnadu region.
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: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)CPO (2022). District Hand Book of Statistics – 2020 Krishna district (PDF).