CD86

Last updated
CD86
CD86 structure.gif
Available structures
PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
Aliases CD86 , B7-2, B7.2, B70, CD28LG2, LAB72, CD86 molecule
External IDs OMIM: 601020 MGI: 101773 HomoloGene: 10443 GeneCards: CD86
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

942

12524

Ensembl

ENSG00000114013

ENSMUSG00000022901

UniProt

P42081

P42082

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_176892
NM_001206924
NM_001206925
NM_006889
NM_175862

Contents

NM_019388

RefSeq (protein)

NP_001193853
NP_001193854
NP_008820
NP_787058
NP_795711

NP_062261

Location (UCSC) Chr 3: 122.06 – 122.12 Mb Chr 16: 36.42 – 36.49 Mb
PubMed search [3] [4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

Cluster of Differentiation 86 (also known as CD86 and B7-2) is a protein constitutively expressed on dendritic cells, Langerhans cells, macrophages, B-cells (including memory B-cells), and on other antigen-presenting cells. [5] Along with CD80, CD86 provides costimulatory signals necessary for T cell activation and survival. Depending on the ligand bound, CD86 can signal for self-regulation and cell-cell association, or for attenuation of regulation and cell-cell disassociation. [6]

The CD86 gene encodes a type I membrane protein that is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily. [7] Alternative splicing results in two transcript variants encoding different isoforms. Additional transcript variants have been described, but their full-length sequences have not been determined. [8]

Structure

CD86 belongs to the B7 family of the immunoglobulin superfamily. [9] It is a 70 kDa glycoprotein made up of 329 amino acids. Both CD80 and CD86 share a conserved amino acid motif that forms their ligand binding domain. [10] CD86 consists of Ig-like extracellular domains (one variable and one constant), a transmembrane region and a short cytoplasmic domain that is longer than that of CD80. [11] [12] costimulatory ligands CD80 and CD86 can be found on professional antigen presenting cells such as monocytes, dendritic cells, and even activated B-cells. They can also be induced on other cell types, for example T cells. [13] CD86 expression is more abundant compared to CD80, and upon its activation is CD86 increased faster than CD80. [14]

At the protein level, CD86 shares 25% identity with CD80 [15] and both are coded on human chromosome 3q13.33q21. [16]

Role in co-stimulation, T-cell activation and inhibition

CD86 and CD80 bind as ligands to costimulatory molecule CD28 on the surface of all naïve T cells, [17] and to the inhibitory receptor CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4, also known as CD152). [18] [19] CD28 and CTLA-4 have important, but opposite roles in the stimulation of T cells. Binding to CD28 promotes T cell responses, while binding to CTLA-4 inhibits them. [20]

The interaction between CD86 (CD80) expressed on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell with CD28 on the surface of a mature, naive T-cell, is required for T-cell activation. [21] To become activated, lymphocyte must engage both antigen and costimulatory ligand on the same antigen-presenting cell. T cell receptor (TCR) interacts with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules, [13] and this signalization must be accompanied by costimulatory signals, provided by a costimulatory ligand. These costimulatory signals are necessary to prevent anergy and are provided by the interaction between CD80/CD86 and CD28 costimulatory molecule. [22] [23]

This protein interaction is also essential for T lymphocytes to receive the full activation signal, which in turn leads to T cell differentiation and division, production of interleukin 2 and clonal expansion. [9] [22] Interaction between CD86 and CD28 activates mitogen-activated protein kinase and transcription factor nf-κB in the T-cell. These proteins up-regulate production of CD40L (used in B-cell activation), IL-21 and IL-21R (used for division/proliferation), and IL-2, among other cytokines. [21] The interaction also regulates self-tolerance by supporting the homeostatis of CD4+CD25+ Tregulatory cell, also known as Tregs. [9]

CTLA-4 is a coinhibitory molecule that is induced on activated T cells. Interaction between CTLA-4 and CD80/CD86 leads to delivery of negative signals into T cells and reduction of number of costimulatory molecules on the cell surface. It can also trigger a signaling pathway responsible for expression of enzyme IDO (indolamine-2,3-dioxygenase). This enzyme can metabolize amino acid tryptophan, which is an important component for successful proliferation and differentiation of T lymphocytes. IDO reduces the concentration of tryptophan in the environment, thereby suppressing the activation of conventional T cells, while also promoting the function of regulatory T cells. [24] [25]

Both CD80 and CD86 bind CTLA-4 with higher affinity than CD28. This allows CTLA-4 to outcompete CD28 for CD80/CD86 binding. [23] [26] Between CD80 and CD86, CD80 appears to have a higher affinity for both CTLA-4 and CD28 than CD86. This suggest that CD80 is more potent ligand than CD86, [15] but studies using CD80 and CD86 knockout mice have shown that CD86 is more important in T cell activation than CD80. [27]

Treg mediation

CTLA-4 inhibits CD86 - CD28 binding when active on Tregulatory cells CTLA4 Diagram.png
CTLA-4 inhibits CD86 - CD28 binding when active on Tregulatory cells

Pathways in the B7:CD28 family have key roles in the regulation of T cell activation and tolerance. Their negative second signals are responsible for downregulation of cell responses. For all these reasons are these pathways considered as therapeutic targets. [9]

Regulatory T cells produce CTLA-4. Due to its interaction with CD80/CD86, Tregs can compete with conventional T cells and block their costimulatory signals. Treg expression of CTLA-4 can effectively downregulate both CD80 and CD86 on APCs, [28] suppress the immune response and lead to increased anergy. [6] Since CTLA-4 binds to CD86 with higher affinity than CD28, the co-stimulation necessary for proper T-cell activation is also affected. [29] It was shown in a work from Sagurachi group that Treg cells were able to downregulate CD80 and CD86, but not CD40 or MHC class II on DC in a way that was adhesion dependent. Downregulation was blocked by anti-CTLA-4 antibody and was cancelled if Treg cells were CTLA-4 deficient. [30]

When bound to CTLA-4, CD86 can be removed from the surface of an APC and onto the Treg cell in a process called trogocytosis. [6] Blocking this process with anti-CTLA-4 antibodies is useful for a specific type of cancer immunotherapy called "Cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation". [31] Japanese immunologist Tasuku Honjo and American immunologist James P. Allison won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2018 for their work on this topic.

Role in pathology

Roles of both CD80 and CD86 are studied in context of many pathologies. Selective inhibition of costimulatory inhibitors was examined in a model of allergic pulmonary inflammation and airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR). [32] Since initial host response to Staphylococcus aureus , especially the immune response based on T cells, is a contributing factor in the pathogenesis of acute pneumonia, role of the CD80/CD86 pathway in pathogenesis was investigated. [33] The costimulatory molecules were also investigated in context of Bronchial Astma, [34] Treg in cancer, [35] and immunotherapy. [36]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">T helper cell</span> Type of immune cell

The T helper cells (Th cells), also known as CD4+ cells or CD4-positive cells, are a type of T cell that play an important role in the adaptive immune system. They aid the activity of other immune cells by releasing cytokines. They are considered essential in B cell antibody class switching, breaking cross-tolerance in dendritic cells, in the activation and growth of cytotoxic T cells, and in maximizing bactericidal activity of phagocytes such as macrophages and neutrophils. CD4+ cells are mature Th cells that express the surface protein CD4. Genetic variation in regulatory elements expressed by CD4+ cells determines susceptibility to a broad class of autoimmune diseases.

The regulatory T cells (Tregs or Treg cells), formerly known as suppressor T cells, are a subpopulation of T cells that modulate the immune system, maintain tolerance to self-antigens, and prevent autoimmune disease. Treg cells are immunosuppressive and generally suppress or downregulate induction and proliferation of effector T cells. Treg cells express the biomarkers CD4, FOXP3, and CD25 and are thought to be derived from the same lineage as naïve CD4+ cells. Because effector T cells also express CD4 and CD25, Treg cells are very difficult to effectively discern from effector CD4+, making them difficult to study. Research has found that the cytokine transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is essential for Treg cells to differentiate from naïve CD4+ cells and is important in maintaining Treg cell homeostasis.

Alloimmunity is an immune response to nonself antigens from members of the same species, which are called alloantigens or isoantigens. Two major types of alloantigens are blood group antigens and histocompatibility antigens. In alloimmunity, the body creates antibodies against the alloantigens, attacking transfused blood, allotransplanted tissue, and even the fetus in some cases. Alloimmune (isoimmune) response results in graft rejection, which is manifested as deterioration or complete loss of graft function. In contrast, autoimmunity is an immune response to the self's own antigens. Alloimmunization (isoimmunization) is the process of becoming alloimmune, that is, developing the relevant antibodies for the first time.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4</span> Mammalian protein found in humans

Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4, (CTLA-4) also known as CD152, is a protein receptor that functions as an immune checkpoint and downregulates immune responses. CTLA-4 is constitutively expressed in regulatory T cells but only upregulated in conventional T cells after activation – a phenomenon which is particularly notable in cancers. It acts as an "off" switch when bound to CD80 or CD86 on the surface of antigen-presenting cells. It is encoded by the gene CTLA4 in humans.

B7 is a type of integral membrane protein found on activated antigen-presenting cells (APC) that, when paired with either a CD28 or CD152 (CTLA-4) surface protein on a T cell, can produce a costimulatory signal or a coinhibitory signal to enhance or decrease the activity of a MHC-TCR signal between the APC and the T cell, respectively. Binding of the B7 of APC to CTLA-4 of T-cells causes inhibition of the activity of T-cells.

Co-stimulation is a secondary signal which immune cells rely on to activate an immune response in the presence of an antigen-presenting cell. In the case of T cells, two stimuli are required to fully activate their immune response. During the activation of lymphocytes, co-stimulation is often crucial to the development of an effective immune response. Co-stimulation is required in addition to the antigen-specific signal from their antigen receptors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">CD28</span> Mammalian protein found in humans

CD28 is one of the proteins expressed on T cells that provide co-stimulatory signals required for T cell activation and survival. T cell stimulation through CD28 in addition to the T-cell receptor (TCR) can provide a potent signal for the production of various interleukins.

Immune tolerance, also known as immunological tolerance or immunotolerance, refers to the immune system's state of unresponsiveness to substances or tissues that would otherwise trigger an immune response. It arises from prior exposure to a specific antigen and contrasts the immune system's conventional role in eliminating foreign antigens. Depending on the site of induction, tolerance is categorized as either central tolerance, occurring in the thymus and bone marrow, or peripheral tolerance, taking place in other tissues and lymph nodes. Although the mechanisms establishing central and peripheral tolerance differ, their outcomes are analogous, ensuring immune system modulation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">CD80</span> Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens

The Cluster of differentiation 80 is a B7, type I membrane protein in the immunoglobulin superfamily, with an extracellular immunoglobulin constant-like domain and a variable-like domain required for receptor binding. It is closely related to CD86, another B7 protein (B7-2), and often works in tandem. Both CD80 and CD86 interact with costimulatory receptors CD28, CTLA-4 (CD152) and the p75 neurotrophin receptor.

Abatacept, sold under the brand name Orencia, is a medication used to treat autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, by interfering with the immune activity of T cells. It is a modified antibody.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">CD137</span> Member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family

CD137, a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, is a type 1 transmembrane protein, expressed on surfaces of leukocytes and non-immune cells. Its alternative names are tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 9 (TNFRSF9), 4-1BB, and induced by lymphocyte activation (ILA). It is of interest to immunologists as a co-stimulatory immune checkpoint molecule, and as a potential target in cancer immunotherapy.

In immunology, peripheral tolerance is the second branch of immunological tolerance, after central tolerance. It takes place in the immune periphery. Its main purpose is to ensure that self-reactive T and B cells which escaped central tolerance do not cause autoimmune disease. Peripheral tolerance prevents immune response to harmless food antigens and allergens, too.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cancer immunology</span> Study of the role of the immune system in cancer

Cancer immunology (immuno-oncology) is an interdisciplinary branch of biology and a sub-discipline of immunology that is concerned with understanding the role of the immune system in the progression and development of cancer; the most well known application is cancer immunotherapy, which utilises the immune system as a treatment for cancer. Cancer immunosurveillance and immunoediting are based on protection against development of tumors in animal systems and (ii) identification of targets for immune recognition of human cancer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">PD-L1</span> Mammalian protein found in humans

Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) also known as cluster of differentiation 274 (CD274) or B7 homolog 1 (B7-H1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CD274 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">CD83</span>

CD83 is a human protein encoded by the CD83 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ICOSLG</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

ICOS ligand is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ICOSLG gene located at chromosome 21. ICOSLG has also been designated as CD275.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">PDCD1LG2</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Programmed cell death 1 ligand 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PDCD1LG2 gene. PDCD1LG2 has also been designated as CD273. PDCD1LG2 is an immune checkpoint receptor ligand which plays a role in negative regulation of the adaptive immune response. PD-L2 is one of two known ligands for Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Immune checkpoint</span> Regulators of the immune system

Immune checkpoints are regulators of the immune system. These pathways are crucial for self-tolerance, which prevents the immune system from attacking cells indiscriminately. However, some cancers can protect themselves from attack by stimulating immune checkpoint targets.

Tolerogenic dendritic cells are heterogenous pool of dendritic cells with immuno-suppressive properties, priming immune system into tolerogenic state against various antigens. These tolerogenic effects are mostly mediated through regulation of T cells such as inducing T cell anergy, T cell apoptosis and induction of Tregs. Tol-DCs also affect local micro-environment toward tolerogenic state by producing anti-inflammatory cytokines.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">CD28 family receptor</span> Group of regulatory cell surface receptors

CD28 family receptors are a group of regulatory cell surface receptors expressed on immune cells. The CD28 family in turn is a subgroup of the immunoglobulin superfamily.

References

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Further reading

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