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Google PageSpeed is a family of tools by Google, Inc. [1] designed to help optimize website performance. [2] It was introduced at a Developer Conference in 2010. [3] [4] There are four main components of PageSpeed family tools: PageSpeed Module (consisting of mod PageSpeed [5] for the Apache HTTP Server and NGX PageSpeed [6] for the Nginx), [7] PageSpeed Insights, PageSpeed Service, and the PageSpeed Chrome DevTools extension. These components aim to identify and automatically correct deviations from Google's Web Performance Best Practices.
The PageSpeed Modules are the open-source Apache HTTP Server or Nginx web server modules, which automatically apply chosen filters to pages and associated assets, such as stylesheets, JavaScript, and HTML files, as well as to images and website cache requirements. These modules do not require modifications to existing content or workflow, [8] meaning that all internal optimizations and changes to files are made on the server side, presenting modified files directly to the user. Each of the 40+ filters corresponds to one of Google's web performance best practices rules.
Since PageSpeed module is an open source library, it is frequently updated by numerous developers from all over the world and can be deployed by any individual sites, hosting providers, or CDNs. [9]
The installation can be done in two ways: from packages or build from source on the following supported platforms:
Other servers that offer a PageSpeed optimization module based on Google's Page Speed SDK:
PageSpeed module filters are settings, based on which a web page optimization rule is applied. They can be divided into five main categories:
The PageSpeed Module showed the most significant impact on decreasing web page loading times, payload size, and number of requests when compared to other options in the industry. According to several researchers, 'mod_pagespeed' can reduce loading times by up to 80%, the amount of bytes on a wire can be decreased by 30%, and the number of total requests can drop by over 20%. Since many search engines, including Google, employ a ranking algorithm which is affected by a page's loading speed, these optimizations can impact a website's placement in search results. [12] [13] As of February 2015, Google has begun testing “Slow” labels on mobile devices [14] for websites that exceed a certain amount of loading time, prompting developers to examine ways to increase a page's load speed.
Google estimates that for every delay in mobile page load time, the conversion rate drops by 20%. [15]
PageSpeed Insights [16] is an online synthetic benchmark tool which helps in identifying performance best practices on any single URL, provides suggestions on a web page's optimizations, and suggests overall ideas of how to make a website faster. [17] This tool can be accessed directly in any browser. Per URL request, it grades web page performance on a scale from 1 to 100 and provides a report on suggested optimizations, divided into categories of high (score > 80, indicating most best practices have been implemented and there is little headroom for improvement), medium (between 60 and 79 indicating that the page is missing some common optimizations there is some headroom for optimization), and low priorities (Score below 60, indicating a non-optimized page) - About PageSpeed Insights [18]
Currently, the Page Speed Insight score is calculated on the basis of six factors:
Recent versions of PageSpeed Insights added support [19] for measuring real-world user experience using the Chrome User Experience Report. [20] Google Chrome's Elizabeth Sweeny and Addy Osmani lead PageSpeed Insights and announced its support for Core Web Vitals in 2020. [21]
Pagespeed extension is an extension of Chrome Browser and is a part of Google Chrome Developer Tools. Visitors who use PageSpeed regularly can view all given metrics by PageSpeed Insights directly in a browser and download webpage resources, optimized according to web performance best practices. It has now been deprecated [22] and Google recommends the online version be used instead.
PageSpeed service was a commercial product, provided by Google Inc. The service was offered free of charge, since it was still officially in beta version. Service included all Pagespeed Module optimizations and use of Google servers’ infrastructure. [23] Google announced the deprecation of PageSpeed service on 5 May 2015 [24] and turned it off on 3 August 2015. [25]
The Apache HTTP Server is a free and open-source cross-platform web server software, released under the terms of Apache License 2.0. It is developed and maintained by a community of developers under the auspices of the Apache Software Foundation.
A web server is computer software and underlying hardware that accepts requests via HTTP or its secure variant HTTPS. A user agent, commonly a web browser or web crawler, initiates communication by making a request for a web page or other resource using HTTP, and the server responds with the content of that resource or an error message. A web server can also accept and store resources sent from the user agent if configured to do so.
In computer network communications, the HTTP 404, 404 not found, 404, 404 error, page not found, or file not found error message is a hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) standard response code, to indicate that the browser was able to communicate with a given server, but the server could not find what was requested. The error may also be used when a server does not wish to disclose whether it has the requested information.
Ajax is a set of web development techniques that uses various web technologies on the client-side to create asynchronous web applications. With Ajax, web applications can send and retrieve data from a server asynchronously without interfering with the display and behaviour of the existing page. By decoupling the data interchange layer from the presentation layer, Ajax allows web pages and, by extension, web applications, to change content dynamically without the need to reload the entire page. In practice, modern implementations commonly utilize JSON instead of XML.
Cascading is a software abstraction layer for Apache Hadoop and Apache Flink. Cascading is used to create and execute complex data processing workflows on a Hadoop cluster using any JVM-based language, hiding the underlying complexity of MapReduce jobs. It is open source and available under the Apache License. Commercial support is available from Driven, Inc.
Apache Tapestry is an open-source component-oriented Java web application framework conceptually similar to JavaServer Faces and Apache Wicket. Tapestry was created by Howard Lewis Ship, and was adopted by the Apache Software Foundation as a top-level project in 2006.
Google Analytics is a web analytics service offered by Google that tracks and reports website traffic and also the mobile app traffic & events, currently as a platform inside the Google Marketing Platform brand. Google launched the service in November 2005 after acquiring Urchin.
Google Developers is Google's site for software development tools and platforms, application programming interfaces (APIs), and technical resources. The site contains documentation on using Google developer tools and APIs—including discussion groups and blogs for developers using Google's developer products.
Nginx is a web server that can also be used as a reverse proxy, load balancer, mail proxy and HTTP cache. The software was created by Russian developer Igor Sysoev and publicly released in 2004. Nginx is free and open-source software, released under the terms of the 2-clause BSD license. A large fraction of web servers use Nginx, often as a load balancer.
Google Search Console is a web service by Google which allows webmasters to check indexing status, search queries, crawling errors and optimize visibility of their websites.
Web development tools allow web developers to test, modify and debug their websites. They are different from website builders and integrated development environments (IDEs) in that they do not assist in the direct creation of a webpage, rather they are tools used for testing the user interface of a website or web application.
Google Chrome Frame was a plug-in designed for Internet Explorer based on the open-source Chromium project, first announced on September 22, 2009. It went stable in September 2010, on the first birthday of the project. It was discontinued on February 25, 2014 and is no longer supported.
SPDY is an obsolete open-specification communication protocol developed for transporting web content. SPDY became the basis for HTTP/2 specification. However, HTTP/2 diverged from SPDY and eventually HTTP/2 subsumed all usecases of SPDY. After HTTP/2 was ratified as a standard, major implementers, including Google, Mozilla, and Apple, deprecated SPDY in favor of HTTP/2. Since 2021, no modern browser supports SPDY.
Node.js is a cross-platform, open-source JavaScript runtime environment that can run on Windows, Linux, Unix, macOS, and more. Node.js runs on the V8 JavaScript engine, and executes JavaScript code outside a web browser.
Web performance refers to the speed in which web pages are downloaded and displayed on the user's web browser. Web performance optimization (WPO), or website optimization is the field of knowledge about increasing web performance.
HTTP/2 is a major revision of the HTTP network protocol used by the World Wide Web. It was derived from the earlier experimental SPDY protocol, originally developed by Google. HTTP/2 was developed by the HTTP Working Group of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). HTTP/2 is the first new version of HTTP since HTTP/1.1, which was standardized in RFC 2068 in 1997. The Working Group presented HTTP/2 to the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG) for consideration as a Proposed Standard in December 2014, and IESG approved it to publish as Proposed Standard on February 17, 2015. The initial HTTP/2 specification was published as RFC 7540 on May 14, 2015.
uBlock Origin is a free and open-source browser extension for content filtering, including ad blocking. The extension is available for Chrome, Chromium, Edge, Firefox, Brave, Opera, Pale Moon, as well as versions of Safari before 13. uBlock Origin has received praise from technology websites and is reported to be much less memory-intensive than other extensions with similar functionality. uBlock Origin's stated purpose is to give users the means to enforce their own (content-filtering) choices.
WebAssembly defines a portable binary-code format and a corresponding text format for executable programs as well as software interfaces for facilitating interactions between such programs and their host environment.
Google Web Light, introduced in 2015, was a service offered by Google for faster browsing within its Android mobile browser Chrome. It detected slow Internet connections, such as 2G, and switched to Google proxy servers with built-in data compression. It could speed up loading times for text-based websites. These pages also had the advantage of being less taxing on the hardware of entry-level devices with less processing power.
Google Lighthouse is an open-source, automated tool for measuring the quality of web pages. It can be run against any web page, public or, requiring authentication. Google Lighthouse audits performance, accessibility, and search engine optimization factors of web pages, this is the major difference from Google PageSpeed, the Google Lighthouse provides more detail information. It also includes the ability to test progressive web applications for compliance with standards and best practices. Google Lighthouse is developed by Google and aims to help web developers, the tool can be run by using Chrome browser extension or by using terminal (command) for batch auditing a list of URLs. Google's recommendation is for using the online version of Page Speed Insights as of 15th May 2015.