Zinc bromide

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Zinc bromide
Portion of ZnI2 lattice (ICD Code2404).png
Names
IUPAC name
Zinc bromide
Other names
Zinc(II) bromide,
Zinc dibromide
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.028.836 OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
PubChem CID
RTECS number
  • ZH1150000
UNII
  • InChI=1S/2BrH.Zn/h2*1H;/q;;+2/p-2 Yes check.svgY
    Key: VNDYJBBGRKZCSX-UHFFFAOYSA-L Yes check.svgY
  • InChI=1/2BrH.Zn/h2*1H;/q;;+2/p-2
    Key: VNDYJBBGRKZCSX-NUQVWONBAG
  • Br[Zn]Br
Properties
ZnBr2
Molar mass 225.198 g/mol
Appearancewhite crystalline powder
hygroscopic
Density 4.20 g/cm3 (20 °C)
4.22 g/cm3 (25 °C)
Melting point 394 °C (741 °F; 667 K)
Boiling point 697 °C (1,287 °F; 970 K)
388 g/100 mL (0 °C)
675 g/100 mL (100 °C, for the anhydrous material) [1]
Solubility very soluble in alcohol, ether, acetone, tetrahydrofuran
1.5452
Hazards
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
NFPA 704.svgHealth 3: Short exposure could cause serious temporary or residual injury. E.g. chlorine gasFlammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. waterInstability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogenSpecial hazards (white): no code
3
0
0
Flash point Non-flammable
Safety data sheet (SDS) External MSDS
Related compounds
Other anions
Zinc fluoride,
Zinc chloride,
Zinc iodide
Other cations
Cadmium bromide,
Mercury(II) bromide,
Calcium bromide
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Yes check.svgY  verify  (what is  Yes check.svgYX mark.svgN ?)

Zinc bromide (Zn Br 2) is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Zn Br 2. It is a colourless salt that shares many properties with zinc chloride (ZnCl2), namely a high solubility in water forming acidic solutions, and good solubility in organic solvents. It is hygroscopic and forms a dihydrate ZnBr2·2H2O. [2]

Contents

Production

ZnBr2 · 2H2O is prepared by treating zinc oxide or zinc metal with hydrobromic acid. [1]

ZnO + 2 HBr + H2O → ZnBr2·2H2O
Zn + 2 HBr → ZnBr2 + H2

The anhydrous material can be produced by dehydration of the dihydrate with hot CO2 or by reaction of zinc metal and bromine. [2] Sublimation in a stream of hydrogen bromide also gives the anhydrous derivative. [1]

Structure

ZnBr2 crystallizes in the same structure as ZnI2: four tetrahedral Zn centers share three vertices to form “super-tetrahedra” of nominal composition {Zn4Br10}2−, which are linked by their vertices to form a three-dimensional structure. [3] The dihydrate ZnBr2 · 2H2O can be described as ([Zn(H2O)6]2+)2([Zn2Br6]2-). [4]

Gaseous ZnBr2 is linear in accordance with VSEPR theory with a Zn-Br bond length of 221 pm. [5]

Uses

Zinc bromide is mainly used in servicing oil and natural gas wells, solutions pf zinc bromide are used to displace drilling mud when transitioning from the drilling phase to the completion phase or in well workover operations. The extremely dense brine solution gives the fluid its weight of 20 pounds/gallon, which makes it especially useful in holding back flammable oil and gas particles in high pressure wells. However, the high acidity and osmolarity cause corrosion and handling problems. Crews must be issued slicker suits and rubber boots because the fluid is so dehydrating. [6] [2]

It is the electrolyte in the zinc bromide battery.

Zinc bromide solutions can be used as a transparent shield against radiation. The space between two glass panes is filled with a strong aqueous solution of zinc bromide with a very high density, to be used as a window on a hot cell. This type of window has the advantage over lead glass in that it will not darken as a result of exposure to radiation. All glass will darken slowly over time due to radiation, however this is especially true in a hot cell, where exceptional levels of radiation are present. The advantage of an aqueous salt solution is that any radiation damage will last less than a millisecond, so the shield will undergo self-repair. [7]

In the laboratory

In organic chemistry anhydrous ZnBr2 is sometimes used as a Lewis acid.

Safety

Safety considerations are similar to those for zinc chloride, for which the toxic dose for humans is 3–5 g. [2]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bromine</span> Chemical element, symbol Br and atomic number 35

Bromine is a chemical element; it has symbol Br and atomic number 35. It is a volatile red-brown liquid at room temperature that evaporates readily to form a similarly coloured vapour. Its properties are intermediate between those of chlorine and iodine. Isolated independently by two chemists, Carl Jacob Löwig and Antoine Jérôme Balard, its name was derived from the Ancient Greek βρῶμος (bromos) meaning "stench", referring to its sharp and pungent smell.

Hydrobromic acid is an aqueous solution of hydrogen bromide. It is a strong acid formed by dissolving the diatomic molecule hydrogen bromide (HBr) in water. "Constant boiling" hydrobromic acid is an aqueous solution that distills at 124.3 °C (255.7 °F) and contains 47.6% HBr by mass, which is 8.77 mol/L. Hydrobromic acid is one of the strongest mineral acids known.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zinc chloride</span> Chemical compound

Zinc chloride is the name of inorganic chemical compounds with the formula ZnCl2·nH2O, with n ranging from 0 to 4.5, forming hydrates. Zinc chloride, anhydrous and its hydrates are colorless or white crystalline solids, and are highly soluble in water. Five hydrates of zinc chloride are known, as well as four forms of anhydrous zinc chloride. This salt is hygroscopic and even deliquescent. Zinc chloride finds wide application in textile processing, metallurgical fluxes, and chemical synthesis. No mineral with this chemical composition is known aside from the very rare mineral simonkolleite, Zn5(OH)8Cl2·H2O.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Barium chloride</span> Chemical compound

Barium chloride is an inorganic compound with the formula BaCl2. It is one of the most common water-soluble salts of barium. Like most other water-soluble barium salts, it is a white powder, highly toxic, and imparts a yellow-green coloration to a flame. It is also hygroscopic, converting to the dihydrate BaCl2·2H2O, which are colourless crystals with a bitter salty taste. It has limited use in the laboratory and industry.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hydrogen bromide</span> Chemical compound

Hydrogen bromide is the inorganic compound with the formula HBr. It is a hydrogen halide consisting of hydrogen and bromine. A colorless gas, it dissolves in water, forming hydrobromic acid, which is saturated at 68.85% HBr by weight at room temperature. Aqueous solutions that are 47.6% HBr by mass form a constant-boiling azeotrope mixture that boils at 124.3 °C (255.7 °F). Boiling less concentrated solutions releases H2O until the constant-boiling mixture composition is reached.

In chemistry, water(s) of crystallization or water(s) of hydration are water molecules that are present inside crystals. Water is often incorporated in the formation of crystals from aqueous solutions. In some contexts, water of crystallization is the total mass of water in a substance at a given temperature and is mostly present in a definite (stoichiometric) ratio. Classically, "water of crystallization" refers to water that is found in the crystalline framework of a metal complex or a salt, which is not directly bonded to the metal cation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sodium bromide</span> Inorganic salt: NaBr

Sodium bromide is an inorganic compound with the formula NaBr. It is a high-melting white, crystalline solid that resembles sodium chloride. It is a widely used source of the bromide ion and has many applications.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nickel(II) chloride</span> Chemical compound

Nickel(II) chloride (or just nickel chloride) is the chemical compound NiCl2. The anhydrous salt is yellow, but the more familiar hydrate NiCl2·6H2O is green. Nickel(II) chloride, in various forms, is the most important source of nickel for chemical synthesis. The nickel chlorides are deliquescent, absorbing moisture from the air to form a solution. Nickel salts have been shown to be carcinogenic to the lungs and nasal passages in cases of long-term inhalation exposure.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ammonium bromide</span> Chemical compound

Ammonium bromide, NH4Br, is the ammonium salt of hydrobromic acid. The chemical crystallizes in colorless prisms, possessing a saline taste; it sublimes on heating and is easily soluble in water. On exposure to air it gradually assumes a yellow color because of the oxidation of traces of bromide (Br) to bromine (Br2).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lithium bromide</span> Chemical compound

Lithium bromide (LiBr) is a chemical compound of lithium and bromine. Its extreme hygroscopic character makes LiBr useful as a desiccant in certain air conditioning systems.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zinc iodide</span> Chemical compound

Zinc iodide is the inorganic compound with the formula ZnI2. It exists both in anhydrous form and as a dihydrate. Both are white and readily absorb water from the atmosphere. It has no major application.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vanadium(III) bromide</span> Chemical compound

Vanadium(III) bromide, also known as vanadium tribromide, describes the inorganic compounds with the formula VBr3 and its hydrates. The anhydrous material is a green-black solid. In terms of its structure, the compound is polymeric with octahedral vanadium(III) surrounded by six bromide ligands.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Copper(II) bromide</span> Chemical compound

Copper(II) bromide (CuBr2) is a chemical compound that forms an unstable tetrahydrate CuBr2·4H2O. It is used in photographic processing as an intensifier and as a brominating agent in organic synthesis.

Bromine compounds are compounds containing the element bromine (Br). These compounds usually form the -1, +1, +3 and +5 oxidation states. Bromine is intermediate in reactivity between chlorine and iodine, and is one of the most reactive elements. Bond energies to bromine tend to be lower than those to chlorine but higher than those to iodine, and bromine is a weaker oxidising agent than chlorine but a stronger one than iodine. This can be seen from the standard electrode potentials of the X2/X couples (F, +2.866 V; Cl, +1.395 V; Br, +1.087 V; I, +0.615 V; At, approximately +0.3 V). Bromination often leads to higher oxidation states than iodination but lower or equal oxidation states to chlorination. Bromine tends to react with compounds including M–M, M–H, or M–C bonds to form M–Br bonds.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Calcium bromide</span> Chemical compound

Calcium bromide is the name for compounds with the chemical formula CaBr2(H2O)x. Individual compounds include the anhydrous material (x = 0), the hexahydrate (x = 6), and the rare dihydrate (x = 2). All are white powders that dissolve in water, and from these solutions crystallizes the hexahydrate. The hydrated form is mainly used in some drilling fluids.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Barium bromide</span> Chemical compound

Barium bromide is the chemical compound with the formula BaBr2. It is ionic and hygroscopic in nature.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cobalt(II) bromide</span> Chemical compound

Cobalt(II) bromide (CoBr2) is an inorganic compound. In its anhydrous form, it is a green solid that is soluble in water, used primarily as a catalyst in some processes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nickel(II) bromide</span> Chemical compound

Nickel(II) bromide is the name for the inorganic compounds with the chemical formula NiBr2(H2O)x. The value of x can be 0 for the anhydrous material, as well as 2, 3, or 6 for the three known hydrate forms. The anhydrous material is a yellow-brown solid which dissolves in water to give blue-green hexahydrate (see picture).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rhodium(III) bromide</span> Chemical compound

Rhodium(III) bromide refers to inorganic compounds of the formula RhBr3(H2O)n where n = 0 or approximately three. Both forms are brown solids. The hydrate is soluble in water and lower alcohols. It is used to prepare rhodium bromide complexes. Rhodium bromides are similar to the chlorides, but have attracted little academic or commercial attention.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Technetium(IV) oxide</span> Chemical compound

Technetium(IV) oxide, also known as technetium dioxide, is a chemical compound with the formula TcO2 which forms the dihydrate, TcO2·2H2O, which is also known as technetium(IV) hydroxide. It is a radioactive black solid which slowly oxidizes in air.

References

  1. 1 2 3 F. Wagenknecht; R. Juza (1963). "Zinc bromide". In G. Brauer (ed.). Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd Ed. Vol. 1. NY, NY: Academic Press. p. 1071.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Yoffe, David; Frim, Ron; Ukeles, Shmuel D.; Dagani, Michael J.; Barda, Henry J.; Benya, Theodore J.; Sanders, David C. (2013). "Bromine Compounds". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. pp. 1–31. doi:10.1002/14356007.a04_405.pub2. ISBN   978-3-527-30385-4.
  3. Chieh, C.; White, M. A. (1984). "Crystal Structure of Anhydrous Zinc Bromide". Zeitschrift für Kristallographie. 166 (3–4): 189–197. Bibcode:1984ZK....166..189C. doi:10.1524/zkri.1984.166.3-4.189.
  4. Duhlev, R.; Brown, I. D.; Faggiani, R. (1988). "Zinc Bromide Dihydrate ZnBr2·2H2O: a Double-Salt Structure". Acta Crystallographica C. 44 (10): 1696–1698. Bibcode:1988AcCrC..44.1696D. doi:10.1107/S0108270188006584.
  5. Wells A. F. (1984). Structural Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). Oxford Science Publications. ISBN   0-19-855370-6.
  6. "Zinc Bromide - drilling fluids". Oilfield Glossary. Schlumberger.
  7. Blaylock, D. P.; Abu-Jawdeh, E. (January 1999). "The Georgia Institute of Technology High-Dose Gamma Irradiation Facility". 32nd Annual Midyear Meeting - Creation and Future Legacy of Stockpile Stewardship Isotope Production, Applications, and Consumption. Poster Session. Albuquerque, NM: Health Physics Society.