1935 Alberta general election

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1935 Alberta general election
Canadian Red Ensign 1921-1957.svg
  1930 August 22, 1935 (1935-08-22) 1940  

63 seats in the Legislative Assembly of Alberta
32 seats were needed for a majority
Turnout81.8%
 Majority partyMinority partyThird party
  W aberhart (cropped).jpg
LIB
David Milwyn Duggan.JPG
Leader William Aberhart (de facto) William R. Howson David M. Duggan
Party Social Credit Liberal Conservative
Leader sinceSeptember 3, 1935 October 21, 1932 1930
Leader's seatDid not run Edmonton Edmonton
Last electionpre-creation11 seats, 24.6%6 seats, 14.8%
Seats before0136
Seats won5652
Seat changeIncrease2.svg56Decrease2.svg8Decrease2.svg4
Popular vote163,70069,84519,358
Percentage54.2%23.1%6.4%
SwingDecrease2.svg1.5%Decrease2.svg8.4%

 Fourth partyFifth party
  Richard Reid.jpg Fred J. White c.1929.jpg
Leader Richard G. Reid Fred J. White
Party United Farmers Labour
Leader since1934between 1921 & 1926
Leader's seat Vermilion (lost re-election)
Last election39 seats, 39.4%4 seats, 7.6%
Seats before364
Seats won00
Seat changeDecrease2.svg36Decrease2.svg4
Popular vote33,0635,086
Percentage11.0%1.7%
SwingDecrease2.svg28.4%Decrease2.svg5.9%

Premier before election

Richard G. Reid
United Farmers

Premier after election

William Aberhart
Social Credit

The 1935 Alberta general election was held on August 22, 1935, to elect members of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta. The newly founded Social Credit Party of Alberta won a sweeping victory, unseating the 14-year government of the United Farmers of Alberta. It was one of only five times that Alberta has changed governments.

Contents

Premier John E. Brownlee had resigned on July 10, 1934, when he was sued and found liable for the seduction of a young clerk working in the Attorney-General's office. Although the verdict was immediately set aside by the presiding judge, the scandal seriously damaged the UFA's reputation among socially conservative Albertans. Provincial Treasurer Richard G. Reid succeeded him, but was unable to change the party's fortunes. The government had fallen into disfavour as it had proven unable to address the Depression, which had hit Alberta particularly hard, and due to the government's unwillingness to accede to demands to adopt Social Credit policies and programs.

Social Credit won 56 of the 63 seats in the legislature, and over 50% of the popular vote, well beyond even the most optimistic Socred projections. Many of those gains came at the expense of the UFA, which lost all of its seats in one of the worst defeats ever suffered by a provincial government in Canada. Reid and Brownlee, for instance, were heavily defeated by Socred challengers, with Reid being pushed into third place. The UFA did receive 11 percent of the vote so its due share was about ten members - the province's limited use of PR did not ensure that it won any seats at all.

The UFA's wipeout happened just a month after the Prince Edward Island Tories lost all 18 of their seats at that year's provincial election. A similar wipeout would not happen again until the 1987 New Brunswick general election, when the governing New Brunswick Tories lost all 39 of their seats.

The Alberta Liberals in this election ran with the tactically fatal slogan, the "rest of Canada can't be wrong"—referring to the popularity of the Liberal Party in the rest of the country. It did not work; they had their seat count cut in half. However, due to the UFA being swept from the legislature, the Liberals wound up as the Official Opposition. The Conservatives lost four of their six seats.

The Socreds' expectations for the election had been so low that they had not even named a formal leader for the campaign. When the newly elected Socred MLAs held their first caucus meeting, the first order of business was to select a leader and premier-designate. The obvious choice was the party's founder and guiding force, Calgary-based Baptist pastor William Aberhart. Persuaded to accept the mantle of leadership, Aberhart was sworn in as premier on September 3.

This provincial election, like the previous two, saw district-level proportional representation (Single transferable voting) used to elect the MLAs of Edmonton and Calgary. City-wide districts were used to elect multiple MLAs in the cities. All the other MLAs were elected in single-member districts through Instant-runoff voting.

The turnout of the 1935 election topped 80%, and no election in Alberta has come close to this mark.

This election campaign is seen as the most negative in Alberta's history, with reports of Social Credit members, operating openly and on Aberhart's directives, defacing the campaign signs of opponents and drowning their speeches by honking car horns. Many campaign ads also focused mostly on attacking the opposing parties.

After the 1935 election results were in, newspapers across North America took notice, with the Boston Herald running the headline "Alberta Goes Crazy!". [1]

This shift marked the first in Social Credit's nine consecutive election victories, for a total of 36 years in office–one of the longest unbroken runs in government in the Commonwealth. The UFA never recovered from this wipeout defeat, withdrawing from politics altogether in 1937. Many of UFA's erstwhile supporters shifted to supporting the CCF, whose full name "CCF (Farmer-Labour-Socialist)" indicates how it was a merging of UFA and other previous farmer and labor parties.

Results

Elections to the 8th Alberta Legislative Assembly (1935)
PartyLeaderCandidatesFirst-preference votesSeats
Votes± % FpvChange (pp) 1930 1935±
Social Credit William Aberhart 63163,700163,700Increase2.svg54.2554.2554.25
 
56 / 63
56Increase2.svg
United Farmers Richard G. Reid 4533,06341,124Increase2.svg11.00-28.41
 
39
0 / 63
39Decrease2.svg
Liberal William R. Howson 6169,84523,570Increase2.svg23.14-1.45
 
11
5 / 63
6Decrease2.svg
Conservative David M. Duggan 3919,3588,596Decrease2.svg6.41-8.44
 
6
2 / 63
4Decrease2.svg
Labour Fred J. White 115,0869,268Decrease2.svg1.68-5.95
 
4
0 / 63
4Decrease2.svg
Independent 72,74020,526Decrease2.svg0.90-11.46
 
3
0 / 63
3Decrease2.svg
Communist Jan Lakeman 95,7713,588Increase2.svg1.910.750.75
 
Independent Liberal1955955Increase2.svg0.31
United Front1560560Increase2.svg0.19
Independent Conservative1258258Increase2.svg0.08
Independent Labour 1224224Increase2.svg0.07
Reconstruction 1192192Increase2.svg0.06
Total240301,752100.00%
Rejected ballots8,269562Increase2.svg
Turnout310,021114,095Increase2.svg81.8%15.1Increase2.svg
Registered voters378,24984,454Increase2.svg

    MLAs elected

      Synopsis of results

      Results by riding 1935 Alberta general election (all except Calgary and Edmonton) [2]
      RidingFirst-preference votesTurnout
      [a 1]
      Final countsWinning party
      NameSCUFALibConLabCommIndTotalSCUFALibI-Lib 1930 1935
       
      Acadia 1,8346282892,75190.3%Elected on 1st countUFASC
      Alexandra 2,4799245612021974,36378.3%Elected on 1st countUFASC
      Athabasca 1,7649503153,02971.0%Elected on 1st countLibSC
      Beaver River 1,7515727751473,24566.8%Elected on 1st countLibSC
      Bow Valley 1,7764015912042,97285.9%Elected on 1st countIndSC
      Camrose 4,3351,0391,3956,76986.7%Elected on 1st countUFASC
      Cardston 2,0275654713,06395.4%Elected on 1st countUFASC
      Clover Bar 2,5038441,1052644,71686.0%Elected on 1st countUFASC
      Cochrane 1,8805916283373,43687.9%Elected on 1st countUFASC
      Coronation 2,6748446254,14387.4%Elected on 1st countUFASC
      Cypress 1,689587798513,12583.0%Elected on 1st countUFASC
      Didsbury 2,7316106073034,25185.0%Elected on 1st countUFASC
      Drumheller 2,1583413427783,61984.4%Elected on 1st countIndSC
      Edson 2,1541,620 [a 2] 1,4145,18876.0%2,4432,068LabSC
      Empress 1,4533242392,01684.5%Elected on 1st countUFASC
      Gleichen 2,0938955694393,99684.3%Elected on 1st countUFASC
      Grande Prairie 2,7411,8092,3874647,40175.6%3,1423,061UFASC
      Grouard 1,4473462,2724,06578.1%Elected on 1st countLibLib
      Hand Hills 3,2707075524,52986.5%Elected on 1st countUFASC
      Innisfail 2,8053865833184,09287.5%Elected on 1st countUFASC
      Lac Ste. Anne 1,6681,0808971333,77875.6%1,7911,518UFASC
      Lacombe 3,4837218385195,56186.6%Elected on 1st countUFASC
      Leduc 2,9403571,3051664,76882.0%Elected on 1st countLibSC
      Lethbridge 3,7001,9463416546,64181.6%Elected on 1st countLabSC
      Little Bow 2,3227044743,50087.9%Elected on 1st countUFASC
      Macleod 1,6806503872,71786.1%Elected on 1st countUFASC
      Medicine Hat 3,2361,2526535,14183.3%Elected on 1st countLibSC
      Nanton-Claresholm 1,7676125122693,16586.3%Elected on 1st countUFASC
      Okotoks-High River 3,0621,0059704525,48985.8%Elected on 1st countUFASC
      Olds 3,5386949551675,35491.6%Elected on 1st countUFASC
      Peace River 2,4749941,3893085,16569.6%2,2691,898UFASC
      Pembina 3,1331,0301,1451835,49180.1%Elected on 1st countUFASC
      Pincher Creek 1,2142965283122,35088.4%Elected on 1st countLibSC
      Ponoka 2,2958796963,87086.6%Elected on 1st countUFASC
      Red Deer 3,5657886122916225,87885.6%Elected on 1st countUFASC
      Ribstone 2,6844995893,77287.3%Elected on 1st countUFASC
      Rocky Mountain 2,9961,0331,0803895,49882.0%Elected on 1st countIndSC
      St. Albert 1,4311164461,253 [a 3] 3,20686.4%1,6191,445UFASC
      St. Paul 2,5679461,9635,47682.2%2,6792,364LibSC
      Sedgewick 3,6429336325,10788.7%Elected on 1st countUFASC
      Stettler 3,6035228822715,27889.9%Elected on 1st countUFASC
      Stony Plain 2,8323121,4721714,78782.8%Elected on 1st countUFASC
      Sturgeon 2,4658571,5333615605,77680.8%2,7292,053UFASC
      Taber 2,8797576424,27879.9%Elected on 1st countUFASC
      Vegreville 2,8179951,6811095,60282.5%3,0472,065UFASC
      Vermilion 2,4528761,0622448385,47282.8%2,6641,437UFASC
      Victoria 2,0453191,1811413,68677.8%Elected on 1st countUFASC
      Wainwright 2,3828119531944,34083.6%Elected on 1st countUFASC
      Warner 1,7025885342273,05182.7%Elected on 1st countUFASC
      Wetaskiwin 2,7625061,1491871414,74585.7%Elected on 1st countLibSC
      Whitford 1,2659406159663,78677.8%1,3701,121UFASC
      1. including spoilt ballots
      2. John Sedgwick Cowper was previously a member of the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia.
      3. Lucien Boudreau (Ind-Liberal) - 955 votes; A.S. McRae (Ind-Conservative) - 258 votes.
        = Open seat
        = turnout is above provincial average
        = Candidate was in previous Legislature
        = Incumbent had switched allegiance
        = Previously incumbent in another riding
        = Not incumbent; was previously elected to the Legislature
        = Incumbency arose from by-election gain
        = previously an MP in the House of Commons of Canada
        = Multiple candidates

      Multi-member districts

        = Candidate was in previous Legislature
        = First-time MLA
        = Previously incumbent in another district.

      STV analysis

      Exhausted votes

      Twelve districts went beyond first-preference counts in order to determine winning candidates:

      Exhausted votes (1935)
      DistrictCountsExhausted
      1st preferenceFinalVotes% of 1st pref
      Calgary 41,19337,8273,3668.178.17
       
      Edmonton 37,26735,6251,6424.414.41
       
      Edson 5,1884,51167713.0513.05
       
      Grande Prairie 7,4016,2031,19816.1916.19
       
      Lac Ste. Anne 3,7783,30946912.4112.41
       
      Peace River 5,1654,16799819.3219.32
       
      St. Albert 3,2063,0641424.434.43
       
      St. Paul 5,4765,0434337.917.91
       
      Sturgeon 5,7764,78299417.2117.21
       
      Vegreville 5,6025,1124908.758.75
       
      Vermilion 5,4724,1011,37125.0525.05
       
      Whitford 3,7862,4911,29534.2034.2
       

      Calgary

      There were more contestants in the race compared to 1930, but only Social Credit ran a full slate of candidates:

      PartyCandidatesMLAs elected
      19351930±19351930±
      Conservative 44Steady2.svg132Decrease2.svg
      Labour 33Steady2.svg11Decrease2.svg
      Liberal 431Increase2.svg121Decrease2.svg
      Social Credit 66Increase2.svg44Increase2.svg
      Communist 11Steady2.svg
      Independent Labour 11Increase2.svg
      Independent 121Decrease2.svg
      Total20137Increase2.svg66Steady2.svg

      Eighteen counts were needed to determine the outcome, but count-by-count results are not available. [lower-alpha 1] There are only detailed results for the later counts. [4] [lower-alpha 2] Manning, Irwin, Anderson, Bowlen and Gostick achieved quota, and Hugill obtained the next best result on the final count.

      Calgary (1935 Alberta general election)
      (analysis of transferred votes, sorted by maximum votes, detailed results from 13th count onward)
      PartyCandidateMaximum
      round
      Maximum
      votes
      Share in
      maximum
      round
      Maximum votes
      First round votesTransfer votes
      Liberal John J. Bowlen 178,47821.50%
      Social Credit Fred Anderson 156,63816.60%
      Conservative John Irwin 136,09215.19%
      Social Credit Ernest Manning 16,08714.78%
      Social Credit Edith Gostick 185,88615.56%
      Social Credit John Hugill 184,39911.63%
      Social Credit W. Little (not elected)184,00210.58%
      Liberal Robert Weir (not elected)163,3278.32%
      Social Credit Oscar Devenish (not elected)143,1827.94%
      Exhausted votes3,3668.17%

      Edmonton

      The 1935 race had a broader field of candidates compared to 1930:

      PartyCandidatesMLAs elected
      19351930±19351930±
      Conservative 66Steady2.svg132Decrease2.svg
      Labour 642Increase2.svg11Decrease2.svg
      Liberal 642Increase2.svg312Increase2.svg
      Social Credit 66Increase2.svg22Increase2.svg
      United Farmers 11Steady2.svg11Decrease2.svg
      Communist 11Steady2.svg
      Reconstruction 11Increase2.svg
      Independent 11Decrease2.svg
      Total271710Increase2.svg66Steady2.svg

      As a result, the number of counts needed to select the six MLAs expanded from 14 to 23. Howson, Barnes and Van Allen won on achieving quota; Duggan, Mullen and O'Connor had the best results in the final round.

      Edmonton (1935 Alberta general election) (six members elected, candidates ranked in order of 1st preference) [6]
      PartyCandidateFPv%Count
      1234567891011121314151617181920212223
      Liberal William Howson 24.52%9,139
      Social Credit Samuel A. Barnes 12.01%4,4764,492 4,492 4,495 4,500 4,513 4,524 4,524 4,533 4,597 4,703 4,809 4,828 4,855 5,357
      Social Credit W. S. Hall7.56%2,8182,830 2,830 2,831 2,832 2,837 2,841 2,850 2,856 2,906 2,985 3,029 3,040 3,051 3,223 3,248 3,373 3,390 3,468 3,509 4,542 4,719 4,721
      Social Credit David B. Mullen 6.71%2,5002,510 2,512 2,514 2,517 2,520 2,522 2,526 2,529 2,546 2,838 2,857 2,870 2,877 3,244 3,247 3,323 3,332 3,361 3,407 4,785 4,928 4,932
      United Farmers John Lymburn 5.61%2,0922,150 2,151 2,158 2,168 2,205 2,209 2,218 2,229 2,283 2,286 2,522 2,556 2,680 2,688 2,688 2,887 2,919 3,180 3,267 3,305
      Social Credit Orvis A. Kennedy 4.78%1,7811,791 1,793 1,799 1,799 1,802 1,802 1,804 1,810 1,826 2,106 2,118 2,122 2,142 2,407 2,412 2,501 2,511 2,547 2,584
      Conservative David Duggan 3.93%1,4661,497 1,524 1,528 1,532 1,533 1,540 1,658 1,659 1,745 1,747 1,776 1,791 2,205 2,206 2,206 2,231 2,252 3,334 3,496 3,516 5,042 5,078
      Liberal George Van Allen 3.37%1,2552,862 2,866 2,869 2,874 2,881 2,886 2,893 2,899 2,946 2,946 2,955 3,336 3,422 3,434 3,434 3,579 4,080 4,224 4,980 4,996 5,468
      Social Credit Mark W. Robertson3.34%1,2431,248 1,252 1,252 1,253 1,257 1,257 1,259 1,266 1,272 1,351 1,366 1,369 1,372
      Liberal Marion Conroy3.32%1,2381,678 1,679 1,680 1,695 1,700 1,719 1,727 1,732 1,848 1,853 1,895 1,986 2,007 2,014 2,014 2,108 2,327 2,483
      Conservative William Atkinson 3.27%1,2201,242 1,261 1,265 1,266 1,273 1,278 1,351 1,359 1,398 1,401 1,454 1,492 1,950 1,954 1,954 2,005 2,025
      Liberal Gerald O'Connor 2.99%1,1161,641 1,644 1,645 1,649 1,653 1,656 1,663 1,668 1,675 1,679 1,722 2,009 2,066 2,069 2,069 2,122 2,834 2,974 4,161 4,182 4,820 4,922
      Communist Jan Lakeman 2.94%1,0961,105 1,109 1,110 1,114 1,146 1,158 1,158 1,186 1,217 1,220 1,456 1,473 1,484 1,491 1,491
      Conservative Frederick Jamieson 2.76%1,0291,069 1,080 1,080 1,085 1,086 1,086 1,173 1,178 1,186 1,188 1,249 1,280
      Social Credit G. L. King2.26%843845 846 846 849 849 850 852 855 871
      Liberal J. C. M. Marshall1.81%6731,186 1,188 1,190 1,192 1,196 1,198 1,210 1,215 1,243 1,247 1,293 1,560 1,589 1,593 1,593 1,642
      Conservative J. E. Basarab1.80%671681 682 683 684 685 686 695 696
      Liberal Walter Morrish 1.64%6121,078 1,079 1,083 1,096 1,100 1,102 1,112 1,121 1,157 1,158 1,211
      Labour James East 1.36%505515 523 556 608 651 775 781 1,125 1,140 1,141
      Conservative Emily Fitzsimon0.97%363365 371 372 372 375 375
      Labour James W. Findlay0.89%331337 350 376 408 431 462 464
      Reconstruction Elsie Wright0.52%192196 200 201 205
      Labour Carl Berg0.52%192194 197 220 235 238
      Labour Sidney Bowcott0.45%166172 181 186
      Labour Alfred Farmilo0.34%127129 129
      Conservative D. M. Ramsay0.19%7172
      Labour Sidney Parsons 0.14%5254
      Exhausted ballots4 4 4 10 12 17 25 27 87 94 231 231 243 263 263 848 949 1,048 1,215 1,293 1,642 1,642
      Electorate: 49,212  Valid: 37,267  Spoilt: 785  Quota: 5,324  Turnout: 38,052 (77.3%)  
        Edmonton (1935 Alberta general election)
        (analysis of transferred votes, candidates ranked in order of 1st preference)
        PartyCandidateMaximum
        round
        Maximum
        votes
        Share in
        maximum
        round
        Maximum votes
        First round votesTransfer votes
        Liberal William R. Howson 19,13924.52%
        Social Credit Samuel Barnes 155,35714.48%
        Social Credit W. S. Hall234,72113.25%
        Social Credit David B. Mullen 234,93213.84%
        UFA John Lymburn 213,3059.19%
        Social Credit Orvis A. Kennedy 202,5847.17%
        Conservative David Duggan 235,07814.25%
        Liberal George Van Allen 225,46815.35%
        Social Credit Mark W. Robertson141,3723.71%
        Liberal Marion Conroy192,4836.86%
        Conservative William Atkinson 182,0255.58%
        Liberal Gerald O'Connor 234,92213.82%
        Communist Jan Lakeman 161,4916.52%
        Conservative Frederick Jamieson 131,2803.46%
        Social Credit G. L. King108712.34%
        Liberal J. C. M. Marshall171,6424.51%
        Conservative J. E. Basarab96961.87%
        Liberal Walter Morrish 121,2113.27%
        Labour James East 111,1413.07%
        Conservative Emily Fitzsimon73751.01%
        Labour James W. Findlay84641.25%
        Reconstruction Elsie Wright52050.55%
        Labour Carl Berg62380.64%
        Labour Sidney Bowcott41860.50%
        Labour Alfred Farmilo31290.35%
        Conservative D. M. Ramsay2720.19%
        Labour Sidney Parsons 2540.14%
        Exhausted votes1,6424.41%
        Initial terminal transfer rates for votes (1930)
        Transferred fromNon-transferrable% transferred toTotal
        SocredLiberalUFAConservativeLabourCommunistReconstruction
          Liberal (Howson)4553,5515810628943,815
        0.10%1.44%93.08%1.52%2.78%0.73%0.24%0.10%100.00%
          Conservative (Jamieson)1268193124872111,280
        0.94%5.31%15.08%9.69%68.13%0.86%100.00%
          Social Credit (King)7836143713871
        0.80%95.98%1.61%0.34%0.80%0.11%0.34%100.00%
          United Farmers (Lymburn)3493201,1101,5263,305
        10.56%9.68%33.59%46.17%100.00%
          Communist (Lakeman)585290341199761,491
        39.24%19.45%22.87%13.35%5.10%100.00%

        Notes

        1. Actual figures are only available at the Provincial Archives of Alberta. [3]
        2. Published reports did not contain the final count for W. Little at the 18th round, but academic work suggests a value of 4,002 (ie, quota of 5,885 * 0.68), [5] which is used in the following table. Other counts are derived from the reports.

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        The 1955 Alberta general election was held on June 29, 1955, to elect members of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta.

        <span class="mw-page-title-main">1952 British Columbia general election</span> Canadian election

        The 1952 British Columbia general election was the 23rd general election in the Canadian province of British Columbia. It was held to elect members of the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia, alongside a plebiscite on daylight saving time and liquor. The election was called on April 10, 1952, and held on June 12, 1952. The new legislature met for the first time on February 3, 1953.

        The Alberta Unity Movement, also known as the Independent Movement and later the Independent Citizen's Association, the People's League, was a political movement and lobby group in Alberta, Canada formed in 1937 in an attempt to unite the opposition against the Social Credit government of William Aberhart. It was created as a lobby group to promote independent candidates before the 1940 general election. The Conservative and Liberal parties, and the more conservative remnants of the United Farmers, recognizing the widespread popularity of the Social Credit party, ran joint candidates as independents in what was called the "Independent Movement" or the "Unity Movement". Calgary mayor Andrew Davison was named leader.

        <span class="mw-page-title-main">John Lymburn</span> Canadian politician (1926–1935)

        John Farquhar Lymburn was a Canadian politician who served as Attorney-General of Alberta from 1926 until 1935. Born and educated in Scotland, he came to Canada in 1911 and practiced law in Edmonton. In 1925, John Edward Brownlee became Premier of Alberta, and sought a lawyer without partisan affiliation to succeed him as attorney-general. Lymburn accepted the position, and was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Alberta in the 1926 election. As attorney-general, Lymburn took part in negotiations between the Alberta and federal governments over natural resource rights, prepared Alberta's submission in the Persons case, and played a minor role in the sex scandal that forced Brownlee from office. In the 1935 provincial election, Lymburn and all other United Farmers of Alberta candidates were defeated, as William Aberhart led the Social Credit League to victory. Lymburn made an unsuccessful attempt to return to the legislature in 1942, and briefly returned to prominence during the Bankers' Toadies incident, before dying in 1969.

        <span class="mw-page-title-main">Edith Rogers (Alberta politician)</span> Member of Legislative Assembly of Alberta

        Edith Blanche Rogers was a Canadian politician who served as a member of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta from 1935 until 1940. Born in Nova Scotia, she came west to Alberta to accept a job as a teacher. She later moved to Calgary where she encountered evangelist William Aberhart and became a convert to his social credit economic theories. After advocating these theories across the province, she was elected in the 1935 provincial election as a candidate of Aberhart's newly formed Social Credit League.

        Grouard was a provincial electoral district in Alberta mandated to return a single member to the Legislative Assembly of Alberta from 1913 to 1971.

        References

        1. Elliott, David R.; Miller, Iris (1987). Bible Bill: A Biography of William Aberhart. Edmonton: Reidmore Books. ISBN   0-919091-44-X.
        2. A Century of Democracy: Elections of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta, 1905-2005. Edmonton: Legislative Assembly of Alberta. pp. 116–132. ISBN   0-9689217-9-5.
        3. Jansen 1998, p. 260.
        4. "4 Social Credit, Conservative and Liberal Win Here". Calgary Herald . August 23, 1935. pp. 1, 20.
        5. Jansen 1998, p. 177.
        6. "Progress Chart of Edmonton City Balloting". Edmonton Bulletin . August 24, 1935. p. 1.

        Further reading

        Party platforms

        See also