1948 International Court of Justice judges election

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The 1948 International Court of Justice election took place on 22 October 1948 in the Palais de Chaillot, Paris. This was the second ever election of Judges of the Court, one the six "principal organs" of the United Nations, and the first one to be held in order to fill five (rather than all fifteen) judges' seats. It thus launched the pattern of triennial elections whereby the General Assembly and the Security Council concurrently elect five judges to the Court for nine-year terms, in this case beginning on 6 February 1949.

Contents

Background

The International Court of Justice (ICJ), based in The Hague, is one of the principal organs of the United Nations. Also known as the World Court, it adjudicates legal disputes between states, and provides advisory opinions on legal questions submitted by other UN organs or agencies.

The court consists of 15 judges, with five judges elected every three years. (In the case of death or other vacancy, a judge is elected for the remainder of the term.) Judges are required to be independent and impartial; they may not exercise any political or administrative function, and do not act as a representative of their home state.

Elections of members of the Court are governed by articles 2 through 15 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice.

The previous election, the first of its kind, was held in 1946 and resulted in the following composition of the Court:

JudgeTerm starts /
renewed
Term ends
Flag of Egypt (1922-1958).svg Abdel Hamid Badawi Pasha (Egypt)19461949
Flag of the Republic of China.svg Hsu Mo (Republic of China) [a] 19461949
Canadian Red Ensign (1921-1957).svg John Read (Canada)19461949
Flag of Poland (1928-1980).svg Bohdan Winiarski (Poland)19461949
Flag of Yugoslavia (1946-1992).svg Milovan Zoričić (Yugoslavia)19461949
Flag of Mexico (1934-1968).svg Isidro Fabela Alfaro (Mexico)19461952
Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg Green Hackworth (United States)19461952
Flag of Norway.svg Helge Klæstad (Norway)19461952
Flag of the Soviet Union (1936 - 1955).svg Sergei Krylov (USSR)19461952
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Charles de Visscher (Belgium)19461952
Flag of Chile.svg Alejandro Álvarez (Chile)19461955
Flag of Brazil (1889-1960).svg Philadelpho Azevedo (Brazil)19461955
Flag of France (1794-1815, 1830-1958).svg Jules Basdevant (France)19461955
Flag of El Salvador.svg Jose Gustavo Guerrero (El Salvador)19461955
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Arnold McNair (United Kingdom)19461955

The seats of Judges Badawi Pasha, Hsu, Read, Winiarski and Zoričić were thus to be contested. All of these five incumbents were candidates for re-election.

Candidates

Qualifications

Article 2 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice provides that judges shall be elected "from among persons of high moral character, who possess the qualifications required in their respective countries for appointment to the highest judicial offices, or are jurisconsults of recognized competence in international law".

Nomination procedure

All States parties to the Statute of the ICJ had the right to propose candidates. Nominations of candidates for election to the ICJ are made by a group consisting of the members of the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA), designated by that State. For this purpose, members of the PCA act in "national groups" (i.e. all the PCA members from any individual state). (In the case of UN member states not represented in the PCA, the state in question may select up to four individuals to be its "national group" for the purpose of nominating candidates to the ICJ). Every such "national group" may nominate up to four candidates, not more than two of whom shall be of their own nationality. Before making these nominations, each "national group" is recommended to consult its highest court of justice, its legal faculties and schools of law, and its national academies and national sections of international academies devoted to the study of law.

1948 nominees

Procedure

As the 1948 election was only the second occasion for the respective rules of procedure to be applied, some aspects of the procedure were yet to be finalized.

According to the Statute, ICJ judges are elected through parallel procedures at the General Assembly and the Security Council. To be elected, a candidate must obtain an absolute majority of votes both in the General Assembly and in the Security Council.

At the time, 30 votes constituted an absolute majority in the General Assembly and 6 votes constituted an absolute majority in the Security Council (with no distinction being made between permanent and non-permanent members of the Security Council).

Results

Meeting 1

Candidates that did not receive a single vote in either the General Assembly or the Security Council are not listed.

Candidates General Assembly [1]
majority = 30
Security Council [2]
majority = 6
R1R2R3R4R1R2R3R4R5R6
Flag of the Republic of China.svg Hsu Mo (Republic of China) [a] 48---10-----
Flag of Egypt (1922-1958).svg Abdel Hamid Badawi Pasha (Egypt)43---9-----
Canadian Red Ensign (1921-1957).svg John Erskine Read (Canada)37---6-----
Flag of Poland (1928-1980).svg Bohdan Winiarski (Poland)242729336-----
Flag of Greece (1822-1978).svg Jean Spiropoulos (Greece)20202531323211
Flag of India.svg Benegal Narsing Rau (India)19131514234556
State Flag of Iran (1925).svg Mostafa Adl (Iran)181053300000
Flag of Yugoslavia (1946-1992).svg Milovan Zoričić (Yugoslavia)17202221521122
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Ladislav Hobza  [ cs ] (Czechoslovakia)8877233332
Flag of Italy.svg Massimo Pilotti (Italy)7310110000
Flag of Burma (1948-1974).svg E.Maung (Burma)5212100000
Flag of Thailand.svg Wan Waithayakon (Siam)5010100000
Flag of Turkey.svg Cemil Bilsel (Turkey)4532000000
Flag of Panama.svg Ricardo J. Alfaro (Panama)3100000000
Flag of Argentina.svg Carlos Saavedra Lamas (Argentina)3000000000
Flag of Australia (converted).svg Herbert Vere Evatt (Australia)2100000000
Flag of Syria (1932-1958; 1961-1963).svg Fares al-Khoury (Syria)2100000000
Flag of Guatemala.svg Carlos Leonidas Acevedo (Guatemala)2000000000
Flag of the Philippines.svg Claro M. Recto (Philippines)2000000000
Flag of Turkey.svg Muammer Raşit Seviğ (Turkey)2110000000
Flag of Colombia.svg Mr Yepes (Colombia)2000100000
Flag of Italy.svg Dionisio Anzilotti (Italy)1000000000
Flag of Bolivia.svg Tomás Manuel Elío (Bolivia)1000000000
Flag of Pakistan.svg Muhammad Zafarullah Khan (Pakistan)1100000000
Flag of Guatemala.svg Miguel Prado Solares (Guatemala)1111000000
Flag of the Philippines.svg Mr Reyes (Philippines)1000000000
Flag of Guatemala.svg Eugenio Silva Peña (Guatemala)1000000000
State Flag of Iran (1925).svg Ahmad Matin-Daftari (Iran)0111000000

The General Assembly and the Security Council, independently from each other, each held several rounds of voting until 5 candidates received an absolute majority of votes. After 5 candidates did so both in the Assembly and the council, the lists were compared, and the 4 candidates whose names appeared on both lists, Messrs Hsu, Badawi Pasha, Read and Winiarski, were declared elected. The fifth vacancy was to be filled after further rounds of voting.

Meeting 2

Candidates General Assembly [3]
majority = 30
Security Council [4]
majority = 6
R1R2R3R1R2
Flag of Yugoslavia (1946-1992).svg Milovan Zoričić (Yugoslavia)22283757
Flag of Greece (1822-1978).svg Jean Spiropoulos (Greece)19161233
Flag of India.svg Benegal Narsing Rau (India)107431
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Ladislav Hobza  [ cs ] (Czechoslovakia)10000

Mr Zoričić having received an absolute majority of votes both in the Assembly and in the council, was elected to fill the fifth vacancy.

Aftermath

All the five incumbent judges whose terms were to expire, were re-elected to the Court. The composition of the Court thus remained unchanged from the previous election:

JudgeTerm starts /
renewed
Term ends
Flag of Mexico (1934-1968).svg Isidro Fabela Alfaro (Mexico)19461952
Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg Green Hackworth (United States)19461952
Flag of Norway.svg Helge Klæstad (Norway)19461952
Flag of the Soviet Union (1936 - 1955).svg Sergei Krylov (USSR)19461952
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Charles de Visscher (Belgium)19461952
Flag of Chile.svg Alejandro Álvarez (Chile)19461955
Flag of Brazil (1889-1960).svg Philadelpho Azevedo (Brazil)19461955
Flag of France (1794-1815, 1830-1958).svg Jules Basdevant (France)19461955
Flag of El Salvador.svg Jose Gustavo Guerrero (El Salvador)19461955
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Arnold McNair (United Kingdom)19461955
Flag of Egypt (1922-1958).svg Abdel Hamid Badawi Pasha (Egypt)1946, 19491958
Flag of the Republic of China.svg Hsu Mo (Republic of China) [a] 1946, 19491958
Canadian Red Ensign (1921-1957).svg John Read (Canada)1946, 19491958
Flag of Poland (1928-1980).svg Bohdan Winiarski (Poland)1946, 19491958
Flag of Yugoslavia (1946-1992).svg Milovan Zoričić (Yugoslavia)1946, 19491958

The seats of Judges Alfaro, Hackworth, Klaestad, Krylov and de Visscher were to be contested at the 1951 election.

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 The Chinese seat at the UN was at the time occupied by the Taiwan-based Republic of China. For details, see China and the United Nations#Republic of China in the United Nations (1945–1971)

References

  1. "UN document A/PV.152. General Assembly. 152nd plenary meeting". United Nations.
  2. "UN document S/PV.369. Security Council. Official records. 369th meeting". United Nations.
  3. "UN document A/PV.153. General Assembly. 153rd plenary meeting". United Nations. Archived from the original on 2024-01-16. Retrieved 2023-09-01.
  4. "UN document S/PV.371. Security Council. Official records. 371st meeting". United Nations. Archived from the original on 2024-01-08. Retrieved 2023-09-01.