The first and second lists are of all the permanent judges of the International Court of Justice, the main judicial organ of the United Nations, first chronologically and then by seat. The third list is a list of judges appointed ad hoc by a party to a proceeding before the Court pursuant to Article 31 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice.
State | Judge | Terms start | Term end | President | Vice-President |
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El Salvador | José Gustavo Guerrero | 1946 | 1958 | 1946–1949 | 1949–1955 |
France | Jules Basdevant | 1946 | 1964 | 1949–1952 | 1946–1949 |
Chile | Alejandro Álvarez | 1946 | 1955 | ||
Mexico | Isidro Fabela | 1946 | 1952 | ||
United States | Green Hackworth | 1946 | 1961 | 1955–1958 | |
Poland | Bohdan Winiarski | 1946 | 1967 | 1961–1964 | |
Yugoslavia | Milovan Zoričić | 1946 | 1958 | ||
Belgium | Charles De Visscher | 1946 | 1952 | ||
United Kingdom | Arnold McNair, 1st Baron McNair | 1946 | 1955 | 1952–1955 | |
Norway | Helge Klæstad | 1946 | 1961 | 1958–1961 | |
Egypt | Abdul Badawi Pasha | 1946 | 1965 | 1955–1958 | |
Soviet Union | Sergey Krylov | 1946 | 1952 | ||
Canada | John Read | 1946 | 1958 | ||
China | Hsu Mo | 1946 | 1956 | ||
Brazil | Philadelpho Azevedo | 1946 | 1951 | ||
Brazil | Levi Carneiro | 1951 | 1955 | ||
India | Sir Benegal Narsing Rau | 1952 | 1953 | ||
Uruguay | Enrique Armand-Ugón | 1952 | 1961 | ||
Soviet Union | Sergey Golunsky | 1952 | 1953 | ||
Soviet Union | Fyodor Kozhevnikov | 1953 | 1961 | ||
Pakistan | Muhammad Zafarullah Khan | 1954 1964 | 1961 1973 | 1970–1973 | 1958–1961 |
United Kingdom | Hersch Lauterpacht | 1955 | 1960 | ||
Argentina | Lucio Moreno Quintana | 1955 | 1964 | ||
Mexico | Roberto Córdova | 1955 | 1964 | ||
China | Wellington Koo | 1957 | 1967 | 1964–1967 | |
Greece | Jean Spiropoulos | 1958 | 1967 | ||
Australia | Percy Spender | Sir1958 | 1967 | 1964–1967 | |
Panama | Ricardo Alfaro | 1959 | 1964 | 1961–1964 | |
United Kingdom | Gerald Fitzmaurice | Sir1960 | 1973 | ||
Soviet Union | Vladimir Koretsky | 1961 | 1970 | 1967–1970 | |
Japan | Kōtarō Tanaka | 1961 | 1970 | ||
Peru | José Bustamante y Rivero | 1961 | 1970 | 1967–1970 | |
United States | Philip Jessup | 1961 | 1970 | ||
Italy | Gaetano Morelli | 1961 | 1970 | ||
Mexico | Luis Padilla Nervo | 1964 | 1973 | ||
Senegal | Isaac Forster | 1964 | 1982 | ||
France | André Gros | 1964 | 1982 | ||
Lebanon | Fouad Ammoun | 1965 | 1976 | 1970–1976 | |
Philippines | César Bengzon | 1967 | 1976 | ||
Sweden | Sture Petrén | 1967 | 1976 | ||
Poland | Manfred Lachs | 1967 | 1993 | 1973–1976 | |
Nigeria | Charles Onyeama | 1967 | 1976 | ||
United States | Hardy Dillard | 1970 | 1979 | ||
Benin/Dahomey | Louis Ignacio-Pinto | 1970 | 1979 | ||
Spain | Federico de Castro | 1970 | 1979 | ||
Soviet Union | Platon Dmitriejevitsj Morozov | 1970 | 1985 | ||
Uruguay | Eduardo Jiménez de Aréchaga | 1970 | 1979 | 1976–1979 | |
United Kingdom | Humphrey Waldock | Sir1973 | 1981 | 1979–1981 | |
India | Nagendra Singh | 1973 | 1988 | 1985–1988 | 1976–1979 |
Argentina | José Ruda | 1973 | 1991 | 1988–1991 | |
West Germany | Hermann Mosler | 1976 | 1985 | ||
Nigeria | Taslim Elias | 1976 | 1991 | 1982–1985 | 1979–1982 |
Syria | Salah el-Dine Tarazi | 1976 | 1980 | ||
Japan | Shigeru Oda | 1976 | 2003 | 1991–1994 | |
Italy | Roberto Ago | 1979 | 1995 | ||
Egypt | Abdullah El-Erian | 1979 | 1981 | ||
Brazil | José Sette Câmara Filho | 1979 | 1988 | 1982–1985 | |
United States | Richard Reeve Baxter | 1979 | 1980 | ||
Syria | Abdallah El-Khani | 1981 | 1985 | ||
United States | Stephen Schwebel | 1981 | 2000 | 1997–2000 | 1994–1997 |
United Kingdom | Robert Jennings | Sir1982 | 1995 | 1991–1994 | |
France | Guy Ladreit de Lacharrière | 1982 | 1987 | 1985–1987 | |
Senegal | Kéba Mbaye | 1982 | 1991 | 1987–1991 | |
Algeria | Mohammed Bedjaoui | 1982 | 2001 | 1994–1997 | |
China | Ni Zhengyu | 1985 | 1994 | ||
Norway | Jens Evensen | 1985 | 1994 | ||
Soviet Union/Russia | Nikolay Tarasov | 1985 | 1994 | ||
France | Gilbert Guillaume | 1987 | 2005 | 2000–2003 | |
Guyana | Mohamed Shahabuddeen | 1988 | 1997 | ||
India | Raghunandan Swarup Pathak | 1989 | 1991 | ||
Venezuela | Andrés Aguilar Mawdsley | 1991 | 1995 | ||
Sri Lanka | Christopher Weeramantry | 1991 | 2000 | 1997–2000 | |
Madagascar | Raymond Ranjeva | 1991 | 2009 | 2003–2006 | |
Nigeria | Bola Ajibola | 1991 | 1994 | ||
Hungary | Géza Herczegh | 1993 | 2003 | ||
China | Shi Jiuyong | 1994 | 2010 | 2003–2006 | 2000–2003 |
Germany | Carl-August Fleischhauer | 1994 | 2003 | ||
Sierra Leone | Abdul G. Koroma | 1994 | 2012 | ||
Russia | Vladlen Veresjtsjetin | 1994 | 2006 | ||
Italy | Luigi Ferrari Bravo | 1995 | 1997 | ||
United Kingdom | Rosalyn Higgins | 1995 | 2009 | 2006–2009 | |
Venezuela | Gonzalo Parra-Aranguren | 1996 | 2009 | ||
Netherlands | Pieter Kooijmans | 1997 | 2006 | ||
Brazil | Francisco Rezek | 1997 | 2006 | ||
Jordan | Awn Al-Khasawneh | 2000 | 2011 | 2006–2009 | |
United States | Thomas Buergenthal | 2000 | 2010 | ||
Egypt | Nabil El Araby | 2001 | 2006 | ||
Japan | Hisashi Owada | 2003 | 2018 | 2009–2012 | |
Germany | Bruno Simma | 2003 | 2012 | ||
Slovakia | Peter Tomka | 2003 | 2012–2015 | 2009–2012 | |
France | Ronny Abraham | 2005 | 2015–2018 | ||
New Zealand | Sir Kenneth Keith | 2006 | 2015 | ||
Mexico | Bernardo Sepúlveda Amor | 2006 | 2015 | 2012–2015 | |
Morocco | Mohamed Bennouna | 2006 | 2024 | ||
Russia | Leonid Skotnikov | 2006 | 2015 | ||
Brazil | Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade | 2009 | 2022 | ||
Somalia | Abdulqawi Ahmed Yusuf | 2009 | 2018–2021 | 2015–2018 | |
United Kingdom | Christopher Greenwood | Sir2009 | 2018 | ||
China | Xue Hanqin | 2010 | 2018–2021 | ||
United States | Joan E. Donoghue | 2010 | 2024 | 2021–2024 | |
Italy | Giorgio Gaja | 2012 | 2021 | ||
Uganda | Julia Sebutinde | 2012 | 2024 –2027 | ||
India | Dalveer Bhandari | 2012 | |||
Australia | James Crawford | 2015 | 2021 | ||
Russia | Kirill Gevorgian | 2015 | 2024 | 2021–2024 | |
Jamaica | Patrick Lipton Robinson | 2015 | 2024 | ||
Lebanon | Nawaf Salam | 2018 | 2024 –2027 | ||
Japan | Yuji Iwasawa | 2018 | |||
Germany | Georg Nolte | 2021 | |||
Australia | Hilary Charlesworth | 2021 | |||
Brazil | Leonardo Nemer Caldeira Brant | 2022 | |||
United States | Sarah Cleveland | 2024 | |||
Mexico | Juan Manuel Gómez Robledo Verduzco | 2024 | |||
Romania | Bogdan Aurescu | 2024 | |||
South Africa | Dire Tladi | 2024 |
1946 – 1948 – 1951 – 1954 – 1957 – 1960 – 1963 – 1966 – 1969 – 1972 – 1975 – 1978 – 1981 – 1984 – 1987 – 1990 – 1993 – 1996 – 1999 – 2002 – 2005 – 2008 – 2011 – 2014 – 2017 – 2018 – 2020 – 2021 – 2022 – 2023
The court comprises 15 seats. When the original fifteen judges were elected in 1946, they drew lots to determine which five would have 3-year initial terms, which five would have 6-year initial terms, and which five would have 9-year initial terms. From then onwards, all terms have been nine years, with five seats being up for election every three years. The seats are numbered according to the length of the initial term and then in order of the seniority of the first judge to hold the seat.
There are no formal rules for the allocation of seats other than that no two judges may be nationals of the same country. In practice, the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council have each had a permanent seat on the Court, except on three occasions. Between 1967 and 1985, there was no Chinese judge, and since 2018, there has not been a judge from the UK. [1] In 2024, for the first time in the court's history, no Russian judge will serve on the ICJ, after Judge Kirill Gevorgian lost his seat to the Romanian nominee, Judge Bogdan Aurescu, in the November 2023 election. [2] [3] The remaining seats have been informally allocated by regional groups in the same way as the fifteen seats on the Security Council. Since 1970, the conventional allocation has been three seats to Asia Pacific, three seats to Africa, two seats to Latin America and the Caribbean, two seats to Eastern Europe, and five seats to Western Europe and others. That convention was broken in 2018 when an Asian judge was elected to a seat previously occupied by judges from the Western Europe and others group.
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Judge | Nationality | Appointing State | Case(s) including parties and years of initiation to deposition |
---|---|---|---|
Georges Abi-Saab | Egypt | Mali | Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso/Republic of Mali) 1983–1986 |
Adetokunbo Ademola | Nigeria | Ethiopia | South West Africa (Ethiopia v. South Africa) 1960–1966 |
Liberia | South West Africa (Liberia v. South Africa) 1960–1966 | ||
Mohsen Aghahosseini | Iran | Iran | Aerial Incident of 3 July 1988 (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America) 1989–1996 |
Roberto Ago | Italy | Honduras | Arbitral Award Made by the King of Spain on 23 December 1906 (Honduras v. Nicaragua) 1958–1960 |
Bola Ajibola | Nigeria | Nigeria | Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria: Equatorial Guinea intervening) 1996–2002 |
Nigeria | Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 11 June 1998 in the Case concerning the Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria), Preliminary Objections (Nigeria v. Cameroon) 1998–1999 | ||
Luis Alayza y Paz Soldán | Peru | Peru | Asylum (Colombia/Peru) 1949–1950 |
Peru | Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 20 November 1950 in the Asylum Case (Colombia v. Peru) 1950 | ||
Peru | Haya de la Torre (Colombia v.Peru) 1950–1951 | ||
Awn Shawkat Al-Khasawneh | Jordan | Nicaragua | Maritime Delimitation in the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) 2014–present |
Louise Arbour | Canada | Chile | Obligation to Negotiate Access to the Pacific Ocean (Bolivia v. Chile) 2014–present |
Enrique Armand-Ugón | Uruguay | Spain | Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited (Belgium v. Spain) (New Application: 1962) 1962–1970 |
Antonio de Arruda Ferrer-Correia | Portugal | Portugal | East Timor (Portugal v. Australia) 1991–1995 |
Garfield Barwick | Australia | Australia | Nuclear Tests (Australia v. France) 1973–1974 |
New Zealand | Nuclear Tests (New Zealand v. France) 1973–1974 | ||
Suzanne Bastid | France | Tunisia | Application for Revision and Interpretation of the Judgment of 24 February 1982 in the Case concerning the Continental Shelf (Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) (Tunisia v. Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) 1984–1985 |
Philémon Beb à Don | Cameroon | Cameroon | Northern Cameroons (Cameroon v. United Kingdom) 1961–1963 |
Mohammed Bedjaoui | Algeria | Guinea | Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo) 1998–2012 |
Nicaragua | Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia) 2001–2012 | ||
Niger | Frontier Dispute (Benin/Niger) 2002–2005 | ||
Marshall Islands | Obligations concerning Negotiations relating to Cessation of the Nuclear Arms Race and to Nuclear Disarmament (Marshall Islands v. India) 2014–present | ||
Marshall Islands | Obligations concerning Negotiations relating to Cessation of the Nuclear Arms Race and to Nuclear Disarmament (Marshall Islands v. Pakistan) 2014–present | ||
Marshall Islands | Obligations concerning Negotiations relating to Cessation of the Nuclear Arms Race and to Nuclear Disarmament (Marshall Islands v. United Kingdom) 2014–present | ||
Mohamed Bennouna | Morocco | Benin | Frontier Dispute (Benin/Niger) 2002–2005 |
Franklin Berman | United Kingdom | Liechtenstein | Certain Property (Liechtenstein v. Germany) 2001–2005 |
Alphonse Boni | Ivory Coast | Morocco | Western Sahara 1974–1975 |
Bengt Broms | Finland | Finland | Passage through the Great Belt (Finland v. Denmark) 1991–1992 |
Charles Brower | United States | Colombia | Question of the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between Nicaragua and Colombia beyond 200 nautical miles from the Nicaraguan Coast (Nicaragua v. Colombia) 2013–present |
Ian Brownlie | United Kingdom | Liechtenstein | Certain Property (Liechtenstein v. Germany) 2001–2005 |
Andreas Bucher | Switzerland | Switzerland | Jurisdiction and Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters (Belgium v. Switzerland) 2009–2011 |
Sayeman Bula-Bula | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Belgium) 2000–2002 |
José Joaquin Caicedo Castilla | Colombia | Colombia | Asylum (Colombia/Peru) 1949–1950 |
Colombia | Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 20 November 1950 in the Asylum Case (Colombia v. Peru) 1950 | ||
Colombia | Haya de la Torre (Colombia v.Peru) 1950–1951 | ||
Ian Callinan | Australia | Australia | Questions relating to the Seizure and Detention of Certain Documents and Data (Timor-Leste v. Australia) 2013–2015 |
Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade | Brazil | Costa Rica | Dispute regarding Navigational and Related Rights (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) 2005–2009 |
Jean-Yves de Cara | France | Republic of the Congo | Certain Criminal Proceedings in France (Republic of the Congo v. France) 2003–2010 |
Paul Carry | Switzerland | Switzerland | Interhandel (Switzerland v. United States of America) 1957–1959 |
Jorge Castañeda | Mexico | Malta | Continental Shelf (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Malta) 1982–1985 |
Federico de Castro | Spain | Spain | Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited (Belgium v. Spain) 1958–1961 |
Mohamed Ali Currim Chagla | India | India | Right of Passage over Indian Territory (Portugal v. India) 1955–1960 |
Hilary Charlesworth | Australia | Australia | Whaling in the Antarctic (Australia v. Japan: New Zealand intervening) 2010–2014 |
Joseph Chesson | Liberia | Ethiopia | South West Africa (Ethiopia v. South Africa) 1960–1966 |
Liberia | South West Africa (Liberia v. South Africa) 1960–1966 | ||
Maxwell Cohen | Canada | Canada | Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary in the Gulf of Maine Area (Canada/United States of America) 1981–1984 |
Claude-Albert Colliard | France | Nicaragua | Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America) 1984–1986 |
Jean-Pierre Cot | France | Colombia | Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia) 2001–2012 |
Romania | Maritime Delimitation in the Black Sea (Romania v. Ukraine) 2004–2009 | ||
Colombia | Aerial Herbicide Spraying (Ecuador v. Colombia) 2008–2013 | ||
Thailand | Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 15 June 1962 in the Case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand) (Cambodia v. Thailand) 2011–present | ||
Timor-Leste | Questions relating to the Seizure and Detention of Certain Documents and Data (Timor-Leste v. Australia) 2013–2015 | ||
Yves Daudet | France | Burkina Faso | Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso/Niger) 2010–2013 |
Bolivia | Obligation to Negotiate Access to the Pacific Ocean (Bolivia v. Chile) 2014–present | ||
Nicaragua | Alleged Violations of Sovereign Rights and Maritime Spaces in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Colombia) 2013–present | ||
Igor Daxner | Czechoslovakia | Albania | Corfu Channel (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland v. Albania) 1947–1949 |
Vojin Dimitrijević | Yugoslavia | Yugoslavia | Application for Revision of the Judgment of 11 July 1996 in the Case concerning Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia), Preliminary Objections (Yugoslavia v. Bosnia and Herzegovina) 2001–2003 |
John Dugard | South Africa | Rwanda | Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda) 1999–2001 |
Rwanda | Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (New Application: 2002) (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda) 2002–2006 | ||
Malaysia | Sovereignty over Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge (Malaysia/Singapore) 2003–2008 | ||
Nicaragua | Certain Activities carried out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) 2010–present | ||
Nicaragua | Construction of a Road in Costa Rica along the San Juan River (Nicaragua v. Costa Rica) 2011–present | ||
Patrick Ferdinand Duinslaeger | Belgium | Belgium | Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Belgium) 1999–2004 |
Bohuslav Ečer | Czechoslovakia | Albania | Corfu Channel (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland v. Albania) 1947–1949 |
Ahmed Sadek El-Kosheri | Egypt | Libya | Questions of Interpretation and Application of the 1971 Montreal Convention arising from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v. United States of America) 1992–2003 |
Jens Evensen | Norway | Tunisia | Continental Shelf (Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) 1978–1982 |
Manuel Fernandes | Portugal | Portugal | Right of Passage over Indian Territory (Portugal v. India) 1955–1960 |
Paul-Henning Fischer | Denmark | Denmark | Maritime Delimitation in the Area between Greenland and Jan Mayen (Denmark v. Norway) 1988–1993 |
Denmark | Passage through the Great Belt (Finland v. Denmark) 1991–1992 | ||
Carl-August Fleischhauer | Germany | Germany | Certain Property (Liechtenstein v. Germany) 2001–2005 |
Yves Fortier | Canada | Bahrain | Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain (Qatar v. Bahrain) 1991–2001 |
Thomas Franck | United States | Indonesia | Sovereignty over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan (Indonesia/Malaysia) 1998–2002 |
Giorgio Gaja | Italy | Italy | Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Italy) 1999–2004 |
Nicaragua | Territorial and Maritime Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Honduras) 1997–2007 | ||
Italy | Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy: Greece intervening) 2008–2012 | ||
Walter Ganshof van der Meersch | Belgium | Belgium | Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited (Belgium v. Spain) 1958–1961 |
Belgium | Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited (Belgium v. Spain) (New Application: 1962) 1962–1970 | ||
Carlos Garcia Bauer | Guatemala | Guatemala | Nottebohm (Liechtenstein v. Guatemala) 1951–1955 |
David Goitein | Israel | Israel | Aerial Incident of 27 July 1955 (Israel v. Bulgaria) 1957–1959 |
Julio Diego Gonzáles Campos | Spain | Honduras | Territorial and Maritime Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Honduras) 1999–2007 |
Paul Guggenheim | Switzerland | Liechtenstein | Nottebohm (Liechtenstein v. Guatemala) 1951–1955 |
Gilbert Guillaume | France | France | Certain Criminal Proceedings in France (Republic of the Congo v. France) 2003–2010 |
Nicaragua | Dispute regarding Navigational and Related Rights (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) 2005–2009 | ||
France | Certain Questions of Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters (Djibouti v. France) 2006–2008 | ||
Peru | Maritime Dispute (Peru v. Chile) 2008–2014 | ||
Nicaragua | Certain Activities carried out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) 2010–present | ||
Cambodia | Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 15 June 1962 in the Case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand) (Cambodia v. Thailand) 2011–present | ||
Nicaragua | Construction of a Road in Costa Rica along the San Juan River (Nicaragua v. Costa Rica) 2011–present | ||
Sead Hodžić | Bosnia and Herzegovina | Bosnia and Herzegovina | Application for Revision of the Judgment of 11 July 1996 in the Case concerning Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia), Preliminary Objections (Yugoslavia v. Bosnia and Herzegovina) 2001–2003 |
Robert Yewdall Jennings | United Kingdom | United Kingdom | Questions of Interpretation and Application of the 1971 Montreal Convention arising from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v. United Kingdom) 1992–2003 |
Eduardo Jiménez de Aréchaga | Uruguay | Libya | Continental Shelf (Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) 1978–1982 |
Libya | Continental Shelf (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Malta) 1982–1985 | ||
Libya | Application for Revision and Interpretation of the Judgment of 24 February 1982 in the Case concerning the Continental Shelf (Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) (Tunisia v. Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) 1984–1985 | ||
Philippe Kirsch | Belgium | Belgium | Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal) 2009–2012 |
Milenko Kreća | Serbia and Montenegro | Serbia and Montenegro | Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Belgium) 1999–2004 |
Serbia and Montenegro | Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Canada) 1999–2004 | ||
Serbia and Montenegro | Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Italy) 1999–2004 | ||
Serbia and Montenegro | Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. France) 1999–2004 | ||
Serbia and Montenegro | Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Germany) 1999–2004 | ||
Serbia and Montenegro | Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Netherlands) 1999–2004 | ||
Serbia and Montenegro | Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Portugal) 1999–2004 | ||
FR Yugoslavia | Legality of Use of Force (Yugoslavia v. Spain) 1999 | ||
Serbia and Montenegro | Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. United Kingdom) 1999–2004 | ||
FR Yugoslavia | Legality of Use of Force (Yugoslavia v. United States of America) 1999 | ||
Serbia | Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia) 1999–2015 | ||
Marc Lalonde | Canada | Canada | Fisheries Jurisdiction (Spain v. Canada) 1995–1998 |
Canada | Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Canada) 1999–2004 | ||
Elihu Lauterpacht | United Kingdom | Bosnia and Herzegovina | Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro) 1993–2007 |
François Luchaire | France | Burkina Faso | Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso/Republic of Mali) 1983–1986 |
Ahmed Mahiou | Algeria | Bosnia and Herzegovina | Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro) 1993–2007 |
Guinea | Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo) 1998–2012 | ||
Bosnia and Herzegovina | Application for Revision of the Judgment of 11 July 1996 in the Case concerning Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia), Preliminary Objections (Yugoslavia v. Bosnia and Herzegovina) 2001–2003 | ||
Niger | Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso/Niger) 2010–2013 | ||
Auguste Mampuya Kanunka Tshiabo | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo) 1998–2012 |
Democratic Republic of the Congo | Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (New Application: 2002) (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda) 2002–2006 | ||
Jean-Pierre Mavungu Mvubidi-Ngom | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda) 1999–2001 |
Democratic Republic of the Congo | Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (New Application: 2002) (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda) 2002–2006 | ||
Louis Mbanefo | Nigeria | Ethiopia | South West Africa (Ethiopia v. South Africa) 1960–1966 |
Liberia | South West Africa (Liberia v. South Africa) 1960–1966 | ||
Kéba Mbaye | Senegal | Senegal | Arbitral Award of 31 July 1989 (Guinea-Bissau v. Senegal) 1989–1991 |
Cameroon | Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria: Equatorial Guinea intervening) 1996–2002 | ||
Cameroon | Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 11 June 1998 in the Case concerning the Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria), Preliminary Objections (Nigeria v. Cameroon) 1998–1999 | ||
Thomas Mensah | Ghana | Nicaragua | Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia) 2001–2012 |
Gaetano Morelli | Italy | Italy | Monetary Gold Removed from Rome in 1943 (Italy v. France, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and United States of America) 1953–1954 |
Hermann Mosler | West Germany | West Germany | North Sea Continental Shelf (Federal Republic of Germany/Netherlands) 1967–1969 |
Nagendra Singh | India | India | Appeal Relating to the Jurisdiction of the ICAO Council (India v. Pakistan) 1971–1972 |
Johannes Offerhaus | Netherlands | Netherlands | Application of the Convention of 1902 Governing the Guardianship of Infants (Netherlands v. Sweden) 1957–1958 |
Francisco Orrego Vicuña | Chile | Chile | Maritime Dispute (Peru v. Chile) 2008–2014 |
Bernard Oxman | United States | Ukraine | Maritime Delimitation in the Black Sea (Romania v. Ukraine) 2004–2009 |
Geoffrey Palmer | New Zealand | New Zealand | Request for an Examination of the Situation in Accordance with Paragraph 63 of the Court's Judgment of 20 December 1974 in the Nuclear Tests (New Zealand v. France) Case 1995 |
Felipe Paolillo | Uruguay | El Salvador | Application for Revision of the Judgment of 11 September 1992 in the Case concerning the Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras: Nicaragua intervening) (El Salvador v. Honduras) 2002–2003 |
Mónica Pinto | Argentina | Gabon | Land and Maritime Delimitation and Sovereignty over Islands (Gabon/Equatorial Guinea) |
Syed Sharif Uddin Pirzada | Pakistan | Pakistan | Aerial Incident of 10 August 1999 (Pakistan v. India) 1999–2000 |
Fausto Pocar | Italy | Belgium | Jurisdiction and Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters (Belgium v. Switzerland) 2009–2011 |
Pemmaraju Sreenivasa Rao | India | Singapore | Sovereignty over Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge (Malaysia/Singapore) 2003–2008 |
B. P. Jeevan Reddy | India | India | Aerial Incident of 10 August 1999 (Pakistan v. India) 1999–2000 |
François Rigaux | Belgium | Iran | Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America) 1992–2003 |
Willem Riphagen | Netherlands | Belgium | Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited (Belgium v. Spain) (New Application: 1962) 1962–1970 |
Emmanuel Roucounas | Greece | Greece | Application of the Interim Accord of 13 September 1995 (the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia v. Greece) 2008–2011 |
José María Ruda | Argentina | Qatar | Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain (Qatar v. Bahrain) 1991–2001 |
Jean Salmon | Belgium | Burundi | Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Burundi) 1999–2001 |
Karim Sandjabi | Iran | Iran | Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. (United Kingdom v. Iran) 1951–1952 |
Bernardo Sepúlveda Amor | Mexico | Mexico | Avena and Other Mexican Nationals (Mexico v. United States) 2003–2004 |
José Sette-Camara | Brazil | Libya | Territorial Dispute (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Chad) 1990–1994 |
Mohamed Shahabuddeen | Guyana | Bahrain | Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain (Qatar v. Bahrain) 1991–2001 |
Indonesia | Sovereignty over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan (Indonesia/Malaysia) 1998–2002 | ||
Bruno Simma | Germany | Costa Rica | Maritime Delimitation in the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) 2014–present |
Leonid Skotnikov | Russia | Nicaragua | Question of the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between Nicaragua and Colombia beyond 200 nautical miles from the Nicaraguan Coast (Nicaragua v. Colombia) 2013–present |
Krzysztof Skubiszewski | Poland | Portugal | East Timor (Portugal v. Australia) 1991–1995 |
Slovakia | Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary/Slovakia) 1997–present | ||
Max Sørensen | Denmark | Netherlands | North Sea Continental Shelf (Federal Republic of Germany/Netherlands) (1967–1969) |
Denmark | North Sea Continental Shelf (Federal Republic of Germany/Denmark) (1967–1969) | ||
Jean Spiropoulos | Greece | Greece | Ambatielos (Greece v. United Kingdom) 1951–1953 |
Michel Stassinopoulos | Greece | Greece | Aegean Sea Continental Shelf (Greece v. Turkey) 1976–1978 |
Ninian Stephen | Australia | Australia | East Timor (Portugal v. Australia) 1991–1995 |
Fredrik Julius Christian Sterzel | Sweden | Sweden | Application of the Convention of 1902 Governing the Guardianship of Infants (Netherlands v. Sweden) 1957–1958 |
Serge Sur | France | Senegal | Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal) 2009–2012 |
Hubert Thierry | France | Guinea-Bissau | Arbitral Award of 31 July 1989 (Guinea-Bissau v. Senegal) 1989–1991 |
Santiago Torres Bernárdez | Spain | Honduras | Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras: Nicaragua intervening) 1986–1992 |
Qatar | Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain (Qatar v. Bahrain) 1991–2001 | ||
Spain | Fisheries Jurisdiction (Spain v. Canada) 1995–1998 | ||
Spain | Legality of Use of Force (Yugoslavia v. Spain) 1999 | ||
Honduras | Territorial and Maritime Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Honduras) 1999–2007 | ||
Honduras | Application for Revision of the Judgment of 11 September 1992 in the Case concerning the Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras: Nicaragua intervening) (El Salvador v. Honduras) 2002–2003 | ||
Uruguay | Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay) 2006–2010 | ||
Francisco Urrutia Holguin | Colombia | Nicaragua | Arbitral Award Made by the King of Spain on 23 December 1906 (Honduras v. Nicaragua) 1958–1960 |
Nicolas Valticos | Greece | Malta | Continental Shelf (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Malta) 1982–1985 |
El Salvador | Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras: Nicaragua intervening) 1986–1992 | ||
Bahrain | Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain (Qatar v. Bahrain) 1991–2001 | ||
Joe Verhoeven | Belgium | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Burundi) 1999–2001 |
Democratic Republic of the Congo | Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda) 1999–present | ||
Democratic Republic of the Congo | Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda) 1999–2001 | ||
Raúl Emilio Vinuesa | Argentina | Argentina | Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay) 2006–2010 |
Ecuador | Aerial Herbicide Spraying (Ecuador v. Colombia) 2008–2013 | ||
Michel Virally | France | Honduras | Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras: Nicaragua intervening) 1986–1992 |
Budislav Vukas | Croatia | Croatia | Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia) 1999–2015 |
FYROM | Application of the Interim Accord of 13 September 1995 (the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia v. Greece) 2008–2011 | ||
Christopher Gregory Weeramantry | Sri Lanka | Malaysia | Sovereignty over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan (Indonesia/Malaysia) 1998–2002 |
J.T. van Wyk | South Africa | South Africa | South West Africa (Ethiopia v. South Africa) 1960–1966 |
South Africa | South West Africa (Liberia v. South Africa) 1960–1966 | ||
Chris van den Wyngaert | Belgium | Belgium | Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Belgium) 2000–2002 |
Mohamed Yaqub Ali Khan | Pakistan | Ethiopia | South West Africa (Ethiopia v. South Africa) 1960–1966 |
Liberia | South West Africa (Liberia v. South Africa) 1960–1966 | ||
Pakistan | Trial of Pakistani Prisoners of War (Pakistan v. India) 1973 | ||
Abdulqawi Yusuf | Somalia | Djibouti | Certain Questions of Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters (Djibouti v. France) 2006–2008 |
Sir Muhammad Zafarullah Khan | Pakistan | Ethiopia | South West Africa (Ethiopia v. South Africa) 1960–1966 |
Liberia | South West Africa (Liberia v. South Africa) 1960–1966 | ||
Pakistan | Trial of Pakistani Prisoners of War (Pakistan v. India) 1973 | ||
Jaroslav Žourek | Czechoslovakia | Bulgaria | Aerial Incident of 27 July 1955 (Israel v. Bulgaria) 1957–1959 |
Bulgaria | Aerial Incident of 27 July 1955 (United States of America v. Bulgaria) 1957–1960 |
The International Criminal Court (ICC) is an intergovernmental organization and international tribunal seated in The Hague, Netherlands. It is the first and only permanent international court with jurisdiction to prosecute individuals for the international crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression. The ICC is distinct from the International Court of Justice, an organ of the United Nations that hears disputes between states. Established in 2002 pursuant to the multilateral Rome Statute, the ICC is considered by its proponents to be a major step toward justice, and an innovation in international law and human rights.
The International Court of Justice, or colloquially the World Court, is the only international court that adjudicates general disputes between nations, and gives advisory opinions on international legal issues. It is one of the six organs of the United Nations (UN), and is located in The Hague, Netherlands.
The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations (UN) and is charged with ensuring international peace and security, recommending the admission of new UN members to the General Assembly, and approving any changes to the UN Charter. Its powers as outlined in the United Nations Charter include establishing peacekeeping operations, enacting international sanctions, and authorizing military action. The UNSC is the only UN body with authority to issue resolutions that are binding on member states.
On the federal level, Russia elects a president as head of state and a parliament, one of the two chambers of the Federal Assembly. The president is elected for, at most, two consecutive six-year terms by the people. The Federal Assembly has two chambers. The State Duma has 450 members, elected for five-year terms. The Federation Council is not directly elected; each of the 89 federal subjects of Russia sends 2 delegates to the Federal Council, for a total of 208 (178 + 30, members.
Elections in Spain encompass four different types: general elections, regional elections, local elections, and elections to the European Parliament. General elections and regional elections are typically conducted at the conclusion of the national or regional legislative mandate, which usually spans four years since the previous election. However, early elections can be called in certain circumstances. On the other hand, local council elections and elections to the European Parliament follow fixed dates, although some local government bodies, such as provincial councils, are not directly elected. In most elections, a party-list proportional representation (PR) system is employed, while the Senate utilizes the plurality system.
The Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal (HKCFA) is the final appellate court of Hong Kong. It was established on 1 July 1997, upon the establishment of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, replacing the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council as the highest judicial institution under Hong Kong law. As defined in Articles 19 and 85 of the Hong Kong Basic Law, the Court of Final Appeal "exercises judicial power in the Region independently and free from any interference." The Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal Ordinance and the Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal Rules set out the detailed functions and procedures of the court.
International criminal law (ICL) is a body of public international law designed to prohibit certain categories of conduct commonly viewed as serious atrocities and to make perpetrators of such conduct criminally accountable for their perpetration. The core crimes under international law are genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and the crime of aggression.
Sir Christopher John Greenwood is Master of Magdalene College, Cambridge and a former British judge at the International Court of Justice. Prior to his election, he was professor of international law at the London School of Economics and a barrister who regularly appeared as counsel before the International Court of Justice, the European Court of Human Rights, the English courts, and other tribunals.
Judicial reform is the complete or partial political reform of a country's judiciary. Judicial reform can be connected to a law reform, constitutional amendment, prison reform, police reform or part of wider reform of the country's political system.
The 2011 International Court of Justice election began on 10 November 2011 at United Nations Headquarters in New York City. In the set of triennial elections, the General Assembly and the Security Council concurrently elect five judges to the Court for nine-year terms, in this case beginning on 6 February 2012. From the eight candidates, the five winners were Giorgio Gaja (Italy), Hisashi Owada (Japan), Peter Tomka (Slovakia), Xue Hanqin (China) and Julia Sebutinde (Uganda).
The permanent members of the United Nations Security Council are the five sovereign states to whom the UN Charter of 1945 grants a permanent seat on the UN Security Council: China, France, Russia, United Kingdom, and United States.
The 2014 International Court of Justice election began on 6 November 2014 at United Nations Headquarters in New York City. In the set of triennial elections, the General Assembly and the Security Council concurrently elect five judges to the Court for nine-year terms, in this case beginning on 6 February 2015.
Bogdan Lucian Aurescu is a Romanian judge of the International Court of Justice. Prior to his swearing-in on 6 February 2024, Aurescu was a diplomat, law professor and politician, who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs of Romania between 4 November 2019 and 15 June 2023 under prime ministers: Ludovic Orban, Florin Cîțu and Nicolae Ciucă. He also held that position between 24 November 2014 and 17 November 2015 under prime minister Victor Ponta.
The 2017 International Court of Justice election took place from 9 to 20 November 2017 at the United Nations Headquarters in New York City. In the set of triennial elections, the General Assembly and the Security Council concurrently elect five judges to the Court for nine-year terms, in this case beginning on 6 February 2018. From the seven candidates, the five winners were Abdulqawi Yusuf (Somalia), Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade (Brazil), Nawaf Salam (Lebanon), Ronny Abraham (France) and Dalveer Bhandari (India).
The 2020 International Court of Justice election were held on 11 and 12 November 2020 at the United Nations Headquarters in New York City. In the set of triennial elections, the General Assembly and the Security Council concurrently elect five judges to the Court for nine-year terms, in this case beginning on 6 February 2021. From the eight candidates, Yuji Iwasawa (Japan), Xue Hanqin (China), Peter Tomka (Slovakia), Julia Sebutinde (Uganda), and Georg Nolte (Germany) have been elected members of the International Court of Justice for a term of office of nine years, as both the Security Council and the General Assembly have agreed on the same candidates.
The 2023 International Court of Justice election was held on 9 November 2023 at the United Nations Headquarters in New York City. In the set of triennial elections, the General Assembly and the Security Council concurrently elect five judges to the Court for nine-year terms.
The 1948 International Court of Justice election took place on 22 October 1948 in the Palais de Chaillot, Paris. This was the second ever election of Judges of the Court, one the six "principal organs" of the United Nations, and the first one to be held in order to fill five judges' seats. It thus launched the pattern of triennial elections whereby the General Assembly and the Security Council concurrently elect five judges to the Court for nine-year terms, in this case beginning on 6 February 1949.
The 1951 International Court of Justice election took place on 6 December 1951 at the Palais de Chaillot, Paris. This was the third election of Judges of the Court, one the six "principal organs", and the second one to be held in order to fill five judges' seats. It thus continued the pattern of triennial elections whereby the General Assembly and the Security Council concurrently elect five judges to the Court for nine-year terms, in this case beginning on 6 February 1952.