The British Columbia Recall and Initiative Referendum was a referendum held in British Columbia on October 17, 1991. It was concurrent with that year's general election. The referendum posed two questions. They were on whether elected officials should be able to be recalled and whether voters should be given a citizen's initiative. Both questions were decisively approved with over 80% of the electorate voting yes to both questions.
British Columbia has had several referendums in its history. [1] A previous bill, the Direct Legislation Act , was passed by the Oliver government in 1919. the Direct Democracy Act was given royal assent in March of that year, but was never proclaimed. A similar statute was struck down by the Manitoba Court of Appeals later that year. These combined to leave the BC law in legislative limbo until it was removed in a 1924 statute consolidation. [2]
A promise to hold referendums was included in the British Columbia Social Credit Party (Socred) government's speech from the throne in April 1990. [3] In preparation, the Socreds had invited two experts from California familiar with recall and initiative to their annual convention. [4] Appropriate legislation was introduced on July 5, 1990. [5]
The two questions were:
A: Should the voters be given the right, by legislation, to vote between elections for the removal of their member of the Legislative Assembly? [6]
B: Should the voters be given the right, by legislation, to propose questions that the Government of British Columbia must submit to voters by referendum? [6]
Both of the questions were announced by Premier Rita Johnston during a news conference on September 5, 1991, although by then they were an open secret. NDP leader Mike Harcourt criticized the timing, saying that the Socreds had moved too slowly in launching the proposals. [4] Liberal leader Gordon Wilson also criticized the referendum, saying that it was intended to divert attention away from the scandal-plagued Socreds. [7] In response, Johnston said she could not comment on either timing or structure for the proposals because they would be decided after the referendum. [4]
The referendum was run by Attorney-General Russ Fraser. The total cost was 1.7 million dollars. The cost includes information pamphlets, advertising, toll-free information telephone lines, and costs related to running the referendum. [4]
The referendum also got caught up in the campaign going on at the same time. Both Premier Johnston and British Columbia New Democratic Party (NDP) leader Harcourt announced that they would be voting yes in the referendum. [4]
There was overwhelming support for both questions. Support was over 80% of yes votes for both questions. [8] However, more than nine percent of ballots for question A were rejected, and more than eleven percent were rejected for question B. Turnout was slightly less than that in the general election. [2]
District | Yes | Percentage | No | Percentage | Rejected |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abbotsford | 14214 | 82.46 | 3023 | 17.54 | 1571 |
Alberni | 10092 | 83.81 | 1949 | 16.19 | 1716 |
Bulkley Valley-Stikine | 8077 | 80.18 | 1996 | 19.82 | 1220 |
Burnaby-Edmonds | 16003 | 82.57 | 3378 | 17.43 | 2247 |
Burnaby North | 15374 | 83.22 | 3099 | 16.78 | 2173 |
Burnaby-Willingdon | 18091 | 81.9 | 3999 | 18.1 | 2215 |
Cariboo North | 9899 | 85.65 | 1658 | 14.35 | 1294 |
Cariboo South | 10606 | 82.5 | 2249 | 17.5 | 1439 |
Chilliwack | 16527 | 82.48 | 3510 | 17.52 | 2372 |
Columbia River-Revelstoke | 10237 | 81.78 | 2281 | 18.22 | 1531 |
Comox Valley | 18435 | 75.7 | 5918 | 24.3 | 2424 |
Coquitlam-Maillardville | 18311 | 82.86 | 3788 | 17.14 | 2026 |
Cowichan-Ladysmith | 16652 | 80.54 | 4024 | 19.46 | 2319 |
Delta North | 16784 | 84.74 | 3022 | 15.26 | 1517 |
Delta South | 17299 | 82.11 | 3770 | 17.89 | 1226 |
Esquimalt-Metchosin | 17539 | 82.68 | 3674 | 17.32 | 1915 |
Fort Langley-Aldergrove | 15998 | 84.32 | 2975 | 15.68 | 1253 |
Kamloops | 14595 | 76.55 | 4471 | 23.45 | 1587 |
Kamloops-North Thompson | 10876 | 77.86 | 3093 | 22.14 | 1135 |
Kootenay | 11770 | 81.9 | 2602 | 18.1 | 1651 |
Langley | 14301 | 83.97 | 2731 | 16.03 | 1628 |
Malahat-Juan de Fuca | 14933 | 83.67 | 2911 | 16.31 | 2046 |
Maple Ridge-Pitt Meadows | 19897 | 83.01 | 4073 | 16.99 | 1977 |
Matsqui | 13838 | 81.91 | 3056 | 18.09 | 2046 |
Mission-Kent | 12657 | 80.24 | 3117 | 19.76 | 1680 |
Nanaimo | 15919 | 79.64 | 4069 | 20.36 | 2189 |
Nelson-Creston | 13131 | 78.50 | 3597 | 21.50 | 1869 |
New Westminster | 15568 | 81.39 | 3560 | 18.61 | 2019 |
North Coast | 7631 | 80.83 | 1810 | 19.17 | 1288 |
North Island | 12185 | 78.53 | 3332 | 21.47 | 1385 |
North Vancouver-Lonsdale | 15214 | 83.53 | 3000 | 16.47 | 1749 |
North Vancouver-Seymour | 18469 | 80.68 | 4423 | 19.32 | 1224 |
Oak Bay-Gordon Head | 17982 | 73.08 | 6624 | 26.92 | 2299 |
Okanagan-Boundary | 10627 | 77.94 | 3008 | 22.06 | 2013 |
Okanagan East | 16477 | 81.05 | 3852 | 18.95 | 2324 |
Okanagan-Penticton | 15529 | 78.04 | 4369 | 21.96 | 2299 |
Okanagan-Vernon | 16602 | 79.65 | 4242 | 20.35 | 2206 |
Okanagan West | 20447 | 80.58 | 4929 | 19.42 | 2480 |
Parksville-Qualicum | 18866 | 79.54 | 4852 | 20.46 | 2499 |
Peace River North | 7897 | 82.66 | 1657 | 17.34 | 1275 |
Peace River South | 9706 | 86.15 | 1561 | 13.85 | 1436 |
Port Coquitlam | 19931 | 84.68 | 3606 | 15.32 | 1990 |
Port Moody-Burnaby Mountain | 17662 | 82 | 3877 | 18 | 430 |
Powell River-Sunshine Coast | 14294 | 77.4 | 4174 | 22.6 | 1606 |
Prince George-Mount Robson | 8668 | 83.05 | 1769 | 16.95 | 1201 |
Prince George North | 11553 | 83.09 | 2351 | 16.91 | 368 |
Prince George-Omineca | 10170 | 82.66 | 2133 | 17.34 | 1139 |
Richmond Centre | 13260 | 80.74 | 3164 | 19.26 | 1484 |
Richmond East | 12764 | 82.34 | 2737 | 17.66 | 1757 |
Richmond-Steveston | 13098 | 80 | 3275 | 20 | 1314 |
Rossland-Trail | 11886 | 81.92 | 2624 | 18.08 | 1653 |
Saanich North and the Islands | 18911 | 77.4 | 5523 | 22.6 | 1786 |
Saanich South | 17153 | 79.15 | 4518 | 20.85 | 1527 |
Shuswap | 15531 | 79.46 | 4014 | 20.54 | 2448 |
Skeena | 8668 | 78.86 | 2324 | 21.14 | 1031 |
Surrey-Cloverdale | 18698 | 84.27 | 3490 | 15.73 | 1726 |
Surrey-Green Timbers | 15171 | 86.88 | 2291 | 13.12 | 1869 |
Surrey-Newton | 19214 | 85.88 | 3158 | 14.12 | 2296 |
Surrey-Whalley | 12110 | 86.32 | 1919 | 13.68 | 1339 |
Surrey-White Rock | 21702 | 82.62 | 4566 | 17.38 | 2622 |
Vancouver-Burrard | 14233 | 79.22 | 3734 | 20.78 | 1613 |
Vancouver-Fraserview | 13893 | 84.05 | 2636 | 15.95 | 2054 |
Vancouver-Hastings | 13562 | 84.1 | 2564 | 15.9 | 2526 |
Vancouver-Kensington | 13718 | 85.16 | 2390 | 14.84 | 2204 |
Vancouver-Kingsway | 13033 | 86.16 | 2093 | 13.84 | 2463 |
Vancouver-Langara | 14846 | 80.24 | 3656 | 19.76 | 1454 |
Vancouver-Little Mountain | 16046 | 76.13 | 5032 | 23.87 | 2166 |
Vancouver-Mount Pleasant | 11635 | 81.82 | 2586 | 18.18 | 2310 |
Vancouver-Point Grey | 16536 | 71.62 | 6553 | 28.38 | 1623 |
Vancouver-Quilchena | 15498 | 71.6 | 6148 | 28.4 | 1593 |
Victoria-Beacon Hill | 15671 | 75.38 | 5117 | 24.62 | 2599 |
Victoria-Hillside | 16102 | 79.59 | 4128 | 20.41 | 1976 |
West Vancouver-Capilano | 16842 | 78.01 | 4747 | 21.99 | 1705 |
West Vancouver-Garibaldi | 14168 | 79.01 | 3765 | 20.99 | 1376 |
Yale-Lillooet | 11225 | 83.14 | 2277 | 16.86 | 1883 |
Total | 1090023 | 80.89 | 257522 | 19.11 | 135363 |
Source: [9] |
District | Yes | Percentage | No | Percentage | Rejected |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abbotsford | 14335 | 84.78 | 2573 | 15.22 | 1900 |
Alberni | 10084 | 86.36 | 1593 | 13.64 | 2080 |
Bulkley Valley-Stikine | 8221 | 83.53 | 1621 | 16.47 | 1451 |
Burnaby-Edmonds | 15944 | 84.35 | 2959 | 15.65 | 2727 |
Burnaby North | 15359 | 84.9 | 2731 | 15.1 | 2556 |
Burnaby-Willingdon | 18185 | 84.03 | 3456 | 15.97 | 2664 |
Cariboo North | 9923 | 87.86 | 1371 | 12.14 | 1557 |
Cariboo South | 10746 | 85.78 | 1781 | 14.22 | 1767 |
Chilliwack | 16642 | 85.33 | 2862 | 14.67 | 2905 |
Columbia River-Revelstoke | 10495 | 86.24 | 1674 | 13.76 | 1880 |
Comox Valley | 18996 | 79.72 | 4833 | 20.28 | 2948 |
Coquitlam-Maillardville | 18468 | 85.19 | 3210 | 14.81 | 2447 |
Cowichan-Ladysmith | 16905 | 83.89 | 3247 | 16.11 | 2843 |
Delta North | 16385 | 84 | 3122 | 16 | 1816 |
Delta South | 16880 | 81.16 | 3918 | 18.84 | 1497 |
Esquimalt-Metchosin | 17591 | 84.33 | 3268 | 15.67 | 2269 |
Fort Langley-Aldergrove | 16000 | 85.95 | 2615 | 14.05 | 1611 |
Kamloops | 15257 | 81.63 | 3433 | 18.37 | 1963 |
Kamloops-North Thompson | 11212 | 82.13 | 2439 | 17.87 | 1453 |
Kootenay | 12187 | 87.39 | 1758 | 12.61 | 2078 |
Langley | 14244 | 85.42 | 2431 | 14.58 | 1994 |
Malahat-Juan de Fuca | 15070 | 85.7 | 2514 | 14.3 | 2306 |
Maple Ridge-Pitt Meadows | 20090 | 85.52 | 3401 | 14.48 | 2456 |
Matsqui | 13963 | 85.35 | 2397 | 14.65 | 2995 |
Mission-Kent | 12874 | 83.45 | 2553 | 16.55 | 2027 |
Nanaimo | 16154 | 82.5 | 3426 | 17.5 | 2597 |
Nelson-Creston | 13464 | 82.66 | 2824 | 17.34 | 2309 |
New Westminster | 15731 | 84.07 | 2981 | 15.93 | 2435 |
North Coast | 7759 | 84.05 | 1472 | 15.95 | 1498 |
North Island | 12793 | 84.14 | 2412 | 15.86 | 1697 |
North Vancouver-Lonsdale | 15275 | 85.51 | 2588 | 14.49 | 2100 |
North Vancouver-Seymour | 18420 | 81.33 | 4229 | 18.67 | 1467 |
Oak Bay-Gordon Head | 17701 | 73.38 | 6420 | 26.62 | 2784 |
Okanagan-Boundary | 10611 | 80.36 | 2594 | 19.64 | 2594 |
Okanagan East | 16854 | 84.98 | 2980 | 15.02 | 2819 |
Okanagan-Penticton | 15560 | 80.7 | 3721 | 19.3 | 3662 |
Okanagan-Vernon | 16961 | 83.65 | 3314 | 16.35 | 2775 |
Okanagan West | 20684 | 84.23 | 3874 | 15.77 | 4298 |
Parksville-Qualicum | 18999 | 81.66 | 4266 | 18.34 | 2952 |
Peace River North | 7959 | 85.52 | 1348 | 14.48 | 1522 |
Peace River South | 9759 | 88.86 | 1223 | 11.14 | 1721 |
Port Coquitlam | 20260 | 86.99 | 3029 | 13.01 | 2238 |
Port Moody-Burnaby Mountain | 17895 | 84.03 | 3402 | 15.97 | 672 |
Powell River-Sunshine Coast | 14847 | 82.4 | 3171 | 17.6 | 2056 |
Prince George-Mount Robson | 8588 | 84.64 | 1559 | 15.36 | 1491 |
Prince George North | 11498 | 84.35 | 2133 | 15.65 | 641 |
Prince George-Omineca | 10188 | 84.29 | 1899 | 15.71 | 1355 |
Richmond Centre | 13347 | 82.71 | 2791 | 17.29 | 1770 |
Richmond East | 12782 | 84.41 | 2361 | 15.59 | 2115 |
Richmond-Steveston | 13222 | 81.97 | 2909 | 18.03 | 1556 |
Rossland-Trail | 11989 | 85.17 | 2088 | 14.83 | 2086 |
Saanich North and the Islands | 18816 | 78.37 | 5192 | 21.63 | 2212 |
Saanich South | 17053 | 79.55 | 4383 | 20.45 | 1762 |
Shuswap | 15661 | 82.58 | 3304 | 17.42 | 3028 |
Skeena | 8987 | 83.63 | 1759 | 16.37 | 1277 |
Surrey-Cloverdale | 18600 | 85.44 | 3169 | 14.56 | 2145 |
Surrey-Green Timbers | 14733 | 86.38 | 2324 | 13.62 | 2274 |
Surrey-Newton | 18928 | 86.18 | 3035 | 13.82 | 2705 |
Surrey-Whalley | 11933 | 86.63 | 1841 | 13.37 | 1594 |
Surrey-White Rock | 20960 | 81.74 | 4681 | 18.26 | 3249 |
Vancouver-Burrard | 14232 | 80.18 | 3518 | 19.82 | 1830 |
Vancouver-Fraserview | 13713 | 85.01 | 2418 | 14.99 | 2452 |
Vancouver-Hastings | 13343 | 85.34 | 2292 | 14.66 | 3017 |
Vancouver-Kensington | 13428 | 86.34 | 2124 | 13.66 | 2760 |
Vancouver-Kingsway | 12688 | 87.26 | 1852 | 12.74 | 3049 |
Vancouver-Langara | 14901 | 81.73 | 3332 | 18.27 | 1723 |
Vancouver-Little Mountain | 16366 | 78.75 | 4419 | 21.25 | 2459 |
Vancouver-Mount Pleasant | 11530 | 84.25 | 2156 | 15.75 | 2845 |
Vancouver-Point Grey | 16972 | 74.38 | 5847 | 25.62 | 1893 |
Vancouver-Quilchena | 15568 | 72.91 | 5783 | 27.09 | 1888 |
Victoria-Beacon Hill | 15567 | 76.8 | 4703 | 23.2 | 3117 |
Victoria-Hillside | 16146 | 81.58 | 3645 | 18.42 | 2415 |
West Vancouver-Capilano | 16764 | 78.68 | 4542 | 21.32 | 1988 |
West Vancouver-Garibaldi | 14258 | 80.45 | 3464 | 19.55 | 1587 |
Yale-Lillooet | 11378 | 86.53 | 1771 | 13.47 | 2236 |
Total | 1095100 | 83.02 | 223902 | 16.98 | 163906 |
Source: [10] |
British Columbia's legislation made a referendum binding only on the government that called it. As the Socreds had been defeated, the incoming NDP government was not required to enable recall and initiative. Nevertheless, Premier-elect Mike Harcourt announced that his government would be bound by the results. [11] As a consequence, the Recall and Initiative Act was passed and entered into force on February 24, 1995. [6] In 1998, MLA Paul Reitsma resigned his seat when it appeared that a recall petition would be successful and he could be the first person recalled under the legislation.
As of April 2023, according to Elections BC the Recall and Initiative Act has been invoked:
A popular initiative is a form of direct democracy by which a petition meeting certain hurdles can force a legal procedure on a proposition.
The New Democratic Party of British Columbia is a social democratic political party in British Columbia, Canada. The party sits on the centre-left of the political spectrum and is one of the two major parties in British Columbia; since the 1990s, its rival was the business-oriented BC United until the Conservative Party of British Columbia reconstituted itself for the 2024 British Columbia general election, with BC United withdrawing its candidates and endorsing the Conservatives. The party is currently formally affiliated with the federal New Democratic Party and serves as its provincial branch.
William Nicholas Vander Zalm is a Dutch-born Canadian businessman and politician who served as the 28th premier of British Columbia and leader of the British Columbia Social Credit Party from 1986 to 1991. He was a member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) of British Columbia, representing the riding of Surrey from 1975 to 1983, and the riding of Richmond from 1986 to 1991.
Rita Margaret Johnston is a Canadian politician in British Columbia. Johnston became the first female premier in Canadian history when she succeeded Bill Vander Zalm in 1991 to become the 29th premier of British Columbia, serving for seven months.
The British Columbia Social Credit Party was a conservative political party in British Columbia, Canada. It was the governing party of British Columbia for all but three years between the 1952 provincial election and the 1991 election. For four decades, the party dominated the British Columbian political scene, with the only break occurring between the 1972 and 1975 elections when the British Columbia New Democratic Party governed. Party members were known as Socreds.
Grace Mary McCarthy, OC, OBC, LLD, DTech, FRAIC (Hon.) was a Canadian politician and florist in British Columbia. A high-ranking member of the Social Credit Party of British Columbia, she was largely responsible for rebuilding that party after its defeat in the 1972 provincial election.
The 1996 British Columbia general election was the 36th provincial election in the Province of British Columbia, Canada. It was held to elect members of the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia. The election was called on April 30, 1996, and held on May 28, 1996. Voter turnout was 59.1 per cent of all eligible voters. The election is notable for producing a "false-winner" outcome, rewarding a party that got second in the popular vote with a majority government.
The 1991 British Columbia general election was the 35th provincial election in the Province of British Columbia, Canada. It was held to elect members of the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia. The election was called on September 19, 1991, and held on October 17, 1991. The incumbent Social Credit Party of British Columbia, which had been beset by scandals during Bill Vander Zalm's only term as premier, was defeated by the New Democratic Party of Mike Harcourt. Liberal Party leader Gordon Wilson surprised observers by leading his party to winning one-third of the votes cast, and forming the official opposition in the legislature after having held no seats at all since 1979. The new legislature met for the first time on March 17, 1992.
Gordon Wilson is a former provincial politician in British Columbia, Canada. He served as leader of the Liberal Party of BC from 1987–1993, leader and founder of the Progressive Democratic Alliance from 1993–1999, before joining the NDP where he served in the provincial cabinet. He also ran as a candidate in the 2000 BC New Democratic Party leadership race. During the 2013 British Columbia provincial election, Wilson endorsed Liberal Premier Christy Clark for re-election over the NDP's Adrian Dix.
Rob Fleming is a Canadian politician who sat in the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia from 2005 provincial election, when he defeated one-term Liberal Party incumbent, Sheila Orr, until 2024. Initially representing Victoria-Hillside, he was re-elected in subsequent elections in the renamed constituency of Victoria-Swan Lake. A member of the British Columbia New Democratic Party, he was named to the cabinet of British Columbia in July 2017 as Minister of Education, before assuming the post as Minister of Transportation and Infrastructure in November 2020. Prior to entering provincial politics, he was a city councillor in Victoria, British Columbia from 1999 to 2005.
A referendum was held in the Canadian province of British Columbia on May 17, 2005, to determine whether or not to adopt the recommendation of the Citizens' Assembly on Electoral Reform to replace the existing first-past-the-post electoral system (FPTP) with a single transferable vote system (BC-STV). It was held in conjunction with the BC Legislative Assembly election of 2005. Voters were given two ballots at that time: a ballot to vote for a Member of the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia (MLA) in their constituency and a referendum ballot. The referendum received considerable support from the electorate but failed in meeting the 60-percent threshold that had been set. A second referendum was held in 2009.
The 1986 British Columbia general election was the 34th general election in the Province of British Columbia, Canada. It was held to elect members of the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia. The sitting Social Credit government was re-elected.
In Australia, referendums are public votes held on important issues where the electorate may approve or reject a certain proposal. In contemporary usage, polls conducted on non-constitutional issues are known as plebiscites, with the term referendum being reserved solely for votes on constitutional changes, which is legally required to make a change to the Constitution of Australia.
The 1983 British Columbia general election was the 33rd provincial election for the province of British Columbia, Canada. It was held to elect members of the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia. The election was called on April 7, 1983. The election was held on May 5, 1983. The new legislature that resulted from this election met for the first time on June 23, 1983.
Elections BC is a non-partisan office of the British Columbia legislature responsible for conducting provincial and local elections, by-elections, petitions, referendums, plebiscites in the Canadian province of British Columbia. Its federal equivalent is Elections Canada.
Vancouver-Point Grey is a provincial electoral district for the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia, Canada. It was first contested in the general election of 1933. It was created out of parts of Richmond-Point Grey, South Vancouver and Vancouver City. The riding began as a three-member seat, and was reduced to a two-member seat in 1966 when Vancouver-Little Mountain was created. In the redistribution preceding the 1991 election, it was reduced to a one-member riding along with the other older urban ridings, as several new one-member ridings were created.
The Politics of British Columbia involve not only the governance of British Columbia, Canada, and the various political factions that have held or vied for legislative power, but also a number of experiments or attempts at political and electoral reform.
David Robert Patrick Eby is a Canadian politician and lawyer who has been serving as the 37th and current premier of British Columbia since November 18, 2022.
A referendum is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal. This article summarises referendum laws and practice in various countries.
A referendum on electoral reform took place by mail-in ballot between October 22 and December 7, 2018, in the Canadian province of British Columbia. 61.3 percent of voters supported maintaining the first-past-the-post voting system rather than switching to a proportional representation voting system, which was supported by 38.7 percent of voters. This was British Columbia's third referendum on electoral reform, following ones in 2005 and 2009.