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 Africaportal |
General elections were held in Mozambique between 27 and 29 October 1994 to elect a president and the Assembly of the Republic. It was the first time the country had had multi-party elections, as previously FRELIMO had been the sole legal party. Nevertheless, FRELIMO maintained control of the country's political system, winning both elections. Voter turnout for the elections was 88%. [1]
| Candidate | Party | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Joaquim Chissano | FRELIMO | 2,633,740 | 53.30 | |
| Afonso Dhlakama | RENAMO | 1,666,965 | 33.73 | |
| Wehia Ripua | Mozambique Democratic Party | 141,905 | 2.87 | |
| Carlos Reis | Mozambique National Union | 120,708 | 2.44 | |
| Máximo Dias | MONAMO-PMSD | 115,442 | 2.34 | |
| Campira Momboya | Democratic Congress Party | 58,848 | 1.19 | |
| Yaqub Sibindy | Independent Party of Mozambique | 51,070 | 1.03 | |
| Domingos Arouca | Mozambique United Front-Democratic Convergence Party | 37,767 | 0.76 | |
| Carlos Jeque | Independent | 34,588 | 0.70 | |
| Casimiro Nhamitambo | Social Liberal Party | 32,036 | 0.65 | |
| Mário Machel | Independent | 24,238 | 0.49 | |
| Padimbe Kamati | Mozambique People's Progress Party | 24,208 | 0.49 | |
| Total | 4,941,515 | 100.00 | ||
| Valid votes | 4,941,515 | 91.46 | ||
| Invalid/blank votes | 461,425 | 8.54 | ||
| Total votes | 5,402,940 | 100.00 | ||
| Registered voters/turnout | 6,148,842 | 87.87 | ||
| Source: African Elections Database | ||||
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | |
| FRELIMO | 2,115,793 | 44.33 | 129 | −120 | |
| RENAMO | 1,803,506 | 37.78 | 112 | New | |
| Democratic Union | 245,793 | 5.15 | 9 | New | |
| Patriotic Alliance | 93,031 | 1.95 | 0 | New | |
| Social Liberal Party | 79,622 | 1.67 | 0 | New | |
| Mozambique United Front-Democratic Convergence Party | 66,527 | 1.39 | 0 | New | |
| National Convention Party | 60,635 | 1.27 | 0 | New | |
| Independent Party of Mozambique | 58,590 | 1.23 | 0 | New | |
| Democratic Congress Party | 52,446 | 1.10 | 0 | New | |
| Mozambique People's Progress Party | 50,793 | 1.06 | 0 | New | |
| Democratic Renewal Party | 48,030 | 1.01 | 0 | New | |
| Mozambique Democratic Party | 36,689 | 0.77 | 0 | New | |
| Mozambique National Union | 34,809 | 0.73 | 0 | New | |
| Labor Party | 26,961 | 0.56 | 0 | New | |
| Total | 4,773,225 | 100.00 | 250 | +1 | |
| Valid votes | 4,773,225 | 88.32 | |||
| Invalid/blank votes | 630,974 | 11.68 | |||
| Total votes | 5,404,199 | 100.00 | |||
| Registered voters/turnout | 6,148,842 | 87.89 | |||
| Source: African Elections Database | |||||
Mozambique was a Portuguese colony, overseas province and later a member state of Portugal. It gained independence from Portugal in 1975.
Politics in Mozambique takes place in a framework of a semi-presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President of Mozambique is head of state and head of government in a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the Assembly of the Republic.
Samora Moisés Machel was a Mozambican military commander and political leader. A socialist in the tradition of Marxism–Leninism, he served as the first President of Mozambique from the country's independence in 1975.
FRELIMO is a democratic socialist political party in Mozambique. It is the dominant party in Mozambique and has won a majority of the seats in the Assembly of the Republic in every election since the country's first multi-party election in 1994.
RENAMO is a Mozambican political party and militant group. The party was founded with the active sponsorship of the Rhodesian Central Intelligence Organisation (CIO) in May 1977 from anti-communist dissidents opposed to Mozambique's ruling FRELIMO party. RENAMO was initially led by André Matsangaissa, a former senior official in FRELIMO's armed wing, and was composed of several anti-communist dissident groups which appeared immediately prior to, and shortly following, Mozambican independence. Matsangaissa, who died in 1979, was succeeded by Afonso Dhlakama, who led the organization until his death in 2018. He was succeeded by Ossufo Momade.
"Viva, Viva a FRELIMO" was the national anthem of Mozambique from independence from Portugal on 25 June 1975 to 30 April 2002, when it was replaced by "Pátria Amada".
The United Nations Operations in Mozambique was a UN peace mission to Mozambique established in December 1992 under Security Council Resolution 797 with the assignment to monitor the implementation of the Rome General Peace Accords agreed upon by the Mozambican president Joaquim Chissano of FRELIMO, the Front for Liberation of Mozambique, and Afonso Dhlakama of RENAMO, the Mozambican National Resistance. The operation was one of the most significant and extensive UN operations and it sought to demobilize and disarm troops, provide humanitarian aid, and oversee the elections. The operation ended in December 1994.
Armando Emílio Guebuza is a Mozambican politician who was the third President of Mozambique from 2005 to 2015.
Mozambique elects representatives at several levels:
Afonso Marceta Macacho Dhlakama was a Mozambican politician and the leader of RENAMO, an anti-communist guerrilla movement that fought the FRELIMO government in the Mozambican Civil War before signing a peace agreement and becoming an opposition political party in the early 1990s. Dhlakama was born in Mangunde, Sofala Province.
The Mozambican Civil War was a civil war fought in Mozambique from 1977 to 1992. Like many regional African conflicts during the late twentieth century, the Mozambican Civil War possessed local dynamics but was also exacerbated greatly by the polarizing effects of Cold War politics. The war was fought between Mozambique's ruling Marxist Mozambique Liberation Front (FRELIMO), the anti-communist insurgent forces of the Mozambican National Resistance (RENAMO), and a number of smaller factions such as the PRM, UNAMO, COREMO, UNIPOMO, and FUMO.
Marcelino dos Santos was a Mozambican poet, revolutionary, and politician. As a young man he travelled to Portugal, and France for an education. He was a founding member of the Frente de Libertação de Moçambique, in 1962, and served as the party's deputy president from 1969 to 1977. He was Minister of Economic Development in the late 1970s, Frelimo Political Bureau member in charge of the economy in the early 1980s, Chairman of the country's parliament, the Assembly of the Republic, from 1987 to 1994, and, as of 1999, remained a member of the Frelimo Central Committee. He represented the left wing of the party, remaining an avowed Marxist-Leninist, despite the party's embrace of capitalism in recent decades, an embrace which dos Santos declared was temporary.
The People's Republic of Mozambique was a socialist state that existed in present day Mozambique from 1975 to 1990.
Filipe Jacinto Nyusi is a Mozambican politician serving as the fourth President of Mozambique since 2015. He is the current leader of FRELIMO, the party that has governed Mozambique since its independence from Portugal in 1975. Additionally, he has served as the Chairman of the Southern African Development Community since August 2020.
Uria Timoteo Simango was a Mozambican Presbyterian minister and prominent leader of the Mozambique Liberation Front (FRELIMO) during the liberation struggle against Portuguese colonial rule. His precise date of death is unknown as he was extrajudicially executed by the post-independence government of Samora Machel.
General elections to elect the president, Assembly of the Republic, and Provincial Assemblies was held in Mozambique on 28 October 2009. Incumbent President Armando Guebuza ran for re-election as the FRELIMO candidate; he was challenged by opposition leader Afonso Dhlakama, who had stood as the RENAMO candidate in every presidential election since 1994. Also standing were Daviz Simango, the Mayor of Beira, who was a RENAMO member before founding his own party, the Democratic Movement of Mozambique (MDM), earlier in 2009.
General elections were held in Mozambique in 1977. They were the first elections after independence from Portugal, and FRELIMO was the sole legal party.
The RENAMO insurgency was a guerrilla campaign by militants of the RENAMO party and one of its splinter factions in Mozambique. The insurgency was widely considered to be an aftershock of the Mozambican Civil War; it resulted in renewed tensions between RENAMO and Mozambique's ruling FRELIMO coalition over charges of state corruption and the disputed results of the 2014 general elections.
General elections were held in Mozambique on 15 October 2019. During the leadup to the elections, assassinations and significant intimidation of prominent leaders of opposition parties and election observers were alleged. In addition, State resources, media, and aid for cyclone victims were also alleged to be used in favour of the ruling party (FRELIMO) and its candidates. Local elections observers, civil society organizations, the Commonwealth Observer Group, the European Union Election Observation Mission, and several national and international entities classified the elections as rigged. Nevertheless, the incumbent president Filipe Nyusi of FRELIMO was declared re-elected with 73% of the vote. The main opposition party RENAMO as well as the other oppositions parties involved in the elections contested the results, claiming there were numerous irregularities, and accusing FRELIMO of "massive electoral fraud", including hundreds of thousands of "ghost voters". As evidence for the international community, Ossufo Momade, the president of the main opposition party RENAMO, transported to Europe a box filled with vote ballots that had been marked in favor of the incumbent president Filipe Nyusi of FRELIMO before the commencement of voting. Despite these occurrences, the international community largely ignored any concerns of fraud, and gradually countries started recognizing the incumbent president Filipe Nyusi of FRELIMO as the winner of the elections.
The concept of human rights in Mozambique is an ongoing issue for the African country, officially named the Republic of Mozambique. For more than four centuries, Mozambique was ruled by the Portuguese. Following Mozambique’s independence from Portugal came 17 years of civil war, between RENAMO and FRELIMO, until 1992, when peace was finally reached. Armando Guebuza was then elected president in 2004 and re-elected in 2009, despite criticisms that he lacked honesty, transparency, and impartiality. This sparked a series of human rights incidents including unlawful killing, arbitrary arrests, inhumane prison conditions, and unfair trials. There were also many issues regarding freedom in relation to speech and media, internet freedom, freedom of peaceful assembly, and discrimination and abuse of women, children and people with disabilities. Many of these issues are ongoing and have become current human rights violation is for Mozambique.
