1995 Nobel Prizes

The 1995 Nobel Prizes were awarded by the Nobel Foundation, based in Sweden. Six categories were awarded: Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, Peace, and Economic Sciences. ^[1]

Nobel Week took place from December 6 to 12, including programming such as lectures, dialogues, and discussions. The award ceremony and banquet for the Peace Prize were scheduled in Oslo on December 10, while the award ceremony and banquet for all other categories were scheduled for the same day in Stockholm. ^{[2] [3]}

Prizes

Physics

Awardee(s)
	Martin Lewis Perl (1927–2014)	American	"for the discovery of the tau lepton" and "for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics"	[4]
	Frederick Reines (1918–1998)		"for the detection of the neutrino" and "for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics"

Chemistry

Awardee(s)
	Paul J. Crutzen (1933–2021)	Dutch	"for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone"	[5]
	Mario J. Molina (1943–2020)	Mexican
	Frank Sherwood Rowland (1927–2012)	American

Physiology or Medicine

Awardee(s)
	Edward B. Lewis (1918–2004)	United States	"for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development"	[6]
	Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard (b. 1942)	Germany
	Eric F. Wieschaus (b. 1947)	United States

Literature

Main article: 1995 Nobel Prize in Literature

Awardee(s)
	Seamus Heaney (1939–2013)	Ireland	"for works of lyrical beauty and ethical depth, which exalt everyday miracles and the living past"	[7]

Peace

Awardee(s)
	Joseph Rotblat (1908–2005)	Poland	"for their efforts to diminish the part played by nuclear arms in international politics and, in the longer run, to eliminate such arms."	[8]
	Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs	Canada

Economic Sciences

Awardee(s)
	Robert Lucas, Jr. (1937–2023)	United States	"for having developed and applied the hypothesis of rational expectations, and thereby having transformed macroeconomic analysis and deepened our understanding of economic policy"	[9]

References

1. "All Nobel Prizes". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 2024-12-11.
2. "The Nobel Peace Prize 1995". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 2024-12-11.
3. Royen, Ulrika (2024-11-20). "The Nobel Prize Award Ceremony 1995 - Opening Address". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 2024-12-11.
4. "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1995". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 28 October 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.
5. "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1995". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 5 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
6. "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1995". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 18 July 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
7. "Nobel Prize in Literature 1995". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2008-10-19. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
8. "The Nobel Peace Prize 1995". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2008-10-21. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
9. "The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1995". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2008-10-07. Retrieved 2008-10-14.