1999 Nobel Prizes

The 1999Nobel Prizes were awarded by the Nobel Foundation, based in Sweden. Six categories were awarded: Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, Peace, and Economic Sciences. ^[1]

Nobel Week took place from December 6 to 12, including programming such as lectures, dialogues, and discussions. The award ceremony and banquet for the Peace Prize were scheduled in Oslo on December 10, while the award ceremony and banquet for all other categories were scheduled for the same day in Stockholm. ^{[2] [3]}

Prizes

Physics

Awardee(s)
	Gerard 't Hooft (b. 1946)	Dutch	"for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics"	[4]
	Martinus J. G. Veltman (1931–2021)

Chemistry

Awardee(s)
	Ahmed Zewail (1946–2016)	Egyptian American	"for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy"	[5]

Physiology or Medicine

Awardee(s)
	Günter Blobel (1936–2018)	United States	"for the discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell"	[6]

Literature

Main article: 1999 Nobel Prize in Literature

Awardee(s)
	Günter Grass (1927–2015)	Germany (born in Free City of Danzig)	"whose frolicsome black fables portray the forgotten face of history"	[7]

Peace

Awardee(s)
	Médecins Sans Frontières	Switzerland	"in recognition of the organization's pioneering humanitarian work on several continents."	[8]

Economic Sciences

Awardee(s)
	Robert Mundell (1932–2021)	Canada	"for his analysis of monetary and fiscal policy under different exchange rate regimes and his analysis of optimum currency areas"	[9]

References

1. "All Nobel Prizes". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 2024-12-11.
2. "The Nobel Peace Prize 1999". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 2024-12-11.
3. "The Nobel Peace Prize 1999". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 2024-12-11.
4. "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1999". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 21 October 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.
5. "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1999". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 8 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
6. "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1999". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 18 July 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
7. "Nobel Prize in Literature 1999". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2008-10-17. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
8. "The Nobel Peace Prize 1999". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2018-08-21. Retrieved 2018-08-21.
9. "The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1999". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2008-10-19. Retrieved 2008-10-14.