2,2-Dichloropropionic acid

Last updated
2,2-Dichloropropionic acid
Dalapon.svg
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
2,2-Dichloropropanoic acid
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.000.840 OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
EC Number
  • 200-923-0
KEGG
PubChem CID
RTECS number
  • UF0690000
UNII
UN number 1760
  • InChI=1S/C3H4Cl2O2/c1-3(4,5)2(6)7/h1H3,(H,6,7)
    Key: NDUPDOJHUQKPAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N
  • CC(C(=O)O)(Cl)Cl
Properties
C3H4Cl2O2
Molar mass 142.96 g·mol−1
Appearancecolorless oil
Density 1.40 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Melting point 20 °C (68 °F; 293 K)
Boiling point 190 °C (374 °F; 463 K)
Hazards
GHS labelling:
GHS-pictogram-acid.svg GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg
Danger
H315, H318, H412
P264, P273, P280, P302+P352, P305+P351+P338, P310, P321, P332+P313, P362, P501
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

2,2-Dichloropropionic acid is the organic compound with the formula CH3CCl2CO2H. [1] It is a colorless liquid that freezes near room temperature.

Occurrence and use

Its sodium salt once was marketed under the name Dalapon as a selective herbicide used to control perennial grasses. [2]

It is an inhibitor of some enzymes that process pyruvate. [3]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Citric acid cycle</span> Interconnected biochemical reactions releasing energy

The citric acid cycle—also known as the Krebs cycle, Szent–Györgyi–Krebs cycle or the TCA cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle)—is a series of biochemical reactions to release the energy stored in nutrients through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. The chemical energy released is available under the form of ATP. The Krebs cycle is used by organisms that respire (as opposed to organisms that ferment) to generate energy, either by anaerobic respiration or aerobic respiration. In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids, as well as the reducing agent NADH, that are used in numerous other reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest components of metabolism. Even though it is branded as a "cycle", it is not necessary for metabolites to follow only one specific route; at least three alternative segments of the citric acid cycle have been recognized.

Pyruvic acid (IUPAC name: 2-oxopropanoic acid, also called acetoic acid) (CH3COCOOH) is the simplest of the alpha-keto acids, with a carboxylic acid and a ketone functional group. Pyruvate, the conjugate base, CH3COCOO, is an intermediate in several metabolic pathways throughout the cell.

Gluconeogenesis (GNG) is a metabolic pathway that results in the biosynthesis of glucose from certain non-carbohydrate carbon substrates. It is a ubiquitous process, present in plants, animals, fungi, bacteria, and other microorganisms. In vertebrates, gluconeogenesis occurs mainly in the liver and, to a lesser extent, in the cortex of the kidneys. It is one of two primary mechanisms – the other being degradation of glycogen (glycogenolysis) – used by humans and many other animals to maintain blood sugar levels, avoiding low levels (hypoglycemia). In ruminants, because dietary carbohydrates tend to be metabolized by rumen organisms, gluconeogenesis occurs regardless of fasting, low-carbohydrate diets, exercise, etc. In many other animals, the process occurs during periods of fasting, starvation, low-carbohydrate diets, or intense exercise.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pyruvate kinase</span> Class of enzymes

Pyruvate kinase is the enzyme involved in the last step of glycolysis. It catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to adenosine diphosphate (ADP), yielding one molecule of pyruvate and one molecule of ATP. Pyruvate kinase was inappropriately named before it was recognized that it did not directly catalyze phosphorylation of pyruvate, which does not occur under physiological conditions. Pyruvate kinase is present in four distinct, tissue-specific isozymes in animals, each consisting of particular kinetic properties necessary to accommodate the variations in metabolic requirements of diverse tissues.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex</span> Three-enzyme complex

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) is a complex of three enzymes that converts pyruvate into acetyl-CoA by a process called pyruvate decarboxylation. Acetyl-CoA may then be used in the citric acid cycle to carry out cellular respiration, and this complex links the glycolysis metabolic pathway to the citric acid cycle. Pyruvate decarboxylation is also known as the "pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction" because it also involves the oxidation of pyruvate.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Oxaloacetic acid</span> Organic compound

Oxaloacetic acid (also known as oxalacetic acid or OAA) is a crystalline organic compound with the chemical formula HO2CC(O)CH2CO2H. Oxaloacetic acid, in the form of its conjugate base oxaloacetate, is a metabolic intermediate in many processes that occur in animals. It takes part in gluconeogenesis, the urea cycle, the glyoxylate cycle, amino acid synthesis, fatty acid synthesis and the citric acid cycle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mitochondrial matrix</span> Space within the inner membrane of the mitochondrion

In the mitochondrion, the matrix is the space within the inner membrane. The word "matrix" stems from the fact that this space is viscous, compared to the relatively aqueous cytoplasm. The mitochondrial matrix contains the mitochondrial DNA, ribosomes, soluble enzymes, small organic molecules, nucleotide cofactors, and inorganic ions.[1] The enzymes in the matrix facilitate reactions responsible for the production of ATP, such as the citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, oxidation of pyruvate, and the beta oxidation of fatty acids.

In oncology, the Warburg effect is the observation that most cancer use aerobic glycolysis for energy generation rather than the mechanisms used by non-cancerous cells. This observation was first published by Otto Heinrich Warburg, who was awarded the 1931 Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme". The existence of the Warburg effect has fuelled popular misconceptions that cancer can be treated by dietary reductions in sugar and carbohydrate.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pyruvate dehydrogenase lipoamide kinase isozyme 1</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Pyruvate dehydrogenase lipoamide kinase isozyme 1, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PDK1 gene. It codes for an isozyme of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Transaminase</span> Class of enzymes

Transaminases or aminotransferases are enzymes that catalyze a transamination reaction between an amino acid and an α-keto acid. They are important in the synthesis of amino acids, which form proteins.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pyruvate decarboxylase</span> Class of enzymes

Pyruvate decarboxylase is an enzyme that catalyses the decarboxylation of pyruvic acid to acetaldehyde. It is also called 2-oxo-acid carboxylase, alpha-ketoacid carboxylase, and pyruvic decarboxylase. In anaerobic conditions, this enzyme participates in the fermentation process that occurs in yeast, especially of the genus Saccharomyces, to produce ethanol by fermentation. It is also present in some species of fish where it permits the fish to perform ethanol fermentation when oxygen is scarce. Pyruvate decarboxylase starts this process by converting pyruvate into acetaldehyde and carbon dioxide. Pyruvate decarboxylase depends on cofactors thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) and magnesium. This enzyme should not be mistaken for the unrelated enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase, an oxidoreductase, that catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA.

Dichloroacetic acid (DCA), sometimes called bichloroacetic acid (BCA), is the organic compound with formula CHCl2CO2H. It is an analogue of acetic acid, in which 2 of the 3 hydrogen atoms of the methyl group have been replaced by chlorine atoms. Like the other chloroacetic acids, it has various practical applications. The salts and esters of dichloroacetic acid are called dichloroacetates.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase</span> Class of enzymes

Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase is a kinase enzyme which acts to inactivate the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase by phosphorylating it using ATP.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Acetolactate synthase</span> Class of enzymes

The acetolactate synthase (ALS) enzyme is a protein found in plants and micro-organisms. ALS catalyzes the first step in the synthesis of the branched-chain amino acids.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Serine dehydratase</span>

Serine dehydratase or L-serine ammonia lyase (SDH) is in the β-family of pyridoxal phosphate-dependent (PLP) enzymes. SDH is found widely in nature, but its structure and properties vary among species. SDH is found in yeast, bacteria, and the cytoplasm of mammalian hepatocytes. SDH catalyzes the deamination of L-serine to yield pyruvate, with the release of ammonia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pyruvate synthase</span> Class of enzymes

In enzymology, a pyruvate synthase is an enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion of pyruvate and acetyl-CoA. It is also called pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFOR).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">PDK4</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Pyruvate dehydrogenase lipoamide kinase isozyme 4, mitochondrial (PDK4) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PDK4 gene. It codes for an isozyme of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">PDK2</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase isoform 2 (PDK2) also known as pyruvate dehydrogenase lipoamide kinase isozyme 2, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PDK2 gene. PDK2 is an isozyme of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shikimate pathway</span> Biosynthetic Pathway

The shikimate pathway is a seven-step metabolic pathway used by bacteria, archaea, fungi, algae, some protozoans, and plants for the biosynthesis of folates and aromatic amino acids. This pathway is not found in mammals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Oxamate</span> Salt of oxamic acid

Oxamate is the carboxylate anion of oxamic acid. Oxamate has a molecular formula of C2H2NO3 and is an isosteric form of pyruvate. Salts and esters of oxamic acid are known collectively as oxamates.

References

  1. Samel, Ulf-Rainer; Kohler, Walter; Gamer, Armin Otto; Keuser, Ullrich (2005). "Propionic Acid and Derivatives". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry . Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a22_223. ISBN   978-3527306732.
  2. "Dalapon". pmep.cce.cornell.edu. Retrieved 2016-08-31. (dead link 24 August 2024)
  3. Halestrap, A. P. (1975). "The mitochondrial pyruvate carrier. Kinetics and specificity for substrates and inhibitors". Biochemical Journal. 148 (1): 85–96. doi:10.1042/bj1480085. PMC   1165509 . PMID   1156402.