A non-binding independence referendum was held in Bougainville,[1] an autonomous region of Papua New Guinea, between 23 November and 7 December 2019. The referendum question presented a choice between greater autonomy within Papua New Guinea and full independence; voters voted overwhelmingly (98.31%) for independence.
The referendum was a result of a 2001 agreement between the government of Papua New Guinea and the Autonomous Bougainville Government that ended a civil war fought from 1988 to 1998. The vote was non-binding, and the government of Papua New Guinea had the final authority of decision on the political status of Bougainville. Observers said that the clear result would make it difficult for Papua New Guinea to ignore or delay the result, but that independence could take years to achieve.
In July 2021, an agreement was reached between the governments of Papua New Guinea and Bougainville, under which Bougainville would gain independence by 2027[2] if it was ratified by Papua New Guinea's parliament.[3] As of November 2024, the parliament of Papua New Guinea has not ratified the agreement.[4]
Discussions about an independent Bougainville had been held as early as 1968. Following a meeting in Port Moresby between the two Bougainville MHAs (Paul Lapun and Donatus Mola) and around 25 Bougainvilleans, a proposal was put forward in the House of Assembly to hold a referendum to decide whether the island should remain part of Papua New Guinea, join the Solomon Islands, or become independent.[5] However, no vote was held. After Papua New Guinea became independent from Australia in 1975,[6] Bougainville was given provincial status in 1976.[7]
In 1988 tensions erupted into a civil war between the Bougainville Revolutionary Army and Papua New Guinea government forces.[6] One key issue was the Panguna mine, which closed in 1989.[7] The civil war ended with a ceasefire in 1998, followed with the 2001 Bougainville Peace Agreement.[8] The agreement established the Autonomous Bougainville Government,[9] and mandated a referendum on the independence of Bougainville to be held 10–15 years after the election of the first Autonomous Bougainville Government, which was slated to be June 2020 at the latest.[6] The referendum would be non-binding, and the final decision would rest with the Papua New Guinean government.[6][10]
In November 2019 Raymond Masono, Vice-President of the Autonomous Region of Bougainville, campaigned that he would plan to reopen the Panguna mine if the referendum resulted in a vote for independence. Panguna had closed in 1989 due to the civil war and is now estimated to hold copper worth up to $60 billion. With independence, all of Papua New Guinea's interests in the mine would transfer to Bougainville, giving it a 60% share in all projects and retaining all mining licences. The remaining 40% would be left for investors to bid on.[11]
Planning
The vote was originally scheduled for 15 June 2019,[12] but was delayed to 17 October amid allegations that the national government was slow to provide most of the promised funding for the referendum.[13] The referendum was delayed again to 23 November at the request of the Bougainville Referendum Commission to ensure the credibility of the referendum roll so more people can vote. Both governments said this delay would be the last.[14] Voting was planned to take place over two weeks, from 23 November to 7 December.[15]
The vote faced a high degree of difficulty to organise, with most of the population in small hamlets and villages, and about half the population being illiterate.[16]
In October 2018 former Taoiseach of IrelandBertie Ahern was appointed to chair the Bougainville Referendum Commission, which was responsible for preparing the referendum.[17]
Voters
In November the BRC completed the official "certified voter list" to be used in polling for the referendum.[18] The final number of eligible voters was 206,731, out of a total population of nearly 300,000.[19] Males undergoing the upe rite of passage were allowed to vote at special male-only polling stations.[20] Bougainvilleans living in other parts of Papua New Guinea, or in Australia and Solomon Islands, were also allowed to vote.[18]
Do you agree for Bougainville to have: (1) Greater Autonomy (2) Independence?[21]
Results
The results of the referendum were announced on 11 December. Over 98% of valid ballots were cast in favor of independence.[22][23] Prior to the election, it was widely expected that the independence option would win,[24][15][25][6] with The Guardian reporting an estimate of 90% in favor of independence.[6]
An official reported that the referendum went "better than we expected," and that voters were enthusiastic,[24] while observers from Divine Word University said that the voting took place in an atmosphere of celebration.[26]
On 24 January 2020 the result was declared "Petition Free", confirming that no appeals had been received within 40 days against the conduct or the result of the referendum and that none could be accepted in future.[27] On the same day, the December result was commended by the Referendum Commission to the governments and the referendum process formally closed.[28]
Aftermath
Following the announcements of the result, John Momis, President of the Autonomous Region of Bougainville, said, "at least psychologically, we feel liberated." Papua New Guinea's Minister for Bougainville Affairs Puka Temu said, "the outcome is a credible one," but also stated that Papua New Guinea should have time to absorb the result.[9] As the referendum was non-binding, independence will need to be negotiated between leaders from Bougainville and Papua New Guinea. The final decision on Bougainville's status depends on the National Parliament of Papua New Guinea. Rod McGuirk of Time noted that "the process of becoming a separate nation could take years to achieve."[29]
Papua New Guinean Prime Minister James Marape acknowledged the referendum results and stated that he would only commit his government to develop "a road map that leads to a lasting peace settlement" in consultation with Bougainville authorities. Papuan New Guinean officials were concerned that Bougainvillean independence would set a precedent for copycat secession movements in other provinces such as East New Britain, New Ireland, and Enga.[30]
Jonathan Pryke, director of the Pacific Islands program at the Lowy Institute in Sydney, stated that the referendum's results were disadvantageous for Papua New Guinea, adding that, "[i]f there were to be a smaller majority, say 55 or 65 percent, the PNG government could have found a way to justify really stretching this out and having a period of negotiation that could last years or decades. Now with such a phenomenal majority, it’s much harder for them to do that."[31]
Negotiations on the outcome of the referendum began on 17 May 2021.[32] Bougainville President Ishmael Toroama, who took over from Momis in 2020, stated his wish to see Bougainville become independent by June 2025.[33] Marape for his part cautioned against setting a specific timetable.[34] While Marape and his government have recognized the results of the referendum, he has expressed reluctance at granting Bougainville independence for fear it will potentially result in the breakup of the country. Toroama warned that anything short of independence was not an option for Bougainville.[34]
In the meantime, Toroama launched the Independence Ready Mission to prepare the region for independence. He expressed hope of obtaining self-government by 2022, a prelude to full sovereignty.[35][36] On 7 July 2021, Toroama and Marape announced that the region will become independent by 2027.[37][2] However, the agreement requires ratification from Papua New Guinea's parliament before the region is granted independence.[3] In early December 2021, Toroama appealed for the process to advance, expressing dissatisfaction over the pace of negotiations.[38] This led to a joint statement by Marape and Toroama on giving Bougainville independence between 2025 and 2027 via a framework known as the Era Kone Covenant that will detail the constitutional process, seek approval from both Papua New Guinea and Bougainville's cabinets by 31 January 2022, and begin two months later if accepted.[39] On 25 February 2022 a commission was sworn in to draft a constitution for Bougainville.[40] In April 2022, the Autonomous Bougainville Government and the Government of Papua New Guinea finalised the Era Kone Covenant on the mechanisms by which the Parliament of Papua New Guinea will ratify the referendum results. Under the terms of the agreement, the ratification process should begin in 2023 with independence occurring no earlier than 2025 and no later than 2027.[41][42] The Papua New Guinean parliament is to take up the issue in the 2023 session[43][needs update] and the parliamentary committee on Bougainville affairs, which was suspended for the referendum, will resume.[44]
In April 2024, Papua New Guinea prime minister James Marape stated that his government is preparing to bring forward instruments to implement the referendum results in the Parliament of Papua New Guinea.[45]
A draft constitution for a Republic of Bougainville was published by the Autonomous Bougainville Government in May 2024. Although it is unlikely that an independent Bougainville will be created in 2024, it is a possibility; there is some contention between Parliament and Bougainville. The former prefers the required majority of parliamentary voting for acceptance of the creation of an independent State of Bougainville to be 2/3, while the latter wants it to simply be over 1/2.[46]
Papua New Guinea, officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea, is a country in Oceania that comprises the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and its offshore islands in Melanesia. It shares its only land border with Indonesia to the west and its other close neighbours are Australia to the south and the Solomon Islands to the east. Its capital, located on its southern coast, is Port Moresby. The country is the world's third largest island country, with an area of 462,840 km2 (178,700 sq mi).
The politics of Papua New Guinea takes place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic multi-party system, whereby the prime minister is the head of government. Papua New Guinea is an independent Commonwealth realm, with the monarch serving as head of state and a governor-general, nominated by the National Parliament, serving as their representative. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and parliament.
Bougainville, officially the Autonomous Region of Bougainville, is an autonomous region in Papua New Guinea. The largest island is Bougainville Island, while the region also includes Buka Island and a number of outlying islands and atolls. The current capital is Buka, situated on Buka Island.
Bougainville Island is the main island of the Autonomous Region of Bougainville, which is part of Papua New Guinea. Its land area is 9,300 km2 (3,600 sq mi). The population of the whole province, including nearby islets such as the Carterets, is approximately 300,000. The highest point is Mount Balbi, on the main island, at 2,715 m (8,907 ft).
Bougainville, an autonomous region of Papua New Guinea (PNG), has been inhabited by humans for at least 29,000 years, according to artefacts found in Kilu Cave on Buka Island. The region is named after Bougainville Island, the largest island of the Solomon Islands archipelago, but also contains a number of smaller islands.
Bougainville Copper Limited (BCL) is a mining company of Papua New Guinea (PNG) that is listed on the Australian Securities Exchange (ASX). BCL operated the copper, gold and silver mine at the Panguna mine on Bougainville Island in PNG from 1971 to 15 May 1989, when mining operations were officially halted due to militant activity. The mine has remained closed since then.
The Flag of Bougainville is a symbol of the Autonomous Region of Bougainville in Papua New Guinea. It was originally adopted in 1975 by the secessionist Republic of the North Solomons.
The Panguna mine is a large copper mine located in Bougainville, Papua New Guinea. Panguna represents one of the largest copper reserves in Papua New Guinea and in the world, having an estimated reserve of one billion tonnes of ore copper and twelve million ounces of gold. The mine has been closed since 1989 and has ceased all production.
The Republic of the North Solomons was an unrecognised state that purported to exist for about six months in what is now the Autonomous Region of Bougainville, Papua New Guinea (PNG). It involved:
a 'Unilateral Declaration of Independence of the Republic of North Solomons' and a failed bid for self-determination at the UN
Ezekiel Massat is a Bougainvillean lawyer and politician. Massat was appointed the Vice President of the Autonomous Region of Bougainville by President James Tanis on January 19, 2009. Bougainville is an autonomous region within Papua New Guinea.
General elections were held in the Autonomous Region of Bougainville in Papua New Guinea from 6 to 24 May 2010.
Patrick Nisira is a Bougainvillean politician. He was Vice President of the Autonomous Region of Bougainville under President John Momis from 10 June 2010 to 22 February 2017. He was reappointed as vice president by Ishmael Toroama on 25 September 2020.
The Bougainville conflict, also known as the Bougainville Civil War, was a multi-layered armed conflict fought from 1988 to 1998 in the North Solomons Province of Papua New Guinea (PNG) between PNG and the secessionist forces of the Bougainville Revolutionary Army (BRA), and between the BRA and other armed groups on Bougainville. The conflict was described by Bougainvillean President John Momis as the largest conflict in Oceania since the end of World War II in 1945, with an estimated 15,000–20,000 Bougainvilleans dead, although lower estimates place the toll at around 1,000–2,000.
Ishmael Toroama is a Bougainvillean politician who was elected President of the Autonomous Region of Bougainville in 2020. He is a former commander in the Bougainville Revolutionary Army.
Mathias Roman Salas is a Bougainvillean politician and former Cabinet minister. Salas is a former banker.
Events in the year 2021 in Papua New Guinea.
General elections were held in Papua New Guinea from 4 to 22 July 2022 to elect the members of the National Parliament for a new five-year term.
Bougainville is an autonomous region in Papua New Guinea. At regional level, Bougainville elects a President and a House of Representatives. A non-binding independence referendum was held in 2019. In this referendum, 98% of voters voted in favour of independence.
General elections will be held in Papua New Guinea at some point in or before 2027 to elect members of the National Parliament.
Joseph Watawi was the first Vice-President of the Autonomous Region of Bougainville, an autonomous island of Papua New Guinea. After playing an important role in the island's conflict and peace process, Watawi was elected to office and served under the region's first President Joseph Kabui from 2005 to 2007.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply. Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.
