20th Space Surveillance Squadron

20th Space Surveillance Squadron
Squadron emblem
Active	1966 – present
Country	United States
Branch	United States Space Force
Type	Space operations
Role	Space surveillance
Size	250 personnel
Part of	Space Delta 2
Home base	Eglin AFB, Florida
Motto(s)	"Detect – Track – Identify"
Mascot(s)	Eagles
Systems	AN/FPS-85 radar Electro-optical deep space surveillance sensors Space Fence
Decorations	Air Force Outstanding Unit Award
Commanders
Current commander	Lt Col Richard Fancher
Insignia
Former 20th Space Control Squadron emblem

The 20th Space Surveillance Squadron (20 SPSS) is a Space Delta 2 unit located at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida with the mission to execute multiplatform, tactical space warfighting domain characterization, recognition, and responsiveness to achieve 21st Space Wing and United States Space Command intent. The unit, formerly designated the 20th Space Control Squadron (20 SPCS), was renamed on 25 March 2022.

History

Eglin AFB Site C-6's squadron of the 9th Aerospace Defense Division activated in September 1968. and was turned over to Air Force Systems Command on 20 September 1968, and became operational in December 1968.

Eglin Site C-6 was assigned to Aerospace Defense Command on 20 December 1968. In 1972 20% of the site's "surveillance capability…became dedicated to search for SLBMs" and was subsequently renamed the 20th Missile Warning Squadron (the USAF SLBM Phased Array Radar System was initiated in November 1972 by the JCS while the Army's MSR and PAR phased arrays for missile defense were under construction.) The AN/FPS-85 facility was expanded in 1974, ^[1] and "a scanning program to detect" SLBM warheads was installed in 1975. ^[2] Alaska's AN/FPS-108 Cobra Dane phased array site was completed in 1976 and from 1979 until 1983, Site C-6 was assigned to Strategic Air Command's Directorate of Space and Missile Warning Systems (SAC/SX)--as were the new PAVE PAWS phased array sites operational in 1980.

On 25 March 2022, the squadron was renamed the 20th Space Surveillance Squadron (20 SPSS) in a ceremony officiated by the Space Delta 2 Commander, Colonel Mark Brock.

Space Command

In 1983 Eglin Site C-6 transferred to Space Command (later renamed Air Force Space Command), and the "FPS-85 assumed a deep space role in November 1988 after receiving a range-extension upgrade enabling integration of many pulses." With the addition of additional missile warning sites becoming active, the squadron eliminated its missile warning mission, and the surveillance squadron name was restored in 1987. The unit was renamed the 20th Space surveillance squadron when a "new radar control computer" was installed at the site in 1994. By 1998, the site was providing space surveillance on "38 percent of the near-earth catalogue" of space objects (ESC's "SND C2 SPO was the System Program Office.) "A complete modernization…of the 1960s signal-processing system was being studied in 1999", and in 2002 Site C-6 was tracking "over 95 percent of all earth satellites daily."^{[ citation needed ]} The squadron was renamed the 20th Space Control Squadron in February 2003. In 2004, significant components of Naval Space Command were transferred to the 20th Space Control Squadron, including components of the former Naval Space Surveillance System (renamed the Air Force Space Surveillance System). ^[3] By 2011 the site's "16 million observations of satellites per year" (rate of 30.4/minute) was "30 percent of the space surveillance network's total workload".^{[ citation needed ]}

United States Space Force

In September 2020, the 20 SPCS joined the newly created United States Space Force. ^[4]

Col Mark Brock and Lt Col Alfred T. Maynard officiate the renaming of the unit to the 20th Space Surveillance Squadron.

GEODSS

In 2016, the 20th Space Control Squadron acquired the three Ground-based Electro-Optical Deep Space Surveillance (GEODSS) sites. GEODSS is an optical system that uses telescopes, low-light level TV cameras, and computers. It replaced an older system of six 20 inch (half meter) Baker-Nunn cameras which used photographic film.

There are three operational GEODSS sites that fall under the 20th Space Control Squadron:

• Detachment 1 Socorro, New Mexico 33°49′02″N 106°39′36″W / 33.8172°N 106.6599°W / 33.8172; -106.6599
• Detachment 2 Diego Garcia, British Indian Ocean Territory 7°24′42″S 72°27′08″E / 7.41173°S 72.45222°E / -7.41173; 72.45222.
• Detachment 3 AMOS, Maui, Hawaii 20°42′32″N 156°15′28″W / 20.7088°N 156.2578°W / 20.7088; -156.2578

GEODSS tracks objects in deep space, or from about 3,000 mi (4,800 km) out to beyond geosynchronous altitudes. GEODSS requires nighttime and clear weather tracking because of the inherent limitations of an optical system. Each site has three telescopes. The telescopes have a 40-inch (1.0 m) aperture and a two-degree field of view. The telescopes are able to "see" objects 10,000 times dimmer than the human eye can detect. This sensitivity, and sky background during daytime that masks satellites reflected light, dictates that the system operate at night. As with any ground-based optical system, cloud cover and local weather conditions directly influence its effectiveness. GEODSS system can track objects as small as a basketball more than 20,000 miles (32,000 km) in space or a chair at 35,000 miles (56,000 km), and is a vital part of Space Command's Space Surveillance Network. Each GEODSS site tracks approximately 3,000 objects per night out of 9,900 object that are regularly tracked and accounted for. Objects crossing the International Space Station (ISS) orbit within 20 miles (32 km) will cause the ISS to adjust their orbit to avoid collision. The oldest object tracked is Object #5 (Vanguard 1) launched in 1958. ^[5]

List of commanders

• Lt Col James J. Hogan ^[6]
• Lt Col Shane M. Connary
• Lt Col G. McCann
• Lt Col Thomas G. Falzarano, July 2008 – June 2010 ^[7]
• Lt Col George Tromba, June 2010 – June 2012 ^[8]
• Lt Col Mitch Katosic, June 2012 – June 2014 ^[9]
• Lt Col Mafwa Kuvibidila, June 2014 – June 2016 ^[10]
• Lt Col Raj Agrawal, June 2016 – 26 June 2018 ^[11]
• Lt Col David Tipton, 26 June 2018 – 16 July 2020 ^[12]
• Lt Col Alfred Maynard, 16 July 2020 – June 2022 ^[13]
• Lt Col David Tipton, 26 June 2018 – 16 July 2020 ^[12]
• Lt Col Richard Fancher, June 2022 – present ^[14]

Decorations

• Air Force Outstanding Unit Award
  • 1 January 2000 – 31 August 2001 ^[15]
  • 1 January 1999 – 31 December 1999 ^[16]
  • 1 January 1998 – 31 December 1998 ^[17]
  • 1 October 1997 – 30 September 1999 ^[18]
  • 1 October 1995 – 30 September 1997 ^[19]
  • 1 September 1991 – 31 August 1993 ^[20]
  • 1 September 1990 – 31 August 1991 ^[21]
  • 1 September 1988 – 31 August 1990 ^[22]

See also

• No. 1 Remote Sensor Unit RAAF

References

1. "Historical American Engineering Record, Cape Cod Air Station" (PDF). Library of Congress. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 July 2014.
2. "20th Space Control Squadron Program Celebrates Ruby Anniversary". Eglin Air Force Base. 28 January 2009. Archived from the original on 30 June 2021.
3. Wagner, Gary R. (24 October 2004). "Navy Transfers Space Surveillance Mission to Air Force". Navy newsstand. Retrieved 13 September 2014.
4. "Eglin Squadron Joins Space Force". Eglin Air Force Base. 14 October 2020. Archived from the original on 16 October 2020.
5. "Vanguard Satellite, 1958". NASA. 17 March 2015. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
6. "20th Space Control Squadron" (PDF). USAF Unit Histories.
7. "Col. Thomas G. Falzarano". peterson.af.mil. Archived from the original on 25 January 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
8. "George Tromba". LinkedIn .
9. "Mitch Kotosic". LinkedIn .
10. "Col. Kuvibidila assumes command of the 821st Air Base Group".
11. "Raj Agrawal". LinkedIn .
12. "Facebook post". www.facebook.com.
13. "20 SPCS welcomes new commander". Peterson Air Force Base. Archived from the original on 11 January 2021.
14. Richard Fancher LinkedIn profile ^{[ user-generated source ]}
15. AFSPC Special Order GA-10, 2001
16. AFSPC Special Order GA-97, 2000
17. AFSPC Special Order GA-62, 6 December 1999
18. AFSPC Special Order GA-58, 6 December 1999
19. AFSPC Special Order GA-09, 1 November 1997
20. AFSPC Special Order GA-30, 1994
21. AFSPC Special Order GA-95, 1992
22. AFSPC Special Order GA-45, 1990