4th Quebec Legislature

Legislature of Quebec Législature du Québec
Fourth Legislature, 1878 - 1881
Type
Type	Bicameral
Houses	Legislative Council Legislative Assembly
Term limits	Four years, subject to earlier dissolution.
History
Founded	July 1, 1867
Preceded by	Third Legislature of Quebec, 1875-1878
Succeeded by	Fifth Legislature of Quebec, 1881-1886
Leadership
Monarch	Victoria
Lieutenant Governor	Luc Letellier de St-Just (1876-1879) Théodore Robitaille (1879-1884)
Premier	Henri-Gustave Joly de Lotbinière (Liberal) (1878-1879) Joseph-Adolphe Chapleau (Conservative) (1879-1882)
Speaker of the Legislative Council	Henry Starnes (Liberal) (1878-1879) John Jones Ross (Conservative) (1879-1882)
Speaker of the Legislative Assembly	Arthur Turcotte (Independent Conservative) (1878-1882)
Leader of the Opposition	Joseph-Adolphe Chapleau (Conservative) (1878-1879) Henri-Gustave Joly de Lotbinière (1879-1882) Liberal
Structure
Seats	Legislative Council: 24 Legislative Assembly: 65
Legislative Council political groups	Conservatives 21 Liberals 2 Vacant 1
Legislative Assembly political groups	Conservatives 32 Liberals 31 Independent Conservatives 2
Elections
Legislative Council voting system	Life appointments
Legislative Assembly voting system	Single member constituencies First-past-the-post voting Secret ballot Adult male franchise with property qualification
Constitution
British North America Act, 1867

The Fourth Legislature of Quebec was the provincial legislature of Quebec, Canada that existed from 1878 to 1881, following the general election of 1878.

The 1878 election was called by Premier Henri-Gustave Joly de Lotbinière, leader of the Quebec Liberal Party, after he had been installed in office by the Lieutenant Governor Luc Letellier de St-Just. The Lieutenant Governor had dismissed the former Conservative Premier, Charles Boucher de Boucherville, over a dispute about railway legislation proposed by the Boucher de Boucherville government.

Since the Liberals did not have a majority in the Legislative Assembly, Joly de Lotbinière called an election immediately. The election resulted in a hung parliament, with neither party having a majority in the Legislative Assembly. Joly de Lotbinière was able to stay in office for one year with a minority government, supported by two Independent Conservatives, but lost a confidence vote in 1879. The Quebec Conservative Party led by Joseph-Adolphe Chapleau then formed a majority government for the remainder of the term of the Legislature.

The Legislature held four annual sessions, with the first session called on June 4, 1878. The Legislature was dissolved on November 7, 1881, leading to the 1881 general election on December 2, 1881.

Structure of the Legislature

The Legislature of Quebec was created by the British North America Act, 1867 . It consisted of the Lieutenant Governor of Quebec, the Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council. ^[1] The Lieutenant Governor was appointed by the Governor General of Canada for a term of five years. ^[2] The Legislative Assembly consisted of sixty-five members, elected in single-member constituencies by first-past-the-post elections. ^[3] The Legislative Assembly was to last for four years, subject to being dissolved earlier by the Lieutenant Governor. ^[4] The Legislative Council consisted of twenty-four members, appointed for life by the Government of Quebec. ^[5]

Elections and qualifications

Right to vote

The right to vote in elections to the Legislative Assembly was not universal. Only male British subjects (by birth or naturalisation), aged 21 or older, were eligible to vote, and only if they met a property qualification. For residents of larger cities, the qualification was being the owner or occupant of real property assessed at three hundred dollars or more, or for tenants, an annual rent of thirty dollars or more. For any other municipality, the qualification was being an owner or occupant of real property assessed at two hundred dollars or more, or twenty dollars in annual value. For tenants in smaller centers, the qualification was paying an annual rent of twenty dollars or more. ^[6]

Women were completely barred from voting. ^[6]

Judges and many municipal and provincial officials were also barred from voting, particularly officials with law enforcement duties, or duties relating to public revenue. ^[7] The Returning Officer in each riding was also barred from voting, except when needed to give a casting vote in the event of a tie vote. ^[8]

Qualification for the Legislative Assembly

Candidates for election to the Legislative Assembly had to meet stricter qualifications than voters. In addition to being male, twenty-one or older, and a subject of Her Majesty (by birth or naturalisation), a candidate had to be free from all legal incapacity, and be the proprietor in possession of lands or tenements worth at least $2,000, over and above all encumbrances and charges on the property. ^[9]

Women were completely barred from membership in the Assembly. ^[9]

Qualification for the Legislative Council

The qualifications for the members of the Legislative Council were the same as for the members of the Senate of Canada. ^[10] Those requirements were:

1. Be of the full age of thirty years;
2. Be a British subject, either natural-born or naturalised;
3. Possess real property in Quebec worth at least $4,000, over and above any debts or incumbrances on the property;
4. Have a net worth of at least $4,000, over and above debts and liabilities;
5. Reside in Quebec;
6. Reside in, or possess his qualifying real property, in the division he was named to represent. ^[11]

The provisions of the British North America Act, 1867 did not explicitly bar women from being called to the Senate of Canada. However, until the Persons Case, it was assumed that women could not be called to the Senate, and were thus also barred from the Legislative Council. In any event, no woman was ever appointed to the Legislative Council. ^[12]

Events of the Fourth Legislature

The initial lack of a clear majority in the Legislative Assembly for either party led to political instability for the first eighteen months of the term of the Fourth Legislature. The Liberal government of Premier Joly de Lotbinière depended on the support of the two Independent Conservatives. The Liberals agreed to elect one of the two independents, Arthur Turcotte, as Speaker of the Assembly, a highly coveted position. Given the narrow majority and factiousness within the Liberal caucus itself, Joly de Lotbinière's government was uncertain of support from vote to vote in the Assembly, which affected his ability to implement major legislation. Several times, his government only stayed in office by a vote from Turcotte as Speaker. ^[13] Joly de Lotbinière's government was also supported from time to time by William Evan Price, who was nominally a Conservative but often voted in support of the government. ^[14]

On the Conservative side, the former house leader of the party in the Legislative Assembly, Auguste-Réal Angers, lost his seat in the general election. This event badly weakened the authority of the leader of the party, former premier Boucher de Boucherville, who sat in the unelected Legislative Council. He was forced to cede the leadership of the party to Joseph-Adolphe Chapleau, who became the Leader of the Opposition. ^[15]

The next event was the dismissal of Lieutenant Governor Luc Letellier de Saint-Just by the new federal Conservative government of Sir John A. Macdonald. Conservatives in Quebec, led by Chapleau, had been pressuring Macdonald to dismiss Letellier de Saint-Just as soon as the Macdonald government had defeated Alexander Mackenzie's Liberal government in the 1878 federal election. ^[16] Macdonald replaced Letellier de Saint-Just with an equally partisan Conservative, Théodore Robitaille. ^{[17] [13]}

By the fall of 1879, Joly de Lotbinère's government was badly weakened. A proposal to abolish the Legislative Council as an austerity measure resulted in a revolt in the Legislative Council. Urged by Chapleau, the Council refused to pass the provincial budget. ^[16] Chapleau attracted the support of five Liberal members of the Legislative Assembly, who crossed the floor and joined the Conservatives, giving Chapleau a majority in the Assembly. ^{[13] [18]} On October 29, 1879, the Assembly passed a motion calling for a coalition government, essentially a motion of non-confidence, by a vote of 35 to 29. ^[18] Joly de Lotbinière was confident that he could win an election on the issues. He advised the new Lieutenant Governor, Robitaille, to dissolve the Assembly and call a general election. ^[17] On October 30, 1879, Robitaille refused the dissolution. ^[18] Joly de Lotbinière resigned and the Lieutenant Governor called on Chapleau to form a government. ^[17] The Chapleau government was sworn in on October 31, 1878. ^[18] Since he now had a working majority, Chapleau did not call an election, instead leading the Conservative government for the remaining term of the Legislature. Like the Conservatives the previous year, the Liberals accused the Lieutenant Governor of performing a coup d'état. ^[17]

Legislative Assembly

Party standings

The 1878 election returned a hung parliament. Neither party initially had a majority in the Legislative Assembly. The Conservatives had one seat more than the Liberals, but there were also two independent Conservatives. With their support, Premier Joly de Lotbinière was initially able to stay in office.

Affiliation		Members
	Conservative Party	32
	Liberal Party	31
	Independent Conservative	2
Total		65
Liberal Majority		1

Members of the Legislative Assembly

The following candidates were elected to the Legislative Assembly in the 1878 election. ^[19] The Premiers of Quebec are indicated by Bold italics. The Speaker of the Legislative Assembly is indicated by small caps. Cabinet Ministers are indicated by Italics.

	Name	Party	Riding
	Robert Greenshields Meikle	Liberal	Argenteuil
	Narcisse Blais	Liberal	Bagot
	Joseph Poirier	Liberal	Beauce
	Célestin Bergevin	Conservative	Beauharnois
	Pierre Boutin	Liberal	Bellechasse
	Joseph Robillard [note 1]	Conservative	Berthier
	Joseph-Israël Tarte	Conservative	Bonaventure
	William Warren Lynch [note 2]	Conservative	Brome
	Michel-Dosithée-Stanislas Martel [note 3]	Conservative	Chambly
	Dominique-Napoléon Saint-Cyr	Conservative	Champlain
	Onésime Gauthier	Conservative	Charlevoix
	Édouard Laberge	Liberal	Châteauguay
	William Evan Price [note 4]	Independent Conservative	Chicoutimi et Saguenay
	Willian Sawyer	Conservative	Compton
	Charles Champagne	Conservative	Deux-Montagnes
	Nicodème Audet	Conservative	Dorchester
	William John Watts	Liberal	Drummond et Arthabaska
	Edmund James Flynn [note 5]	Liberal 1878-1879	Gaspé
	Conservative 1879-1881
	Louis Beaubien	Conservative	Hochelaga
	Alexander Cameron	Liberal	Huntingdon
	Louis Molleur	Liberal	Iberville
	Jean-Baptiste Couillard Dupuis	Liberal	Islet
	Narcisse Lecavalier	Conservative	Jacques Cartier
	Vincent-Paul Lavallée	Conservative	Joliette
	Charles-Antoine-Ernest Gagnon	Liberal	Kamouraska
	Léon-Benoît-Alfred Charlebois	Conservative	Laprairie
	Onuphe Peltier [note 6]	Conservative	L'Assomption
	Louis-Onésime Loranger [note 7]	Conservative	Laval
	Étienne-Théodore Pâquet [note 8]	Liberal 1878-1879	Lévis
	Conservative 1879-1881
	Henri-Gustave Joly de Lotbinière	Liberal	Lotbinière
	Édouard Caron	Conservative	Maskinongé
	George Irvine	Liberal	Mégantic
	Ernest Racicot [note 9]	Liberal 1878-1879	Missisquoi
	Conservative 1879-1881
	Octave Magnan	Conservative	Montcalm
	Louis-Napoléon Fortin [note 10]	Liberal 1878-1878	Montmagny
	Conservative 1879-1881
	Charles Langelier	Liberal	Montmorency
	Horatio Admiral Nelson	Liberal	Montréal Centre
	Louis-Olivier Taillon	Conservative	Montréal Est
	James McShane	Liberal	Montreal Ouest
	Laurent-David Lafontaine	Liberal	Napierville
	Charles-Édouard Houde	Conservative	Nicolet
	Louis Duhamel	Conservative	Ottawa
	Levi Ruggles Church	Conservative	Pontiac
	François Langelier	Liberal	Portneuf
	David Alexander Ross	Liberal	Québec-Comté
	Rémi-Ferdinand Rinfret dit Malouin	Liberal	Québec-Centre
	Joseph Shehyn	Liberal	Québec-Est
	Arthur H. Murphy	Liberal	Québec-Ouest
	Michel Mathieu	Conservative	Richelieu
	Jacques Picard	Conservative	Richmond et Wolfe
	Alexandre Chauveau [note 11]	Liberal 1878-1879	Rimouski
	Conservative 1879-1880
	Solime Bertrand [note 12]	Conservative	Rouville
	Pierre Bachand [note 13]	Liberal	Saint-Hyacinthe
	Félix-Gabriel Marchand	Liberal	St. Jean
	François-Sévère Desaulniers	Conservative	St. Maurice
	Joseph Lafontaine	Liberal	Shefford
	Joseph Gibb Robertson [note 14]	Conservative	Sherbrooke
	William Duckett	Conservative	Soulanges
	Henry Lovell	Liberal	Stanstead
	Georges-Honoré Deschênes	Conservative	Témiscouata
	Joseph-Adolphe Chapleau [note 15]	Conservative	Terrebonne
	Henri-René-Arthur Turcotte	Independent Conservative	Trois-Rivières
	Émery Lalonde, Sr.	Conservative	Vaudreuil
	Jean-Baptiste Brousseau [note 16]	Liberal	Verchères
	Jonathan Saxton Campbell Würtele	Conservative	Yamaska

Reasons for Vacancies

1. Election annulled, November 30, 1880. ^[20]
2. Appointed to Cabinet on October 31, 1879, triggering a ministerial by-election. ^[21]
3. Election annulled, April 30, 1879. ^[22]
4. Resigned due to ill-health, February 13, 1880. ^{[14] [23]}
5. Elected as a Liberal in the general election of 1878. One of five Liberals who crossed the floor to the Conservatives, bringing down the Liberal government, October 29, 1879. Appointed to Cabinet on October 31, 1879, triggering a ministerial by-election. ^[24]
6. Died in office, May 10, 1880. ^[25]
7. Appointed to Cabinet on October 31, 1879, triggering a ministerial by-election. ^[26]
8. Elected as a Liberal in the general election of 1878. One of five Liberals who crossed the floor to the Conservatives, bringing down the Liberal government, October 29, 1879. Appointed to Cabinet on October 31, 1879, triggering a ministerial by-election. ^[27]
9. Elected as a Liberal in the general election of 1878. One of five Liberals who crossed the floor to the Conservatives, bringing down the Liberal government, October 29, 1879. ^[28]
10. Elected as a Liberal in the general election of 1878. One of five Liberals who crossed the floor to the Conservatives, bringing down the Liberal government, October 29, 1879. ^[29]
11. Elected as a Liberal in the general election of 1878. One of five Liberals who crossed the floor to the Conservatives, bringing down the Liberal government, October 29, 1879. Resigned seat on being appointed judge of the Sessions of the Peace, January 16, 1880. ^[30]
12. Election annulled, May 21, 1879. ^[31]
13. Died in office, November 3, 1878. ^[32]
14. Appointed to Cabinet on October 31, 1879, triggering a ministerial by-election. ^[33]
15. Appointed Premier of Quebec on October 31, 1879, triggering a ministerial by-election. ^[34]
16. Election annulled by the Superior Court, June 8, 1878. ^[35]

By-elections

There were fourteen by-elections during the term of the Fourth Legislature. ^{[19] [36]} Premier of Quebec is indicated by bold italics. Cabinet ministers are indicated by italics.

By-elections, 1879-1880

	Name	Party	Riding	Reason for Vacancy	By-election Date
	Honoré Mercier	Liberal	Saint-Hyacinthe	Incumbent died in office.	June 3, 1879
	Flavien-Guillaume Bouthillier	Liberal	Rouville	Election of incumbent annulled.	June 18, 1879
	Raymond Préfontaine	Liberal	Chambly	Election of incumbent annulled.	June 26, 1879
	Achille Larose	Liberal	Verchères	Election of incumbent annulled.	July 17, 1879
	Joseph-Adolphe Chapleau	Conservative	Terrebonne	Appointed Premier of Quebec, triggering a ministerial by-election. Re-elected by acclamation.	November 13, 1879
	Louis-Onésime Loranger	Conservative	Laval	Appointed to Cabinet, triggering a ministerial by-election. Re-elected by acclamation.	November 13, 1879
	William Warren Lynch	Conservative	Brome	Appointed to Cabinet on October 31, 1879, triggering a ministerial by-election.	November 20, 1879
	Étienne-Théodore Pâquet	Conservative	Lévis	Appointed to Cabinet on October 31, 1879, triggering a ministerial by-election.	November 20, 1879
	Joseph Gibb Robertson	Conservative	Sherbrooke	Appointed to Cabinet on October 31, 1879, triggering a ministerial by-election. Re-elected by acclamation.	November 20, 1879
	Edmund James Flynn	Conservative	Gaspé	Appointed to Cabinet on October 31, 1879, triggering a ministerial by-election. Re-elected by acclamation.	December 6, 1879
	Joseph Parent	Liberal	Rimouski	Incumbent appointed to the Sessions of the Peace	March 3, 1880
	Joseph-Élisée Beaudet	Conservative	Chicoutimi-Saguenay	Incumbent resigned due to ill health.	March 27, 1880
	Joseph Marion	Conservative	L'Assomption	Incumbent died in office.	June 4, 1880
	Joseph Robillard	Conservative	Berthier	Election in the general election annulled.	December 30, 1880

Legislative Council

Party standings

The Conservatives had a strong majority in the Legislative Council throughout the Fourth Legislature.

Standings at First Session, 1878

Party		Members
	Conservatives	21
	Liberals	3
Total:		24
Conservative Majority:		18

Members during the Fourth Legislature

The Speakers of the Legislative Council are indicated by small caps. Cabinet members are indicated by italics.

Members 1878-1881

Legislative Council Divisions	Member		Party	Term Start	Term End
Alma		Beaudry, Jean-Louis	Conservative	November 2, 1867	June 25, 1886
Bedford		Wood, Thomas	Conservative	November 2, 1867	November 13, 1898
De la Durantaye		Rémillard, Édouard	Liberal	May 27, 1878	January 31, 1887
De la Vallière		Proulx, Jean-Baptiste-Georges	Liberal	November 2, 1867	January 27, 1884
De Lanaudière		Dostaler, Pierre-Eustache	Conservative	November 2, 1867	January 4, 1884
De Lorimier		Laviolette, Joseph-Gaspard	Conservative	May 1, 1876	March 11, 1897
De Salaberry		Starnes, Henry	Liberal	November 2, 1867	March 3, 1896
Grandville		Dionne, Élisée	Conservative	November 2, 1867	August 22, 1892
Gulf		Savage, Thomas	Conservative	November 19, 1873	February 27, 1887
Inkerman		Bryson, George (Sr.)	Conservative	November 2, 1867	January 13, 1900
Kennebec		Gaudet, Joseph	Conservative	October 30, 1877	August 4, 1882
La Salle		Panet, Louis	Conservative	November 2, 1867	May 15, 1884
Lauzon		Chaussegros de Léry, Alexandre-René	Conservative	November 2, 1867	December 19, 1880
Mille-Isles		Lemaire, Félix-Hyacinthe†	Conservative	November 2, 1867	December 17, 1879
		Vacant		December 18, 1879	June 2, 1880
		Jean-Baptiste Lefebvre de Villemure	Conservative	June 3, 1880	March 4, 1882
Montarville		Boucher de Boucherville, Charles-Eugène	Conservative	November 2, 1867	September 10, 1915
Repentigny		Archambeault, Louis	Conservative	November 2, 1867	June 6, 1888
Rigaud		Prud'homme, Eustache	Conservative	November 2, 1867	April 28, 1888
Rougemont		Boucher de la Bruère, Pierre	Conservative	October 30, 1877	April 5, 1895
Saurel		Roy, Pierre-Euclide	Conservative	November 19, 1873	October 31, 1882
Shawinigan		Ross, John Jones	Conservative	November 2, 1867	May 4, 1901
Stadacona		Hearn, John	Conservative	October 30, 1877	February 19, 1892
The Laurentides		Gingras, Jean-Élie	Conservative	November 2, 1867	December 10, 1887
Victoria		Ferrier, James	Conservative	November 2, 1867	May 30, 1888
Wellington		Webb, William Hoste	Conservative	October 7, 1875	March 11, 1887

Vacancies of less than one month are not shown.
† Died in office.

Executive Council during the Fourth Legislature

There were two different ministries during the term of the Fourth Legislature, under Premiers Joly de Lotbinière (1878-1879) and Chapleau (1879-1881).

Fourth Quebec Ministry: Joly de Lotbinière Cabinet (1878 - 1879)

Henri-Gustave Joly de Lotbinière, Fourth Premier of Quebec

Following the election of 1878, Joly de Lotbinière retained much of his Cabinet in the new Legislature, but carried out a Cabinet shuffle the next year, in 1879. In 1879, Joly de Lotbinière appointed Honoré Mercier to cabinet, even though Mercier did not initially have a seat in the Legislative Assembly. ^[37] The resignation of Alexandre Chauveau on September 12, 1879 marked the beginning of the dissolution of the Joly de Lotbinière government. Chauveau would join the Conservatives a month later, along with four other Liberals who crossed the floor and voted to defeat the government on October 29, 1879. When the Lieutenant Governor refused a dissolution, the government resigned on October 30, 1879. The Chapleau government was sworn in the next day. ^[18]

Members of the Executive Council: 1878-1879

Position	Minister	Term Start	Term End
Premier and President of the Executive Council	Henri-Gustave Joly de Lotbinière	1878	1879
Agriculture and Public Works	Henri-Gustave Joly de Lotbinière	1878	1879
Attorney General	David Alexander Ross	1878	1879
Crown lands	François Langelier	1878	1879
	Félix-Gabriel Marchand	1879
Secretary and Registrar	Félix-Gabriel Marchand	1878	1879
	Alexandre Chauveau	1879
Solicitor General	Alexandre Chauveau	1878	1879
	Honoré Mercier**	1879
Speaker of the Legislative Council	Henry Starnes*	1878	1879
Treasurer	Pierre Bachand	1878	1879
	François Langelier	1879
* Member of the Legislative Council **Appointed minister without seat in the Legislature

Fifth Quebec Ministry: Chapleau Cabinet (1879-1882)

Joseph-Adolphe Chapleau, Fifth Premier of Quebec

Following the defeat of the Joly de Lotbinière government on a confidence vote on October 29, 1879, the Chapleau government was sworn in on October 31, 1879.

Members of the Executive Council: 1878-1879

Position	Minister	Term Start	Term End
Premier and President of the Executive Council	Joseph-Adolphe Chapleau	1879	1882
Agriculture and Public Works	Joseph-Adolphe Chapleau	1879	1881
	John Jones Ross*	1881	1882
	Élisée Dionne*	1882
Attorney General	Louis-Onesime Loranger	1879	1882
Crown lands	Edmund James Flynn	1879	1882
Railways	Joseph-Adolphe Chapleau	1881
	John Jones Ross*	1881	1882
	William Warren Lynch	1882
Secretary and Registrar	Étienne-Théodore Pâquet	1879	1882
Solicitor General	William Warren Lynch	1879	1882
Treasurer	Joseph Gibb Robertson	1879	1882
	Jonathan Saxton Campbell Würfele	1882
Speaker of the Legislative Council	John Jones Ross*	1879	1882
	Pierre Boucher de la Bruère	align=center|1882
* Member of the Legislative Council

Leaders of the Opposition

There were two leaders of the Opposition during the Fourth Legislature. Joseph-Adolphe Chapleau was leader for the first eighteen months of the Legislature, from May 1878 to October 1879. When Premier Joly de Lotbinière resigned and was replaced by Chapelau, Joly de Lotbinière became leader of the Opposition for the remainder of the term of the Legislature, to 1882. ^[38]

Legislative sessions

The Legislature had four annual sessions:

• First session: June 4, 1878 to July 20, 1878, with thirty-six sitting days.
• Second session: June 19, 1879 to October 31, 1879, with fifty-seven sitting days.
• Third session: May 28, 1880 to July 24, 1880 with thirty-nine sitting days.
• Fourth session: April 28, 1881 to June 30, 1881, with forty-five sitting days.

The Legislature was dissolved on November 7, 1881. ^[39]

References

1. British North America Act, 1867 [now known as the Constitution Act, 1867], s. 71.
2. British North America Act, 1867, s. 58.
3. British North America Act, 1867, s. 80.
4. British North America Act, 1867, s. 85.
5. British North America Act, 1867, s. 72.
6. The Quebec Election Act, RSQ 1875, c. 7, s. 8.
7. The Quebec Election Act, s. 11.
8. The Quebec Election Act, s. 205.
9. The Quebec Election Act, s. 124.
10. British North America Act, 1867, s. 73.
11. British North America Act, 1867, s. 23.
12. Quebec National Assembly: Les membres du Conseil législatif (par divisions).
13. Hamelin, Marcel (1994). "Joly de Lotbinière, Sir Henri-Gustave". In Cook, Ramsay; Hamelin, Jean (eds.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography . Vol. XIII (1901–1910) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
14. Tremblay, Victor (1972). "Price, William Evan". In Hayne, David (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography . Vol. X (1871–1880) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
15. Munro, Kenneth (1998). "Boucher de Boucherville, Sir Charles". In Cook, Ramsay; Hamelin, Jean (eds.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography . Vol. XIV (1911–1920) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
16. Désilets, Andrée (1990). "Chapleau, Sir Joseph-Adolphe". In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography . Vol. XII (1891–1900) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
17. Desjardins, Marc (1990). "Robitaille, Théodore". In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography . Vol. XII (1891–1900) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
18. Quebec National Assembly: Chronologie parlementaire depuis 1791 (1878-1879).
19. Quebec National Assembly: Les résultats électoraux depuis 1867.
20. Quebec National Assembly, Québec Dictionary of Parliamentary Biography, from 1764 to the present: Joseph Robillard
21. Quebec National Assembly, Québec Dictionary of Parliamentary Biography, from 1764 to the present: William Warren Lynch
22. Quebec National Assembly, Québec Dictionary of Parliamentary Biography, from 1764 to the present: Michel-Dosithée-Stanislas Martel
23. Quebec National Assembly, Québec Dictionary of Parliamentary Biography, from 1764 to the present: Wiliam Evan Price
24. Quebec National Assembly, Québec Dictionary of Parliamentary Biography, from 1764 to the present: Edmund James Flynn
25. Quebec National Assembly, Québec Dictionary of Parliamentary Biography, from 1764 to the present: Onuphe Peltier
26. Quebec National Assembly, Québec Dictionary of Parliamentary Biography, from 1764 to the present: Louis-Onésime Loranger
27. Quebec National Assembly, Québec Dictionary of Parliamentary Biography, from 1764 to the present: Étienne-Théodore Pâquet
28. Quebec National Assembly, Québec Dictionary of Parliamentary Biography, from 1764 to the present: Ernest Racicot
29. Quebec National Assembly, Québec Dictionary of Parliamentary Biography, from 1764 to the present: Louis-Napoléon Fortin
30. Quebec National Assembly, Québec Dictionary of Parliamentary Biography, from 1764 to the present: Alexandre Chauveau
31. Quebec National Assembly, Québec Dictionary of Parliamentary Biography, from 1764 to the present: Solime Bertrand
32. Quebec National Assembly, Québec Dictionary of Parliamentary Biography, from 1764 to the present: Pierre Bachand
33. Quebec National Assembly, Québec Dictionary of Parliamentary Biography, from 1764 to the present: Joseph Gibb Robertson
34. Quebec National Assembly, Québec Dictionary of Parliamentary Biography, from 1764 to the present: Joseph-Adolphe Chapleau
35. Quebec National Assembly, Québec Dictionary of Parliamentary Biography, from 1764 to the present: Jean-Baptiste Brousseau
36. Quebec National Assembly: Les élections partielles.
37. Quebec National Assembly: Cabinet Joly de Lotbinière (Liberal) (March 8, 1878 to October 31, 1879).
38. Quebec National Assembly: Les chefs de l'opposition officielle depuis 1869.
39. Quebec National Assembly: Les législatures et leurs sessions depuis 1867.

External links

• List of Historical Cabinet Ministers