7th Alabama Infantry Regiment

Last updated

7th Alabama Infantry Regiment
Florence Guards (Company K, 7th Alabama Infantry) flag.png
Flag of the Florence Guards, Company K of the 7th Alabama
ActiveMay 1861 – April 1862
Country Confederate States of America
Allegiance Alabama
Branch Confederate States Army
Sizeest. 808 (May 1861)
Engagements
Commanders
Notable
commanders

The 7th Alabama Infantry Regiment was a Confederate volunteer infantry regiment from Alabama during the American Civil War.

Contents

The regiment was formed at Pensacola in May 1861 shortly after the American Civil War began, enlisting for a year of service. The regiment served at Pensacola for the next several months, with several companies engaged in the Battle of Santa Rosa Island. The regiment was sent to fight Unionist guerrillas in response to the East Tennessee bridge burnings in November. Following the suppression of the guerrillas, the 7th Alabama served with the Army of Central Kentucky at Bowling Green. The regiment was disbanded at Corinth when its term of enlistment ended just before the Battle of Shiloh. Due to the unpopularity of their commander, Colonel John G. Coltart, its men refused to continue their service under him, with the majority re-enlisting in other units.

Organization and Pensacola service

Confederate camp behind Fort Barrancas, April 1861 Florida Memory RC15637 Confederate army camp behind Fort Barrancas - Pensacola, Florida.jpg
Confederate camp behind Fort Barrancas, April 1861

The regiment was organized on May 18, 1861 at Pensacola from the eight companies of John G. Coltart's 3rd Alabama Battalion, organized on April 12, and two mounted companies, the Wilcox Mounted Rifles and the Prattville Dragoons. S. A. M. Wood, captain of the Florence Guards, was elected colonel, Coltart lieutenant colonel, and Alfred A. Russell major. [1] The companies of the regiment, drawn from across the state, enlisted for twelve months of service and had been sent to Pensacola to participate in the blockade of the Union-held Fort Pickens on Santa Rosa Island. [2] By this time, the Confederate forces at Pensacola had grown to more than 5,000 men under the command of Brigadier General Braxton Bragg. [3] The companies forming Coltart's Battalion had been at Pensacola since at least early April, [4] and the mounted companies had arrived there by early May. [5] The regiment initially had a strength of at least 808, the total number voting in the election of its officers. Wood received a substantial majority in the election for colonel over the Lafayette Guards' Captain James W. Jackson. [6] Like many volunteer regiments, its officers lacked professional military experience: Wood had been a lawyer, [7] Coltart an insurance agent, [8] and Russell a doctor. [9] However, the mounted companies never actually served with the regiment, being detached by Bragg to serve on picket duty along the coast and as his personal escort. [10] [11]

Companies of the 7th Alabama Infantry Regiment [12] [1] [2]
Company CountiesCaptains
A (Lafayette Guards) Chambers James W. Jackson (resigned), Simeon Dean
B (Calhoun Grays) Calhoun Robert W. Draper
C (Cherokee Grays) Cherokee William H. Clare
D (Madison Rifles) Madison Oliver B. Gaston
E (Louisville Blues) Barbour Patrick Bludworth
F (Dale Guards) Butler and Pike William T. McCall
G (Jackson Guards) Jackson Flavius J. Graham
H (Wilcox Mounted Rifles) Wilcox and Dallas Thomas F. Jenkins
I (Prattville Dragoons) Montgomery and Autauga Jesse J. Cox
K (Florence Guards) Lauderdale William H. Price
John C. Chitwood, Samuel Brown and James McDaniel of the Florence Guards in a studio photograph at Pensacola John C. Chitwood, Samuel Brown, and James McDaniel of Company K, 7th Alabama Infantry, C.S.A.png
John C. Chitwood, Samuel Brown and James McDaniel of the Florence Guards in a studio photograph at Pensacola

At Pensacola, the regiment settled into a routine of guard duty, drilling and building fortifications with the men finding relaxation in "loafing" around the town. The regiment was quartered in tents behind Fort Barrancas. [13] [14] The troops at Pensacola faced rampant disease that took the lives of many men of the regiment despite attempts at sanitation. [3] John W. James of the Louisville Blues recalled that Wood was often absent, leaving the regiment under Coltart's command. A strict disciplinarian, Coltart became unpopular among the regiment, with James describing him as "wanting in that something which inspires the confidence of men." Among the disciplinary measures were the banning of gambling and the institution of barracks cleaning details. [15] Russell's initial inexperience with drill caused frustration among the men, but he was considered "a fine officer" in the regiment. [11] Dissatisfied with the lack of action, the officers of the 7th Alabama unsuccessfully petitioned a few weeks after the First Battle of Manassas to have the regiment sent to the front in Virginia. [16]

Pensacola Bay fortifications, 1861-1862 Nps pensacola bay sketch.PNG
Pensacola Bay fortifications, 1861–1862

Pensacola remained a largely quiet sector while the regiment was there. This was broken when Union raiders burned the privateer Judah at the navy yard before dawn on September 14. In response, Bragg launched a 1,000-man retaliatory sortie against the Union troops on Santa Rosa Island under the command of Brigadier General Richard H. Anderson. The 7th Alabama contributed three companies, the Lafayette Guards, Madison Rifles, and Louisville Blues, [17] [18] to the force, which formed part of Colonel James Patton Anderson's ad-hoc 400-man 2nd Battalion together with units from the 1st Florida Infantry and 1st Louisiana Regulars in the ensuing Battle of Santa Rosa Island. Patton Anderson's battalion landed from a steamer on the night of October 8–9 along with the rest of the force on a beach four miles east of Fort Pickens. Patton Anderson was directed to advance through the waist of the island and then turn west along the south beach. This movement aimed to capture the Union pickets and isolate Fort Pickens from the camp a mile east of the fort where half of the 6th New York Infantry were located. [19]

When a Union picket gave the alarm on the morning of October 9, the 6th New York was alerted, but their camp was captured by John K. Jackson's troops as its occupants hastily departed. After Patton Anderson's troops killed or drove away the pickets opposing them, they joined the rest of the force in looting the camp. With the element of surprise lost and dawn approaching, Richard Anderson ordered a retreat. [19] The Confederates were able to halt the Union troops responding from Fort Pickens and burned the camp before boarding the steamer back to Pensacola. Their departure delayed by a jammed propeller on the ship, they were subjected to a heavy fire from their pursuers before the steamer finally cast off. [20] The 7th Alabama lost at least one killed, two wounded, and six missing, two of which were captured by Company C of the 3rd U. S. Infantry. [21] [17] James recalled that those captured had failed to heed the order to retreat from the camp. [18]

Tennessee, Kentucky and disbandment

As the weather turned colder, the men of the regiment began building winter quarters in late October. [22] Meanwhile, in November the East Tennessee Unionists started a guerrilla war against the Confederates, burning railway bridges in the region. The 7th Alabama, leaving behind the mounted companies, was sent north on November 11 to assist the Confederate troops already stationed there in suppressing the uprising. The regiment was railed through Montgomery and West Point, their arrival at Chattanooga on November 14 delayed by the burned bridges. In the mountains near Chattanooga, local Confederate commander Brigadier General William Henry Carroll threatened an advance on a Unionist camp, forcing them to disperse. The 7th Alabama was transported the Tennessee River by steamboat and reached the deserted camp on November 15. The Cherokee Grays and Dale Guards were sent to capture Unionist leader William D. Clift at his home but were unsuccessful, settling for looting the residence. The regiment captured several Unionists before camping outside of Chattanooga at Tyners Station, from which Wood dispatched scouting parties to arrest suspected Unionists. Many of the latter were released upon taking the oath of allegiance to the Confederacy, and the Carroll considered the uprising suppressed by late December when he lifted martial law in the region. [23] In his report to Bragg, Wood took credit for Carroll's dispersion of the Unionist camp and denounced him as a "stupid, but easily controlled" alcoholic. [24]

To day nine months ago our company left home for the seat of war at Pensacola Fla. And after nine months of service we find our selves at Bowling Green Kentucky in front of the enemy as has been our lot ever since we entered the service we have been in front of the enemy nine months and have never had an opportunity yet to show our country what we could do. The fourth Ala Regt has not been in service as long as we have yet upon the glory field of Manassas immortalized its self while the 7th has been laboring and toiling in the sands of Floriday suffering with disease and death but yet we get no praise only for gentlemany conduct towards the inhabitants of that part of the country through which we have traveled...it seems that hard luck will be our portion the ballance of our time..but yet I do not despair of having an opportunity of meeting the enemy in the battle field before our time is entirely out.

–Diary of Private James P. Stephens, 25 December 1861 [25]

While the regiment was at Tyners Station, Bragg issued a general order calling out its company commanders for abandoning their sick in camp when they left for Chattanooga. Private James P. Stephens of the Cherokee Grays wrote in his diary on December 4 that the men of the regiment were dissatisfied at an order from Coltart that forbade them from going out for wood and water without being accompanied by a sergeant and limiting the number of men who could be out of the lines. Stephens wrote that the Madison Rifles, Coltart's old company, were in a state of mutiny, but the situation had resolved itself by the next day. Alcohol created difficulties in the unit, with Russell striking the regimental drum major for being caught with a whiskey bottle and a civilian publicly whipped for selling whiskey to the soldiers. [26] During this period, companies of the regiment were dispatched to Georgetown and Loudon to guard rail bridges. [27] [11] This duty met with resentment, with one soldier of the regiment complaining to his hometown newspaper that guarding rail bridges was a task for militiamen and that the regiment had departed Pensacola just before the action they had sought in the Union bombardment of Fort McRee. [28]

With the Unionist revolt dying down, the 7th Alabama departed Chattanooga by train on December 16 to join the Confederate Army of Central Kentucky at Bowling Green. During this period, men of the regiment were detailed to build fortifications around Bowling Green. [29] Wood was promoted in January to command a temporary brigade in Hardee's Division that included the regiment. Coltart was promoted to colonel and Russell to lieutenant colonel on February 5, with the position of major being left vacant as the end of the regiment's term of service approached. [30] After the fall of Fort Donelson on February 16, the Tennessee River was opened up for a Union advance against the critical rail junction of the Memphis and Charleston and the Mobile and Ohio Railroads at Corinth, Mississippi. [31] Confederate army commander Albert Sidney Johnston abandoned Bowling Green and retreated to Nashville. [32] The 7th Alabama was among the rear guard of the army and protected the evacuation of cannon from Fort Zollicoffer at Nashville. The regiment camped at Murfreesboro on February 23 and retreated further with the army until reaching Corinth where the Confederate armies in the west united in March. [2] [33]

In the final days of March, the service terms of the companies of the regiment began to expire. A majority of the companies refused to continue serving under Coltart. [34] Bragg wrote to Coltart that he regretted having to part with the 7th Alabama but hoped to see them in service again. Addressing the unit, Coltart blamed officers who argued that their men would not re-enlist under Coltart's command. Coltart claimed that "the truth is it is yourselves that want office and are afraid that you will not get it." Attempts were made to get the regiment to re-enlist as a unit, with Wood offering a fifty dollar bounty and thirty days of leave to those who would re-enlist for two years. He also promised them that they would be armed with Enfield rifles. Despite these incentives, there was little support for re-enlisting as a unit among the men and they were accordingly mustered out, handing over their muskets to other units. [35] The regiment was fully disbanded by the first week of April 1862, just before the Battle of Shiloh. [2] Most of its men promptly re-enlisted in other units, including some from Company B in Company K of the 48th Alabama in May 1862 and some from Company E in Company H of the 39th Alabama and Company B of the 4th Alabama Battalion. [34] [1] Wood commanded a brigade and Coltart the newly organized 26th Alabama at the Battle of Shiloh. [7] [36] The two mounted companies formed part of Thomas F. Jenkins' cavalry battalion at Shiloh. [37]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Shiloh</span> 1862 battle of the American Civil War

The Battle of Shiloh, also known as the Battle of Pittsburg Landing, was a major battle in the American Civil War fought on April 6–7, 1862. The fighting took place in southwestern Tennessee, which was part of the war's Western Theater. The battlefield is located between a small, undistinguished church named Shiloh and Pittsburg Landing on the Tennessee River. Two Union armies combined to defeat the Confederate Army of Mississippi. Major General Ulysses S. Grant was the Union commander, while General Albert Sidney Johnston was the Confederate commander until his battlefield death, when he was replaced by his second-in-command, General P. G. T. Beauregard.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Santa Rosa Island</span> 1861 battle of the American Civil War

The Battle of Santa Rosa Island was an unsuccessful Confederate attempt to take Union-held Fort Pickens on Santa Rosa Island, Florida.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">22nd Alabama Infantry Regiment</span> Infantry regiment of the Confederate States Army

The 22nd Alabama Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Benjamin Lewis Hodge</span> Louisiana politician and Army colonel (1824–1864)

Benjamin Lewis Hodge was a Confederate politician who commanded the 19th Louisiana Infantry Regiment during the early stages of the American Civil War, including during the Battle of Shiloh.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">10th Mississippi Infantry Regiment</span> Infantry regiment of the Confederate States Army

The 10th Mississippi Infantry Regiment was a regiment of infantry in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. It fought in several campaigns and battles in the Western Theater.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Charles DeWitt Anderson</span>

Charles DeWitt Anderson was an American soldier, railway builder, civil engineer, and lighthouse keeper. He served as an officer in the U.S. Army, and later as a Confederate officer during the American Civil War. Anderson was noted for his controversial surrender of Fort Gaines at the Battle of Mobile Bay in August 1864.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Robert C. Tyler</span> Confederate Brigadier General

Robert Charles Tyler was a Confederate Brigadier General during the American Civil War. He was the last general killed in the conflict.

The 39th Regiment Indiana Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The regiment fought at Shiloh, Corinth, and Stones River. In April 1863 the unit acquired horses and Spencer rifles and became mounted infantry, serving in the Tullahoma campaign and at Chickamauga. On October 15, 1863, the unit was renamed the 8th Indiana Cavalry Regiment.

The 3rd Kentucky Infantry Regiment was a volunteer infantry regiment that served in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. It was part of the First Kentucky Brigade through August 1862.

The 7th Kentucky Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">7th Arkansas Infantry Regiment</span> Military unit

The 7th Arkansas Volunteer Infantry (1861−1865) was a Confederate Army infantry regiment during the American Civil War. Organized mainly from companies, including several prewar volunteer militia companies, raised in northeastern Arkansas, the regiment was among the first transferred to Confederate service, and spent virtually the entire war serving east of the Mississippi River. After the unit sustained heavy casualties in the Battle of Shiloh and the Kentucky Campaign, the unit spent most of the rest of the war field consolidated with the 6th Arkansas Infantry Regiment to form the 6th/7th Arkansas Infantry Regiment.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Adley H. Gladden</span>

Adley Hogan Gladden was lieutenant colonel and second commander of the Palmetto Regiment of South Carolina volunteers during the Mexican–American War and a brigadier general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. He impressed General Braxton Bragg after defending Pensacola from Union Army bombardment and after a brief assignment at Mobile, Alabama, he was brought to Corinth, Mississippi, to command a brigade in the Army of Mississippi. He was mortally wounded at the Battle of Shiloh.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1st Florida Infantry Regiment</span> Military unit

The 1st Florida Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment raised by the Confederate state of Florida during the American Civil War. Raised for 12 months of service its remaining veterans served in the 1st (McDonell's) Battalion, Florida Infantry from April 1862 on. In August the depleted battalion was consolidated with the 3rd (Miller's) Battalion into the reorganized 1st Florida Infantry Regiment again. In December 1862 it merged with the 3rd Florida Infantry Regiment and received the form it kept till the war's end as the 1st and 3rd Consolidated Florida Infantry Regiment. Fighting as part of the Army of Tennessee in the Western Theater of the American Civil War it was surrendered on April 26, 1865.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">9th Texas Infantry Regiment</span> Military unit

The 9th Texas Infantry Regiment was a unit of Confederate States Army infantry volunteers organized in December 1861 that fought during the American Civil War. The regiment fought at Shiloh, Perryville, and Stones River in 1862, Chickamauga in 1863, the Atlanta Campaign, Allatoona, and Nashville in 1864, and Spanish Fort and Fort Blakeley in 1865. The remaining 87 officers and men surrendered to Federal forces in May 1865. Two of the regiment's commanding officers were promoted brigadier general.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1st Louisiana Regulars Infantry Regiment</span> Infantry regiment of the Confederate States Army

The 1st Louisiana Regulars Infantry Regiment, often referred to as the 1st Louisiana Infantry Regiment (Regulars), was an infantry regiment from Louisiana that served in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War.

John Quincy Loomis was a Confederate States Army officer who held brigade command during the American Civil War.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">John G. Coltart</span> Confederate States Army officer

John Gordon Coltart was a Confederate States Army officer who held regiment, brigade and division command during the American Civil War.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">20th Louisiana Infantry Regiment</span> Infantry regiment of the Confederate States Army

The 20th Louisiana Infantry Regiment was a unit of volunteers recruited in Louisiana that fought in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. The unit began its existence as the 6th Louisiana Battalion in September 1861. The battalion was augmented to regimental strength in January 1862 at New Orleans and served during the war in the Western Theater of the American Civil War. The regiment fought at Shiloh, Farmington, and Perryville in 1862. After being reduced in numbers, the regiment was consolidated with the 13th Louisiana Infantry Regiment and served at Stones River, Jackson, Chickamauga, and Missionary Ridge in 1863. The 13th-20th Consolidated Louisiana fought at Resaca, New Hope Church, Ezra Church, and Nashville in 1864. The consolidation with the 13th Louisiana was discontinued in February 1865 and the regiment was re-consolidated with other units. It fought its final battle at Spanish Fort one month before surrendering in May 1865.

The 8th Mississippi Infantry Regiment was a unit of the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. The 8th Regiment was composed of volunteer companies from Mississippi assembled in the fall of 1861. The Regiment fought in many battles of the Western theater of the American Civil War before surrendering in April 1865.

The 9th Mississippi Infantry Regiment was a Confederate infantry regiment from Mississippi. Organized from a group of volunteer companies at Pensacola in April 1861, the regiment was reorganized in 1862 and took part in many battles of the Western theater of the American Civil War before surrendering in April, 1865.

References

Citations

  1. 1 2 3 Hewett 1994, pp. 358–360.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Brewer 1872, pp. 599–600.
  3. 1 2 Stephens 2003, p. 15.
  4. ↑ Stephens 2003, pp. 26–28.
  5. ↑ "Prattville Dragoons". Autauga Citizen. May 2, 1861.
  6. ↑ "7th Regiment Alabama Volunteers". Florence Gazette. June 5, 1861. p. 2.
  7. 1 2 Warner 1959, p. 344.
  8. ↑ Allardice 2008, p. 108.
  9. ↑ Allardice 1995, p. 204.
  10. ↑ Spratley 1910, pp. 469–470.
  11. 1 2 3 Notes on the History of Co. E, Louisville Blues, 7th Alabama Infantry Regiment, from conversation with John W. James of Montgomery in folder 2, 7th Alabama Infantry Regiment regimental history files at Alabama Department of Archives and History
  12. ↑ "The 7th Alabama Regiment". The Weekly Advertiser (Montgomery, Alabama). June 12, 1861. p. 2.
  13. ↑ Stephens 2003, p. 29.
  14. ↑ Camp Places of the Louisville Blues, from conversation with John W. James of Montgomery in folder 2, 7th Alabama Infantry Regiment regimental history files at Alabama Department of Archives and History
  15. ↑ Stephens 2003, p. 100.
  16. ↑ Stephens 2003, p. 111.
  17. 1 2 "Battle of Santa Rosa". The Independent (Gainesville, Alabama). October 12, 1861. p. 1.
  18. 1 2 Incidents of the Santa Rosa Island Fort, from conversation with John W. James of Montgomery in folder 2, 7th Alabama Infantry Regiment regimental history files at Alabama Department of Archives and History
  19. 1 2 Bearss 1957, pp. 145–149.
  20. ↑ Bearss 1957, p. 154.
  21. ↑ Official Records, Series I, Volume VI, p. 454.
  22. ↑ Stephens 2003, p. 125.
  23. ↑ Stephens 2003, pp. 127–132.
  24. ↑ Allardice 1994, pp. 65–67.
  25. ↑ Stephens 2003, p. 151.
  26. ↑ Stephens 2003, pp. 135–139.
  27. ↑ Stephens 2003, p. 143.
  28. ↑ "Untitled". Florence Gazette. December 4, 1861. p. 2.
  29. ↑ Stephens 2003, p. 147.
  30. ↑ Stephens 2003, pp. 171–175.
  31. ↑ Smith 2014, pp. 10–11.
  32. ↑ Hess 2016, pp. 28–29.
  33. ↑ Stephens 2003, pp. 179–184.
  34. 1 2 Letter, James T. Brooks to Thomas M. Owen, June 24, 1910, in folder 4, part 3, 7th Alabama Infantry Regiment regimental history files at Alabama Department of Archives and History
  35. ↑ Stephens 2003, pp. 197–199.
  36. ↑ Brewer 1872, p. 632.
  37. ↑ Official Records, Series I, Volume X, Part I, pp. 529–530.

Bibliography

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.