Acanthaspis petax

Acanthaspis petax
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Hemiptera
Suborder:	Heteroptera
Family:	Reduviidae
Genus:	Acanthaspis
Species:	A. petax
Binomial name
Acanthaspis petax Stål, 1865

Acanthaspis petax is a species of assassin bug that preys primarily on ants, but also on a variety of small insects, such as flies, small grasshoppers and beetles. ^[1] The nymphs of this species create a pile of ant carcasses on their backs for camouflage. ^{[2] [1]} The adults do not use camouflage and are coloured with a red and black pattern. ^[1]

This insect lives in East Africa near Lake Victoria, in countries including Uganda, Kenya, and Tanzania. Also has been seen in west Asian countries. ^{[2] [1]}

Habitat

Acanthaspis petax live in the savanna ^[3] in hidden habitats such as cracks in the ground, cracks in mud walls, and deserted fungus-growing termite mounds. ^[1]

Camouflage

Corpse Camouflage

Acanthaspis petax nymphs create a large mound on their backs consisting predominantly of ant carcasses, but other small insect corpses, and bits of plants are often included. ^{[1] [2] [3]} This is called masking (when an animal applies materials from the environment to its body), more specifically this is a type of masking called corpse camouflage. ^{[1] [2]} The nymphs use this camouflage to hide from predators and aid in the capture of their prey. ^[1]

To build its mask Acanthaspis petax must first capture its prey. Once captured Acanthaspis petax injects the prey with digestive enzymes and drinks the dissolved tissues, leaving an empty exoskeleton behind. ^{[2] [3]} This exoskeleton is fixed to the back of Acanthaspis petax using adhesive threads it secretes from secretory hairs on its abdomen. ^{[2] [3]}

How exactly this carcass mound camouflages Acanthaspis petax is still up for debate as little research has been done on the topic. One theory is camouflage by bizarre forms: the insect may attach so many items to its back that it is unrecognizable to predators. ^{[2] [3]} Not camouflaging as something else but simply disrupting its own image. Another idea is that Acanthaspis petax is camouflaging itself as a swarm of ants. ^{[4] [2]} Interestingly, ants are not the only organisms Acanthaspis petax preys on, but they are the main ones it builds its mask out of. ^[1] This is possibly because salticid spiders are a major predator of Acanthaspis petax but not of ants. ^{[4] [2]} In fact, spiders may avoid a cluster of ants in fear of being swarmed by them. ^{[4] [2]} Finally, it has been suggested that this is a type of olfactory camouflage, meaning the smell of the ants would mask that of the insect, however this theory has not been studied. ^[4]

What is known is that masked bugs get preyed upon much less than naked bugs by visually oriented predators, leading to the conclusion that the camouflage is at least partially visual. ^{[2] [3]}

Other Camouflage

The nymphs also cover themselves in sand or soil particles. ^{[1] [3]} This "dust coat" may be a form of olfactory camouflage, masking the smell of Acanthaspis petax allowing it to be undetected by its prey and capture it more easily. ^[3]

The nymphs are active during the day and use camouflage heavily. ^[1] The adults are active at night and therefore have less of a need for camouflage and do not use it. ^[1]

Feeding

Acanthaspis petax stalks its prey, until it gets close enough to ambush the prey. ^{[1] [3]} It then pierces the prey with its syringe-like proboscis. ^{[2] [1] [3]} Paralyzing saliva and digestive enzymes are sent down the proboscis into the prey. ^{[2] [3]} Once the prey is extra-corporeally digested Acanthaspispetax sucks the liquefied tissues up the proboscis leaving only the exoskeleton of the prey behind. ^{[2] [3]}

Behaviours

When grabbed by a predator Acanthaspis petax can release its body from its mask and run away or hide, leaving behind only a ball of ant carcasses. ^{[2] [1] [3]} If a nymph is caught, it plays dead and will not move for many minutes even if it is released. ^[1]

Acanthaspis petax generally move infrequently and in short bursts. ^[1] This type of movement enhances the effectiveness of the camouflage. ^[1]

Nymphs can go many days without food or water making them well adapted to their seemingly unattractive habitat. ^[1]

References

1. Odihiambo, Thomas (1958). "Some Observations on the Natural History of Acanthaspis Petax Stal (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) Living in Termite Mounds in Uganda". Physiological Entomology. 33 (10–12): 167–175. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3032.1958.tb00449.x – via Wiley.
2. Jackson, R. R.; Pollard, S. D. (2007-12-01). "Bugs with backpacks deter vision‐guided predation by jumping spiders". Journal of Zoology. 273 (4): 358–363. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2007.00335.x. ISSN   1469-7998.
3. Brandt, Miriam; Mahsberg, Dieter (2002). "Bugs with a backpack: the function of nymphal camouflage in the West African assassin bugs Paredocla and Acanthaspis spp". Animal Behaviour. 63 (2): 277–284. doi:10.1006/anbe.2001.1910. ISSN   0003-3472. S2CID   53188464.
4. Stromberg, Joseph. "This Insect Uses Its Victims' Carcasses As Camouflage". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 2020-04-02.

Further reading

• Odhiambo, Thomas R. (1958). "The camouflaging habits of Acanthaspis petax Stål (Hem., Reduviidae) in Uganda". Entomologist's Monthly Magazine . 94: 47.

External links

• Stromberg, Joseph (May 8, 2012). "This Insect Uses Its Victims' Carcasses As Camouflage". Smithsonian.
• Ant-killing assassin bugs (Acanthaspis petax), Bukidnon, Philippines
• Photo