In molecular biology, biosynthesis is a multi-step, enzyme-catalyzed process where substrates are converted into more complex products in living organisms. In biosynthesis, simple compounds are modified, converted into other compounds, or joined to form macromolecules. This process often consists of metabolic pathways. Some of these biosynthetic pathways are located within a single cellular organelle, while others involve enzymes that are located within multiple cellular organelles. Examples of these biosynthetic pathways include the production of lipid membrane components and nucleotides. Biosynthesis is usually synonymous with anabolism.
N-Acetylglutamic acid (also referred to as N-acetylglutamate, abbreviated NAG, chemical formula C7H11NO5) is biosynthesized from glutamate and acetylornithine by ornithine acetyltransferase, and from glutamic acid and acetyl-CoA by the enzyme N-acetylglutamate synthase. The reverse reaction, hydrolysis of the acetyl group, is catalyzed by a specific hydrolase. It is the first intermediate involved in the biosynthesis of arginine in prokaryotes and simple eukaryotes and a regulator in the process known as the urea cycle that converts toxic ammonia to urea for excretion from the body in vertebrates.
In enzymology, a succinylglutamate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.71) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a N-acetyl-gamma-glutamyl-phosphate reductase (EC 1.2.1.38) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a N-acetylornithine carbamoyltransferase (EC 2.1.3.9) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, an acetylornithine deacetylase (EC 3.5.1.16) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a glutamate N-acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.35) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, 4-aminobutyrate transaminase, also called GABA transaminase or 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, or GABA-T, is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction:
In enzymology, a 4-hydroxyglutamate transaminase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a D-amino-acid transaminase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction:
In enzymology, a diaminobutyrate-2-oxoglutarate transaminase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a L-lysine 6-transaminase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a N6-acetyl-beta-lysine transaminase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, an ornithine(lysine) transaminase (EC 2.6.1.68) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a succinylornithine transaminase (EC 2.6.1.81) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, an acetylglutamate kinase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction:
Alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde synthase is an enzyme encoded by the AASS gene in humans and is involved in their major lysine degradation pathway. It is similar to the separate enzymes coded for by the LYS1 and LYS9 genes in yeast, and related to, although not similar in structure, the bifunctional enzyme found in plants. In humans, mutations in the AASS gene, and the corresponding alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde synthase enzyme are associated with familial hyperlysinemia. This condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern and is not considered a particularly negative condition, thus making it a rare disease.
UDP-4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine transaminase is an enzyme with systematic name UDP-4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
UDP-4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-N-acetyl-beta-L-altrosamine transaminase is an enzyme with systematic name UDP-4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-N-acetyl-beta-L-altrosamine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
Arginine and proline metabolism is one of the central pathways for the biosynthesis of the amino acids arginine and proline from glutamate. The pathways linking arginine, glutamate, and proline are bidirectional. Thus, the net utilization or production of these amino acids is highly dependent on cell type and developmental stage. Altered proline metabolism has been linked to metastasis formation in breast cancer.
