Sulfur-reducing bacteria are microorganisms able to reduce elemental sulfur (S0) to hydrogen sulfide (H2S). These microbes use inorganic sulfur compounds as electron acceptors to sustain several activities such as respiration, conserving energy and growth, in absence of oxygen. The final product or these processes, sulfide, has a considerable influence on the chemistry of the environment and, in addition, is used as electron donor for a large variety of microbial metabolisms. Several types of bacteria and many non-methanogenic archaea can reduce sulfur. Microbial sulfur reduction was already shown in early studies, which highlighted the first proof of S0 reduction in a vibrioid bacterium from mud, with sulfur as electron acceptor and H
2 as electron donor. The first pure cultured species of sulfur-reducing bacteria, Desulfuromonas acetoxidans, was discovered in 1976 and described by Pfennig Norbert and Biebel Hanno as an anaerobic sulfur-reducing and acetate-oxidizing bacterium, not able to reduce sulfate. Only few taxa are true sulfur-reducing bacteria, using sulfur reduction as the only or main catabolic reaction. Normally, they couple this reaction with the oxidation of acetate, succinate or other organic compounds. In general, sulfate-reducing bacteria are able to use both sulfate and elemental sulfur as electron acceptors. Thanks to its abundancy and thermodynamic stability, sulfate is the most studied electron acceptor for anaerobic respiration that involves sulfur compounds. Elemental sulfur, however, is very abundant and important, especially in deep-sea hydrothermal vents, hot springs and other extreme environments, making its isolation more difficult. Some bacteria – such as Proteus, Campylobacter, Pseudomonas and Salmonella – have the ability to reduce sulfur, but can also use oxygen and other terminal electron acceptors.
Alicyclobacillus is a genus of Gram-variable, rod-shaped, spore-forming bacteria. The bacteria are able to grow in acidic conditions, while the spores are able to survive typical pasteurization procedures.
Roseomonas vinacea is a species of Gram negative, strictly aerobic, coccobacilli-shaped, wine-red-colored bacterium. It was first isolated from a soil sample collected from the Tibetan Plateau, China, and the species was first proposed in 2008. The species name is derived from Latin vinacea, referring to the color that the bacterial colonies form.
Alicyclobacillus cellulosilyticus is a species of acidophilic, thermophilic, strictly aerobic, bacterium. The bacteria Gram stains negative and produce endospores. It was first "isolated from steamed Japanese cedar chips from a lumber mill in Gobō, Wakayama Japan." The species was first described in 2014, and the name refers to the species' ability to digest cellulose.
Alicyclobacillus contaminans is a species of Gram positive, strictly aerobic, bacterium. The bacteria are acidophilic and produce endospores. It was first isolated during a survey from both orange juice, and soil in Fuji City, Japan. The species was first described in 2007, and the name is derived from the Latin contaminans (contaminating).
Alicyclobacillus fastidiosus is a species of Gram positive, strictly aerobic, bacterium. The bacteria are acidophilic and produce endospores. It was first isolated from apple juice. The species was first described in 2007, and the name refers to the fastidious nature of the organism; the bacteria would start to die off after 7 days when plated on typical agar for isolating Alicyclobacillus. Additionally, the species produced fewer spores than other members of its genus, and took much longer to produce the spores.
Alicyclobacillus kakegawensis is a species of Gram positive, strictly aerobic, bacterium. The bacteria are acidophilic and produce endospores. It was first isolated from soil in Kakegawa, Japan. The species was first described in 2007, and the named after the city from which it was first isolated.
Alicyclobacillus macrosporangiidus is a species of Gram positive, strictly aerobic, bacterium. The bacteria are acidophilic and produce endospores. It was first isolated from soil in a crop field in Fujieda, Japan. The species was first described in 2007, and the name is derived from the Latin macros (big) and sporangium (sporangia), referring to the large spores produced by the organism.
Alicyclobacillus sacchari is a species of Gram positive, strictly aerobic, bacterium. The bacteria are acidophilic and produce endospores. It was first isolated from liquid sugar. The species was first described in 2007, and the name is derived from the Latin sacchari.
Alicyclobacillus shizuokensis is a species of Gram positive, strictly aerobic, bacterium. The bacteria are acidophilic and produce endospores. It was first isolated from soil in a crop field in Shizuoka, Japan. The species was first described in 2007, and the name refers to the city from which it was first isolated.
Alicyclobacillus dauci is a species of Gram positive, strictly aerobic, bacterium. The bacteria are acidophilic and produced endospores. It was first isolated from spoiled mixed vegetable and fruit juice. The species was first described in 2015, and the name is derived from the Latin dauci.
Alicyclobacillus disulfidooxidans a species of Gram positive, strictly aerobic, bacterium. The bacteria are acidophilic and produced endospores. It was first isolated from waterwater sludge in Blake Lake City, Quebec, Canada. The species was first identified in 1996, but was classified as Sulfobacillus disulfidooxidansis. It was reclassified as Alicyclobacillus in 2005. The name is derived from the Latin duplus (double), sulfur (sulfur), and oxido (oxidize), referring to the bacterium's ability to oxidize disulfide.
Alicyclobacillus tolerans is a species of Gram positive, strictly aerobic, bacterium. The bacteria are acidophilic and produced endospores. It was first isolated from oxidizable lead–zinc ores in Uzbekistan. The strain was first identified in 1983, but was classified as Sulfobacillus thermosulfidooxidans subsp. thermotolerans strain K1. It was reclassified as Alicyclobacillus in 2005. The species name refers to the ability to tolerate changes in temperature and pH.
Alicyclobacillus ferrooxydans is a species of Gram positive, strictly aerobic, bacterium. The bacteria are acidophilic and produce endospores. It was first isolated from solfataric soil. The species was first described in 2008, and the name refers to its ability to oxidize iron.
Effusibacillus consociatus is a species of Gram positive, aerobic, bacterium. The cells are rod-shaped and form spores. It was first isolated from a blood sample from a 51-year-old woman, although it was not implicated as a pathogen. The species name is derived from Latin consociatus, to indicate that the bacteria was associated with a human clinical case.
Alicyclobacillus fodiniaquatilis is a species of Gram positive, strictly aerobic, bacterium. The bacteria are acidophilic and produced endospores. It was first isolated from acid mine water from a copper mine in Fujian Province, Republic of China. The species was first described in 2015, and the name is derived from Latin fodina (mine) and aqua water, referring to the original isolation location.
Alicyclobacillus vulcanalis is a species of Gram positive, strictly aerobic, thermophilic bacterium. The bacteria are acidophilic and produce endospores. It was first isolated from water in a hot spring from Coso Hot Springs, California, United States. The species was first described in 2004, and the name refers to Vulcan, the Roman god of fire and metal working.
Janibacter limosus is a species of Gram positive, strictly aerobic, bacterium. The species was initially isolated from sludge from a wastewater treatment plant in Jena, Germany. The species was first described in 1997, and the species name is derived from Latin limosus (muddy). J. limosus was the first species assigned to Janibacter, and is the type species for the genus.
Janibacter indicus is a species of Gram positive, aerobic, bacterium. The species was initially isolated from hydrothermal sediment from the Indian Ocean. The species was first described in 2014, and the species named refers to the Indian Ocean.
Janibacter melonis is a species of Gram positive, aerobic, bacterium. The species was initially isolated from an abnormally spoiled oriental melon. The species was first described in 2004, and the species name refers to the melon from which it was first isolated.
