Alishewanella fetalis

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Alishewanella fetalis
Alishewanella fetalis.png
A. fetalis grown on a BHI agar plate visualized by transmission electron microscopy
Scientific classification
Domain:
Bacteria
Phylum:
Pseudomonadota
Class:
Gammaproteobacteria
Order:
Chromatiales
Family:
Chromatiaceae
Genus:
Alishewanella
Species:
A. fetalis
Binomial name
Alishewanella fetalis
Fonnesbech Vogel et al. 2000 [1]

The genus Alishewanella is one of the major branches of the family Alteromonadaceae. It was proposed to accommodate A. fetalis, isolated from an autopsy of a human fetus, in 2000. [2] In 2009, A. aestuarii was isolated from tidal flat sediment and indicated as being a representative of Alishewanella. [3] The third Alishewanella species was isolated from gajami sikhae, a Korean fermented food, in 2009 and was given the name A. jeotgali. [2] Most recently, in 2010, the fourth currently isolated species of Alishewanella, A. agri, was isolated from landfill soil in Korea. [4] Currently these are the only four isolated and characterized species of the genus Alishewanella.

Contents

Identification

Alishewanella fetalis is a Gram-negative, non-motile, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium. These rods are about 2 μm in length and 0.5-1 μm in width. They typically occur as a single cell. [5] It was initially mislabelled as Shewanella putrefaciens, previously known as Pseudomonas putrefaciens, due to the presence of similar fatty acids [5] in its membrane lipids. However, after further evaluation, it was found that this was a novel species. Due to the relatedness to Shewanella, the genus was named Alishewanella. Also, having been initially isolated from an autopsy of a human fetus in 1992 in Sweden, it was given the species name fetalis. [5]

Growth

A. fetalis grows at temperatures between 25° and 42 °C, with optimum growth at 37 °C. It cannot grow below 20 °C. [5] It is facultatively anaerobic and can utilize electron acceptors such as trimethylamine oxide (TMAO), nitrate, nitrite, and thiosulphate, but not sulphite or ferric iron. [6] It is not only halotolerant, but requires NaCl for growth. NaCl concentrations of up to 8%, but not 10% are tolerated. [5] A. fetalis is oxidase- and catalase-positive but does not produce indole and β-galactosidase. It cannot ferment carbohydrates. [5] By these results, A. fetalis is very closely related to both Shewanella putrefaciens and Shewanella algae. [5] However, A. fetalis differs from the Shewanella genus by the ability to produce H2S. [5]

Genome

Studies of A. fetalis show that the GC content of the genome is 50.6%, [6] which differs greatly from that of Shewanella putrefaciens, with a GC content of 42-47%. [5] It shows a relationship to both Rheinheimara baltica through 16S rRNA, [6] and to the family Vibrionaceae through gyrase B. [5] With regards to other Alishewanella species, A. fetalis is closely related to Alishewanella jeotgali (98.04%), [2] Alishewanella aestuarii (98.3%), [3] and Alishewanella agri (98.7%) [4] by 16S rRNA.

Related Research Articles

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Actinotalea is a genus in the phylum Actinomycetota (Bacteria). As of 2015 the genus contains four described species, namely A. fermentans, formerly known as Cellulomonas fermentans.

Alishewanella is a genus in the phylum Pseudomonadota (bacteria).

Undibacterium is a genus of Gram-negative, oxidase- and catalase-positive Betaproteobacteria in the Oxalobacteraceae family. Undibacterium bacteria occurs in drinking water.

Acidovorax soli is a gram-negative, catalase-negative, oxidase-negative non-motile, rod-shaped aerobic bacterium from the family Comamonadaceae which was isolated from landfill soil in Pohang in Korea. Colonies of Acidovorax soli are bright yellow colored.

Glutamicibacter soli, also known as Arthrobacter soli, is a species of Gram-positive bacteria. Its type strain is SYB2T.

Luteimonas aestuarii is a species of yellow-pigmented bacteria. It is Gram-negative and rod-shaped, and its type strain is B9(T).

Virgibacillus is a genus of Gram-positive, rod-shaped (bacillus) bacteria and a member of the phylum Firmicutes. Virgibacillus species can be obligate aerobes, or facultative anaerobes and catalase enzyme positive. Under stressful environmental conditions, the bacteria can produce oval or ellipsoidal endospores in terminal, or sometimes subterminal, swollen sporangia. The genus was recently reclassified from the genus Bacillus in 1998 following an analysis of the species V. pantothenticus. Subsequently, a number of new species have been discovered or reclassified as Virgibacillus species.

<i>Methylobacterium jeotgali</i> Species of bacterium

Methylobacterium jeotgali is a Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, motile and rod-shaped bacteria from the genus of Methylobacterium which has been isolated from fermented seafood jeotgal in Korea.

Sphingomonas aestuarii is a Gram-negative and rod-shaped bacteria from the genus of Sphingomonas which has been isolated from tidal flat sediments in Yeosu in Korea.

Alteraurantiacibacter aestuarii is a Gram-negative and aerobic bacterium from the genus Alteraurantiacibacter which has been isolated from seawater from the South Sea in Korea.

"Aliihoeflea" is a genus of bacteria from the family of Phyllobacteriaceae with one known species.

"Aliihoeflea aestuarii" is a Gram-negative and rod-shaped bacterium from the genus "Aliihoeflea" which has been isolated from tidal flat sediments in Korea.

Shewanella basaltis is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped and motile bacterium from the genus of Shewanella which has been isolated from black sand from Soesoggak in Korea.

Haloplanus salinarum is a halophilic Archaeon in the family of Halobacteriaceae. It was isolated from the Gomso solar saltern in Buan County, South Korea.

Ornithinibacillus is a Gram-positive and strictly aerobic genus of bacteria from the family of Bacillaceae.

Salimicrobium jeotgali is a Gram-positive, aerobic and motile bacterium from the genus of Salimicrobium which has been isolated from Myeolchi-jeot from Korea.

Alishewanella aestuarii is a Gram-negative bacterium from the genus of Alishewanella which has been isolated from tidal flat sediments from Yeosu in Korea.

Alishewanella agri is a Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Alishewanella which has been isolated from landfill soil.

Knoellia is a genus of Gram positive, aerobic, non-endosporeforming bacteria. Species in this genus are mesophilic and have cells that are irregular rods or coccoid.

References

  1. ↑ Parte, A.C. "Alishewanella". LPSN .
  2. 1 2 3 Min-Soo Kim; Seong Woon Roh; Young-Do Nam; Ho-Won Chang; Kyoung-Ho Kim; Mi-Ja Jung; Jung-Hye Choi; Eun-Jin Park; Jin-Woo Bae (2009). "Alishewanella jeotgali sp. nov., isolated from traditional fermented food, and emended description of the genus Alishewanella". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 59 (9): 2313–2316. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.007260-0 . PMID   19620373.
  3. 1 2 Seong Woon Roh; Young-Do Nam; Ho-Won Chang; Kyoung-Ho Kim; Min-Soo Kim; Hee-Mock Oh; Jin-Woo Bae (2009). "Alishewanella aestuarii sp. nov., isolated from tidal flat sediment, and emended description of the genus Alishewanella". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 59 (2): 421–424. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.65643-0 . PMID   19196789.
  4. 1 2 Kim, Min-Soo; Jo, Seon Kyung; Roh, Seong Woon; Bae, Jin-WooYR 2010. "Alishewanella agri sp. nov., isolated from landfill soil". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 60 (9): 2199–2203. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.011684-0. ISSN   1466-5034.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Birte Fonnesbech Vogel; Kasthuri Venkateswaran; Henrik Christensen; Enevold Falsen; Gunna Christiansen; Lone Gram (2000). "Polyphasic taxonomic approach in the description of Alishewanella fetalis gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from a human foetus". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 50 (3): 1133–1142. doi: 10.1099/00207713-50-3-1133 . PMID   10843055.
  6. 1 2 3 Brettar, Ingrid; Christen, Richard; Höfle, Manfred (2002). "Rheinheimera baltica gen. nov., sp. nov., a blue-coloured bacterium isolated from the central Baltic Sea". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 52 (5): 1851–1857. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.02151-0. Archived from the original on 2013-04-15.
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