American Association of Psychiatric Pharmacists

Last updated
American Association of Psychiatric Pharmacists
AbbreviationAAPP
PredecessorCollege of Psychiatric and Neurologic Pharmacists; Conference of Psychiatric and Neurologic Pharmacists
FormationMarch 24, 1998
Type Professional Association
HeadquartersLincoln, NE
Region
United States
Fields Pharmacy
Membership (2016)
2057 [1]
Website https://aapp.org/

The American Association of Psychiatric Pharmacists (AAPP) is a professional organization representing pharmacists and other health care professionals in the specialized areas of psychiatric and neurologic pharmacy practice within the United States. [2] AAPP maintains "The Mental Health Pharmacy Directory", an online search engine that includes more than 850 mental health pharmacies. [3] [4]

Contents

As of December 2015, AAPP is a member of the Coalition on Psychiatric Emergencies (COPE) and is the only professional pharmacy organization represented on the coalition. [5] [6] In January 2017, AAPP was elected to membership status on the Joint Commission of Pharmacy Practitioners (JCPP). [7] [8] AAPP is the only Board of Pharmacy Specialties accredited provider of BCPP (Board Certified Psychiatric Pharmacist) recertification products. [9]

History

Much of what has been written about the history of AAPP comes from an article in the Encyclopedia of Clinical Pharmacy written by AAPP's (then CPNP's) second president (1999–2000), Alex A. Cardoni. [10] Prior to the foundation of the CPNP, there was no formal professional organization focused on neuropsychiatric pharmacy, although pharmacists had been practicing in psychiatric and neurological practice settings. [10] In October 1994, a group of pharmacists held a meeting in Austin, Texas, to discuss and plan the formation of a national professional organization dedicated to neuropsychiatric pharmacy. [10] The resultant Conference of Psychiatric and Neurologic Pharmacists was composed of forty neuropsychiatric pharmacists, a special interest group of pharmacists that met at the American Society of Health System Pharmacists (ASHP) Annual Meetings and held a post-continuing education programming conference. [11] [12] Later, in the summer of 1997, a founding set of bylaws and an organizational constitution were drafted. After a call for founding members in 1997, their numbers increased to 116, and these are still considered the original, founding members. [10] After approving the constitution and bylaws, CPNP was officially founded on March 24, 1998. [11]

The first CPNP Board of Directors was elected and sworn in at CPNP's First Annual Meeting of the College of Psychiatric and Neurologic Pharmacists in Orlando, Florida from April 23 to 26, 1998. [10] The elected officers were CPNP President Dr. Gary M. Levin, President-elect Alex Cardoni, Treasurer Dr. James E. Wilson, Secretary Dr. Cherry W. Jackson, and Directors-at-Large Dr. Lawrence J. Cohen, and Dr. Sally K. Guthrie. [10] The new organization was led by its first president, Dr. Gary M. Levin, from 1998 to 1999. [11] [13]

List of former and current CPNP Presidents
PresidentTerm
Gary Levin1998–1999 [13]
Alex Cardoni1999–2000 [13]
Roger Sommi2000–2001 [13]
Cherry Jackson2001–2002 [13]
Stanley Weber2002–2003 [13]
Glen Stimmel2003–2004 [13]
Larry Ereshefsky2004–2005 [13]
Charles Caley2005–2006 [13]
Matthew Fuller2006–2007 [13]
Sheila Botts2007–2008 [13]
Carla Cobb2008–2009 [13]
Ann Richards2009–2010 [13]
Steven Stoner2010–2011 [13]
Jerry McKee2011–2012 [13]
Rex S. Lott2012–2013 [13]
Julie Dopheide2013–2014 [13]
Steven Burghart2014–2015 [13]
Raymond Love2015–2016 [13]
Christopher Thomas2016–2017 [13]
Deanna Kelly2017–2018 [14]
Megan Ehret2018–2019 [14]
Lisa Goldstone2019–2020 (President) [15]
Marshall Cates2019–2020 (President-elect) [15]
This list is complete and up to date as of December 2018.

Membership

As of 2016, CPNP had 2,057 members, 70% of whom are Board Certified Psychiatric Pharmacists (BCPPs). [1] CPNP members primarily practice in the areas of clinical practice, education and training, drug policy, and research. [1] Half of the members practice in a hospital setting (a little over half of those members practice in government supported hospitals, such as with the United States Department of Veterans Affairs), with the other half practicing in a number of settings, including private mental health practice (5%), pharmaceutical industry (7%), public mental health (8%), academia (12%), and others (18%, including long-term care, managed care, and primary care). [1] CPNP members encompass a range of professional experience, and 71% are residency or fellowship trained. [1]

Originally, the CPNP general body consisted of three major categories of membership: Active Members, Founding Members, and Corporate Members. Active Members represented the bulk of the organization, who were pharmacists that paid yearly membership dues. Founding Members represented the original, founding members of CPNP (116 members in total). Corporate Members represented both corporations and members of corporations. [10] Those categories have since changed. [16]

Student chapters

CPNP Collegiate Chapter logo CPNP Student Chapter Logo.jpg
CPNP Collegiate Chapter logo

Pharmacy students may start or join student chapters of CPNP at colleges and universities that have pharmacy schools with full-time pharmacy degree programs. [17] Student chapters provide extracurricular activities for members. [18] The structure of CPNP student chapters is similar to the structure of CPNP National's Board of Directors, with some notable differences: the governance of CPNP student chapters is called the "executive board", rather than the "board of directors"; CPNP student chapters lack a "Director-at-Large" office; CPNP student chapters are guided by "Chapter Advisors", who are faculty members at CPNP student chapter institutions; and CPNP student chapters may incorporate other officer positions (e.g. some chapters have elected a P1 or First Year Liaison, an officer that serves to represent the interests of the student chapter to the "P1", or first year pharmacy student, class at the member institution). [19] [20] [21] [22]

As of April 2017, there are 33 student chapters located at pharmacy schools within the United States. [23] The first CPNP Student Chapter in the United States was at Nova Southeastern University. [24] According to the CPNP website, student chapters are located at the following colleges and universities: [23] Student chapters are often involved with local mental health organizations, such as the National Alliance on Mental Illness. For example, in March 2016, the University of Arizona's CPNP Student Chapter launched its "Stigma Free Campaign" in support of NAMI. [25] The chapter has also participated in the local NAMI Walk in 2016, and has appointed a liaison to NAMI. [26] Ohio Northern University's CPNP Student Chapter claims to host NAMI representatives at their meetings as well. [27]

Research

CPNP members are engaged in research topics of interest to the practice of neuropsychiatric pharmacy. For example, in 2016, the Yale School of Medicine reported that Dr. Douglas Boggs was awarded the Best Original Research Award by CPNP for his work on the motor effects of THC. [28] Pharmacy Times reported CPNP's 2015 recipient of the Best Original Research Award, Dr. Kyle Burghardt, for his article titled, "The Pharmacoepigenetics of Metabolic Syndrome in Schizophrenia." [29] The CPNP Foundation funds the "Defining The Future" Grant Program, which aims to fund research that will help shape and define the future of neuropsychiatric pharmacy practice. [30]

CPNP has been recognized for the development and development of neuropsychiatric resources. In 2015, the American Academy of Addiction Psychiatry awarded CPNP with a $5,000 grant for the development of community pharmacy guidelines for the management of opioid use disorder, titled, "Opioid Use Disorders: Interventions for Community Pharmacists." [31] [32] The resource is now provided for free on the "SAMHSA-HRSA Center for Integrated Health Solutions" website, a collaboration of the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) and the US Department of Health and Human Services's Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA). [33] In 2014, the America Academy of Addiction Psychiatry awarded CPNP a $5,000 grant for the development of a training webinar titled, "Putting Naloxone Into Action," aimed at helping pharmacists learn how to develop overdose education and naloxone distribution programs. [31]

Annual meeting

AAPP meets annually to discuss topics in neuropsychiatric pharmacies, offer credit for BCPP recertification, and network with colleagues. The first annual meeting was held in Orlando, Florida, in 1998. [11]

Lobbying and advocacy

In collaboration with the American Pharmacists Association (APhA), AAPP has lobbied for pharmacist "provider status," a profession-wide political effort aimed at convincing the United States Congress to recognize the profession of pharmacy (pharmacists) as providers in the Social Security Act, Part E, §1861. [34] [35]

The primary advocacy arm of AAPP is its Government Affairs Council (GAC). [36] Members are required to declare any disclosures of interest.

Community service

AAPP members assist with NAMI's HelpLine and Medications Mental Health Medications website, as well as staff the “Ask the Pharmacist” booth at NAMI's annual convention. [37] In 2006, the National Alliance on Mental Illness honored AAPP with its Excellence in Community Mental Health Services Award in recognition of "their outstanding efforts to educate people about the available medications for the treatment of mental illness." [37]

AAPP is involved with educating the public on matters of mental health. Information from AAPP was cited in a 2017 article by CNN about the reality of suicide in the Philippines. [38] AAPP is responsible for producing drug monographs hosted by NAMI, such as the monograph for risperidone. [39]

Publications

Mental Health Clinician

The CPNP Perspective

The CPNP Perspective is the official monthly newsletter of CPNP. [40]

See also

Related Research Articles

The American Psychiatric Association (APA) is the main professional organization of psychiatrists and trainee psychiatrists in the United States, and the largest psychiatric organization in the world. It has more than 38,000 members who are involved in psychiatric practice, research, and academia representing a diverse population of patients in more than 100 countries. The association publishes various journals and pamphlets, as well as the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). The DSM codifies psychiatric conditions and is used mostly in the United States as a guide for diagnosing mental disorders.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pharmacist</span> Healthcare professional

A pharmacist is a healthcare professional who specializes in the preparation, dispensing, and management of medications and who provides pharmaceutical advice and guidance. Pharmacists often serve as primary care providers in the community, and may offer other services such as health screenings and immunizations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pharmacy</span> Clinical health science

Pharmacy is the science and practice of discovering, producing, preparing, dispensing, reviewing and monitoring medications, aiming to ensure the safe, effective, and affordable use of medicines. It is a miscellaneous science as it links health sciences with pharmaceutical sciences and natural sciences. The professional practice is becoming more clinically oriented as most of the drugs are now manufactured by pharmaceutical industries. Based on the setting, pharmacy practice is either classified as community or institutional pharmacy. Providing direct patient care in the community of institutional pharmacies is considered clinical pharmacy.

Edwin Fuller Torrey, is an American psychiatrist and schizophrenia researcher. He is associate director of research at the Stanley Medical Research Institute (SMRI) and founder of the Treatment Advocacy Center (TAC), a nonprofit organization whose principal activity is promoting the passage and implementation of outpatient commitment laws and civil commitment laws and standards in individual states that allow people diagnosed with severe mental illness to be involuntarily hospitalized and treated throughout the United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">National Alliance on Mental Illness</span> American nonprofit organization

The National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) is a United States-based nonprofit organization originally founded as a grassroots group by family members of people diagnosed with mental illness. NAMI identifies its mission as "providing advocacy, education, support and public awareness so that all individuals and families affected by mental illness can build better lives" and its vision as "a world where all people affected by mental illness live healthy, fulfilling lives supported by a community that cares". NAMI offers classes and trainings for people living with mental illnesses, their families, community members, and professionals, including what is termed psychoeducation, or education about mental illness. NAMI holds regular events which combine fundraising for the organization and education, including Mental Illness Awareness Week and NAMIWalks.

The Royal Pharmaceutical Society is the body responsible for the leadership and support of the pharmacy profession (pharmacists) within England, Scotland, and Wales. It was created along with the General Pharmaceutical Council (GPhC) in September 2010 when the previous Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain was split so that representative and regulatory functions of the pharmacy profession could be separated. Membership in the society is not a prerequisite for engaging in practice as a pharmacist within the United Kingdom. Its predecessor the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain was founded on 15 April 1841.

The Treatment Advocacy Center (TAC) is a U.S. non-profit organization based in Arlington, Virginia, originally announced as the NAMI Treatment Action Centre in 1997. The TAC was subsequently directed by psychiatrist E. Fuller Torrey and identifies its mission as "dedicated to eliminating barriers to the timely and effective treatment of severe mental illness". The organization is most well-known for proposed laws, policies, and practices regarding legally compelled outpatient services or outpatient commitment for people diagnosed with mental illness. The organization identifies its other key issues as "anosognosia, consequences of non-treatment, criminalization of mental illness, psychiatric bed shortages, public service costs, violence and mental illness". Advocates for mental health have criticized TAC for endorsing coercion and forced treatment.

American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) is a professional organization that represents pharmacists who serve as patient care providers in hospitals, health systems, ambulatory clinics, and other healthcare settings. The organization's nearly 60,000 members include pharmacists, student pharmacists, and pharmacy technicians. ASHP maintains a national database on U.S. drug shortages that is published on their website.

A mental health professional is a health care practitioner or social and human services provider who offers services for the purpose of improving an individual's mental health or to treat mental disorders. This broad category was developed as a name for community personnel who worked in the new community mental health agencies begun in the 1970s to assist individuals moving from state hospitals, to prevent admissions, and to provide support in homes, jobs, education, and community. These individuals were the forefront brigade to develop the community programs, which today may be referred to by names such as supported housing, psychiatric rehabilitation, supported or transitional employment, sheltered workshops, supported education, daily living skills, affirmative industries, dual diagnosis treatment, individual and family psychoeducation, adult day care, foster care, family services and mental health counseling.

Assertive community treatment (ACT) is an intensive and highly integrated approach for community mental health service delivery. ACT teams serve individuals who have been diagnosed with serious and persistent forms of mental illness, predominantly but not exclusively the schizophrenia spectrum disorders. ACT service recipients may also have diagnostic profiles that include features typically found in other DSM-5 categories. Many have histories of frequent psychiatric hospitalization, substance abuse, victimization and trauma, arrests and incarceration, homelessness, and additional significant challenges. The symptoms and complications of their mental illnesses have led to serious functioning difficulties in several areas of life, often including work, social relationships, residential independence, money management, and physical health and wellness. By the time they start receiving ACT services, they are likely to have experienced failure, discrimination, and stigmatization, and their hope for the future is likely to be quite low.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Clinical pharmacy</span> Branch of pharmacy for direct provision

Clinical pharmacy is the branch of pharmacy in which clinical pharmacists provide direct patient care that optimizes the use of medication and promotes health, wellness, and disease prevention. Clinical pharmacists care for patients in all health care settings but the clinical pharmacy movement initially began inside hospitals and clinics. Clinical pharmacists often work in collaboration with physicians, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, and other healthcare professionals. Clinical pharmacists can enter into a formal collaborative practice agreement with another healthcare provider, generally one or more physicians, that allows pharmacists to prescribe medications and order laboratory tests.

Geriatric psychiatry, also known as geropsychiatry, psychogeriatrics or psychiatry of old age, is a branch of medicine and a subspecialty of psychiatry dealing with the study, prevention, and treatment of neurodegenerative, cognitive impairment, and mental disorders in people of old age. Geriatric psychiatry as a subspecialty has significant overlap with the specialties of geriatric medicine, behavioural neurology, neuropsychiatry, neurology, and general psychiatry. Geriatric psychiatry has become an official subspecialty of psychiatry with a defined curriculum of study and core competencies.

Psychiatric pharmacy, also known as mental health pharmacy, is the area of clinical pharmacy specializing in the treatment of people with psychiatric illnesses through the use of psychotropic medications. It is a branch of neuropsychiatric pharmacy, which includes neurologic pharmacy. Areas where psychiatric pharmacists are found most abundantly are in chemical dependency, developmental disabilities, long-term care facilities, adherence clinics, mental health clinics, and within the prison system. However, psychiatry and neurology are not the only areas where psychiatric pharmacists require comprehensive knowledge. They must also be proficient in clinical problem solving, interprofessionalism, and communication with understanding and empathy for the patient population they serve, as they are a sensitive group.

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to psychiatry:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Barry S. Fogel</span>

Barry S. Fogel is an American neuropsychiatrist, behavioral neurologist, medical writer, medical educator and inventor. He is the senior author of a standard text in neuropsychiatry and medical psychiatry, and a founder of the American Neuropsychiatric Association and the International Neuropsychiatric Association.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Collaborative practice agreement</span> Egal relationship between clinical pharmacists and collaborating physicians

A collaborative practice agreement (CPA) is a legal document in the United States that establishes a legal relationship between clinical pharmacists and collaborating physicians that allows for pharmacists to participate in collaborative drug therapy management (CDTM).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">American College of Apothecaries</span> Professional association of independent community pharmacists

The American College of Apothecaries (ACA) is an international professional association in the field of independent community pharmacy practice. The organization offers continuing education (CE) credits for pharmacists in coordination with the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education. In 1977, the ACA helped establish the Joint Commission of Pharmacy Practitioners (JCPP) as a charter member. The ACA is affiliated with the American College of Veterinary Pharmacists (ACVP) and the ACA Research & Education Foundation. The current ACA Chairman is Thomas J. Hunt, RPh, FACA, FACVP, and the ACA President is Ryan Oftebro, PharmD, FACA, FACVP.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Joint Commission of Pharmacy Practitioners</span>

The Joint Commission of Pharmacy Practitioners (JCPP) is the largest professional delegation representing the interests of pharmacists within the United States. JCPP represents 13 professional associations in the field of pharmacy, developing consensus policy directives for the profession. It is well known for the 2014 development of "The Pharmacists’ Patient Care Process," which provides broad, consensus guidelines for how clinical pharmacists should practice.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pharmacy management system</span>

The pharmacy management system, also known as the pharmacy information system, is a system that stores data and enables functionality that organizes and maintains the medication use process within pharmacies.

References

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  2. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2023-03-10. Retrieved 2023-03-10.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
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  15. 1 2 "CPNP Board of Directors"
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