| Ampelomyia viticola | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Ampelomyia viticola galls. | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Cecidomyiidae |
| Genus: | Ampelomyia |
| Species: | A. viticola |
| Binomial name | |
| Ampelomyia viticola (Osten Sacken, 1862) [1] | |
| Synonyms [1] | |
Ampelomyia viticola, the grape tube gallmaker, is a species of gall midge found in the eastern United States and Canada. It produces green or bright red galls on new world grape vines. [6]
In 1862, Carl Robert Osten-Sacken described this species, placing it in the genus Cecidomyia . He based the description on galls on Vitis and larvae found in the vicinity of Washington, D.C. [2]
The magazine The American Entomologist had a column where readers could ask for identifications. In 1869 a reader from Piermont, New York, asked the editors about the crimson galls found on a grape leaf. The editors, Benjamin Dann Walsh and Charles Valentine Riley, responded that in unpublished manuscripts of theirs they had given the galls the name Vitis lituus and noted they were made by a gall gnat in the genus Cecidomyia. [3] This would create a specific name Cecidomyia vitis lituus, which is an unavailable name. [7] [1] In 1911, Ephraim Porter Felt incorrectly referred to this species as "Cecidomyia lituusWalsh", [5] [1] In 1878, Osten-Sacken noted that "the gall Vitis-lituusRiley" was the same as his C. viticola. [4] In 2019, this species was transferred from Schizomyia to the new genus Ampelomyia . [8]
The specific epithet viticola is a Latin noun in apposition; it consists of the word vitis "grape vine" and the suffix -cola "one who inhabits". [9] [10] [11] The Latin noun lituus used in its synonyms refers to a kind of curved staff or curved trumpet. [12]
It is found throughout the eastern Nearctic. [1] The type locality is the "environs of Washington [DC]". [2] : 190 [1]
A. viticola has been documented in the following American states:
This species has also been documented in Ontario, Canada. [30] [31] [32]
There had been reports of this species being found in Japan, [33] but these are now taken to be misidentifications. [34] [1]
There can be up to 75 galls [24] or even 135 galls [35] on a single leaf. The galls are typically on the upper side of the leaf; their color is typically crimson, although they can be green when young or on the leaf's underside. [20] They measure approximately 7–10 millimetres (0.3–0.4 in) long. [31] The diameter of the gall at its base is 1.5–3 mm (0.06–0.12 in). [36] [31] They are narrow and conical, and sometimes have a slight curve at the tip. [16] The galls each contain a single chamber, [31] which is smooth inside. [24] Common names for the gall include the grape-leaf trumpet-gall, [35] the conical grape gall, [24] and the grape tube gall. [14]
The larva measures about 1 mm (0.04 in) long. It is moderately stout, pale yellowish green. Its head is broad, broadly rounded anteriorly, almost subglobose. The antennae are moderately long, stout, and biarticulate; the basal segment is disk-like, while the apical one has a length over twice its diameter. There are conspicuous brownish spots near the latero-posterior angles of the head. Its skin is smooth with distinct segmentation. The breast-bone is weakly chitinized, minute, and reniform. The anterior margin has two small submedian teeth and more laterally there is a pair of smaller teeth. A small scattering of setae occur on the body. Its posterior extremity is bilobed: the ventral portion bears stout, submedian, chitinous, upcurved processes, and each has an indistinct basal tooth anteriorly. The extremities at its posterior extremity are prehensile. The dorsal lobe is broad and obliquely truncate as seen from the side. The face is armed with an irregular series of moderately large, conical, chitinous teeth. [37]
The larvae have also been described as pale orange. [20] [2] [35]
The adult is reportedly microscopic in size. [35]
Its larvae build galls on various species of the grape vine genus Vitis . [1] They have been found on leaves of V. riparia , V. labrusca , and V. vulpina . [20] Its galls have also been found on V. aestivalis var. bicolor . [16] The galls are present in July and August, [6] although have been documented as late as September 8. [15]
These galls are usually rare in vineyards, and therefore not harmful, [30] nor are they particularly harmful towards wild plants. [16] [35]
A midge is any small fly, including species in several families of non-mosquito Nematoceran Diptera. Midges are found on practically every land area outside permanently arid deserts and the frigid zones. Some midges, such as many Phlebotominae and Simuliidae, are vectors of various diseases. Many others play useful roles as prey for insectivores, such as various frogs and swallows. Others are important as detritivores, and form part of various nutrient cycles. The habits of midges vary greatly from species to species, though within any particular family, midges commonly have similar ecological roles.
Cecidomyiidae is a family of flies known as gall midges or gall gnats. As the name implies, the larvae of most gall midges feed within plant tissue, creating abnormal plant growths called galls. Cecidomyiidae are very fragile small insects usually only 2–3 mm (0.079–0.118 in) in length; many are less than 1 mm (0.039 in) long. They are characterised by hairy wings, unusual in the order Diptera, and have long antennae. Some Cecidomyiids are also known for the strange phenomenon of paedogenesis in which the larval stage reproduces without maturing first. In some species, the daughter larvae consume the mother, while in others, reproduction occurs later on in the egg or pupa.
Carl Robert Osten-Sacken or Carl-Robert Romanovich, Baron von der Osten-Sacken, Baron Osten Sacken was a Russian diplomat and entomologist. He served as the Russian consul general in New York City during the American Civil War, living in the United States from 1856 to 1877. He worked on the taxonomy of flies in general and particularly of the family Tipulidae.
Rhagoletis fausta, the black-bodied cherry fruit fly, is a species of tephritid or fruit flies in the genus Rhagoletis of the family Tephritidae. It is found in the United States and Canada.
Orseolia oryzae, also called the Asian rice gall midge, is a species of small fly in the family Cecidomyiidae. It is a major insect pest of rice. The damage to the crop is done by the larvae which form galls commonly known as "silver shoots" or "onion shoots". The rice plant is stunted and the seed heads fail to develop.
Contarinia is a genus of midges, small flies in the family Cecidomyiidae.
A gnat is any of many species of tiny flying insects in the dipterid suborder Nematocera, especially those in the families Mycetophilidae, Anisopodidae and Sciaridae. They can be both biting and non-biting. Most often they fly in large numbers, called clouds. "Gnat" is a loose descriptive category rather than a phylogenetic or other technical term, so there is no scientific consensus on what constitutes a gnat. Some entomologists consider only non-biting flies to be gnats. Certain universities and institutes also distinguish eye gnats: the Smithsonian Institution describes them as "non-biting flies, no bigger than a few grains of salt, ... attracted to fluids secreted by your eyes".
Schizomyia is a genus of gall midges. It has a cosmopolitan distribution.
Asphondylia is a cosmopolitan genus of gall midges in the family Cecidomyiidae. All species in this genus induce galls on plants, especially on flowers and flower buds. There are over 300 described species in Asphondylia, with many more likely to be discovered and described, especially in the southern hemisphere.
Caryomyia is a genus of hickory gall midges in the family Cecidomyiidae. They are often known as the hickory gall midges since most species feed on various species of hickory. There are at least 30 described species in Caryomyia.
Polystepha is a genus of gall midges in the family Cecidomyiidae. There are more than 20 described species in Polystepha.
Thecodiplosis is a genus of gall midges, insects in the family Cecidomyiidae. There are about six described species in Thecodiplosis.
Macrodiplosis is a genus of gall midges, insects in the family Cecidomyiidae. There are about 19 described species in Macrodiplosis.
Rabdophaga rigidae, the willow beaked-gall midge, is a species of gall midge in the family Cecidomyiidae. It is found across North America. Some sources state that it is also present in parts of eastern Asia including Japan; however, a 2006 study shows that the Asian populations likely represent a separate species: Rabdophaga salicivora.
Ampelomyia vitiscoryloides, the grape filbert gall midge, is a species of gall midge in the family Cecidomyiidae. It induces galls on grape plants and is widespread in eastern North America. It was first described by Alpheus Spring Packard in 1869.
Blaesodiplosis is a genus of gall midges in the family Cecidomyiidae. There are at least four described species in Blaesodiplosis.
Ampelomyia vitispomum is a species of gall midge in the family Cecidomyiidae. It induces galls on grape plants in eastern North America. It was first described by Carl Robert Osten-Sacken in 1878.
Daphnephila is a genus of gall midge that appears in the Palearctic and Oriental biogeographic realms. Daphnephila species create leaf and stem galls on species of laurel plants, particularly in Machilus. Based on analysis on sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, it has been suggested that in this genus, the stem-galling habit is a more ancestral state as opposed to the leaf-galling habit.
Ampelomyia is a genus of gall midges in the tribe Asphondyliini. It consists of the following four species, all of which form galls on grape plants:
Geromyia penniseti, the millet grain midge, is a species of gall midge in the family Cecidomyiidae. It is found in Africa and South Asia. During the rainy season, it feeds on the developing grains of pearl millet plants.
vitis + -cola.
A grape-vine.
denotes one who inhabits, tills, or worships.
1. A curved staff carried by augurs. [...] 2. A kind of war-trumpet curved at one end.
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain : Felt (1914) .