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Biological control or biocontrol is a method of controlling pests, whether pest animals such as insects and mites, weeds, or pathogens affecting animals or plants by using other organisms. It relies on predation, parasitism, herbivory, or other natural mechanisms, but typically also involves an active human management role. It can be an important component of integrated pest management (IPM) programs.
Erythropoietin, also known as erythropoetin, haematopoietin, or haemopoietin, is a glycoprotein cytokine secreted mainly by the kidneys in response to cellular hypoxia; it stimulates red blood cell production (erythropoiesis) in the bone marrow. Low levels of EPO are constantly secreted in sufficient quantities to compensate for normal red blood cell turnover. Common causes of cellular hypoxia resulting in elevated levels of EPO include any anemia, and hypoxemia due to chronic lung disease and mouth disease.
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The glassy-winged sharpshooter is a large leafhopper, similar to other species of sharpshooter.
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The Mymaridae, commonly known as fairyflies or fairy wasps, are a family of chalcidoid wasps found in temperate, subtropical, and tropical regions throughout the world. The family contains around 100 genera with 1,400 species.
The erythropoietin receptor (EpoR) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EPOR gene. EpoR is a 52 kDa peptide with a single carbohydrate chain resulting in an approximately 56–57 kDa protein found on the surface of EPO responding cells. It is a member of the cytokine receptor family. EpoR pre-exists as dimers. These dimers were originally thought to be formed by extracellular domain interactions, however, it is now assumed that it is formed by interactions of the transmembrane domain and that the original structure of the extracellular interaction site was due to crystallisation conditions and does not depict the native conformation. Binding of a 30 kDa ligand erythropoietin (Epo), changes the receptor's conformational change, resulting in the autophosphorylation of Jak2 kinases that are pre-associated with the receptor. At present, the best-established function of EpoR is to promote proliferation and rescue of erythroid progenitors from apoptosis.
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Nasonia vitripennis is one of four known species under the genus Nasonia - small parasitoid wasps that afflict the larvae of parasitic carrion flies such as blowflies and flesh flies, which themselves are parasitic toward nestling birds. It is the best known and most widely studied of the parasitoid wasps, and their study forms a vital part of the information used to describe the order Hymenoptera, along with information from bees and ants. This parasitoid behaviour makes the wasps an interest for the development of biopesticide and biological systems for controlling unwanted insects.
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Vitis acerifolia is a species of grape native to the south-central part of the Great Plains of the United States. Its leaf shape is the origin of its name, which is Latin for maple-leaf grape, but it is widely referenced in literature by the synonym, Vitis longii.
Homalodisca is a genus of sharpshooters in the family Cicadellidae and tribe Proconiini. It contains a significant pest species, the glassy-winged sharpshooter.
Gonatocerus triguttatus is a species of fairyfly. It is an egg parasitoid of the glassy-winged sharpshooter, Homalodisca vitripennis. It was originally described from Caroni County, Trinidad.
Erythroneura elegans is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae.
Anagrus incarnatus is a species of fairyfly. It is an egg parasitoid of Cicadella viridis, several genera and species of Delphacidae (Hemiptera), and also Orthotylus virescens. It's native to the Palearctic.
Gonatocerus ashmeadi is a species of fairyfly. Its natural range is Florida, Louisiana, northeastern Mexico, Mississippi, North Carolina, eastern Texas, and southern and central California.
Anagrus is a genus of fairyflies, in the family Mymaridae, comprising over 90 species, a number of which are employed as biocontrol agents. They come in a wide array of colors such as, brown, orange, black and pale. For classificatory purposes, the genus is divided into three subgenera Anagrella, Anagrus and Paranagrus. The adults lay eggs on the host, mainly Hemiptera, with a few using Odonata as hosts.
Homalodisca liturata, also known as the smoketree sharpshooter or the lacertate sharpshooter, is a species of leafhopper native to North America. The smoketree sharpshooter uses a number of host species but prefers desert smoketree where available. This is a comparatively large leafhopper at approximately 13 millimeters long. It, like other species in its genus, is a known vector of Xylella fastidiosa. Acoustic signaling is known to occur in both male and female smoketree sharpshooters.
References
- ↑ Rodrigo Krugner; Marshall W. Johnson; Russell L. Groves; Joseph G. Morse (2008). "Host specificity of Anagrus epos: a potential biological control agent of Homalodisca vitripennis". BioControl . 53 (3): 439–449. Bibcode:2008BioCo..53..439K. doi:10.1007/s10526-007-9080-6.
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