Angolans in Zambia

Last updated
Angolans in Zambia
Total population
200,000 (2001) — decreased somewhat due to out-migration since that time
Regions with significant populations
Zambezi  · Mayukwayukwa  · Meheba

There is a significant population of Angolans in Zambia.

Contents

Migration history

With Zambia's 1964 independence from the British Empire, many members of national liberation movements in neighbouring countries, including Angola, found the country a hospitable base for their operations. However, eastern Angola (near the border with Zambia) was less densely populated than the northern region adjacent to Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo); Zaire and not Zambia thus because the primary destination for Angolan refugees in those days. [1] Most of these refugees were of Balovale ethnicity, an ethnic group also present in Zambia. The Zambian government aimed to move them away from the border; they were settled first at Zambezi in North-Western Province and in Mayukwayukwa in Western Province. Later, due to ethnic tensions, those in Zambezi were transferred to Meheba near Solwezi (also in Northwestern Province). [2] The refugee population reached roughly 25,000 by 1972, despite efforts by the Zambian government to control the influx and return new arrivals to Angola. [3]

With the onset of the 1975 Angolan Civil War, the number of refugees began to expand, and repatriation efforts also came to a halt. [3] Peace briefly returned to Angola with the 1991 Bicesse Accords and brought hope to the government that they could repatriate the refugees, but fighting resumed in 1992, resulting in a new influx. By the end of that year, the number of Angolan refugees had reached 101,779. [4] The number would continue to expand; by 2001, it was estimated that there were 200,000 Angolan refugees in Zambia, making up about 77% of all refugees in the country. [5] Rather than living in refugee camps or finding assistance through government resettlement schemes, many Angolan refugees settled on their own in Zambian villages. [6]

In 2002, a peace deal was brokered which ended the war. By 2006, an estimated 63,000 had repatriated to Angola. [7] However, the term "repatriation" itself may be misleading; one study of Angolans in Zambia found that they saw themselves simply as villagers; relocating from their villages in Zambia to Angola was not perceived as going home, but in contrast as leaving home in search of a better life. [8]

See also

Related Research Articles

Zambia Landlocked country in central Africa

Zambia, officially the Republic of Zambia, erstwhile Northern Rhodesia, is a landlocked country in south-central Africa. Its neighbors are the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north, Tanzania to the north-east, Malawi to the east, Mozambique to the southeast, Zimbabwe and Botswana to the south, Namibia to the southwest, and Angola to the west. The capital city is Lusaka, located in the south-central part of Zambia. The population is concentrated mainly around Lusaka in the south and the Copperbelt Province to the northwest, the core economic hubs of the country.

A refugee, generally speaking, is a displaced person who has been forced to cross national boundaries and who cannot return home safely. Such a person may be called an asylum seeker until granted refugee status by the contracting state or the UNHCR if they formally make a claim for asylum. The lead international agency coordinating refugee protection is the United Nations Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). The United Nations have a second Office for refugees, the UNRWA, which is solely responsible for supporting the large majority of Palestinian refugees.

Zambezi fourth-longest river in Africa

The Zambezi is the fourth-longest river in Africa, the longest east-flowing river in Africa and the largest flowing into the Indian Ocean from Africa. The area of its basin is 1,390,000 square kilometres (540,000 sq mi), slightly less than half of the Nile's. The 2,574-kilometre-long river (1,599 mi) arises in Zambia and flows through eastern Angola, along the north-eastern border of Namibia and the northern border of Botswana, then along the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe to Mozambique, where it crosses the country to empty into the Indian Ocean.

First Congo War war

The First Congo War (1996–1997), also nicknamed Africa's First World War, was a civil war and international military conflict which took place mostly in Zaire, with major spillovers into Sudan and Uganda. The conflict culminated in a foreign invasion that replaced Zairean President Mobutu Sese Seko with the rebel leader Laurent-Désiré Kabila.

Western Province, Zambia Province in Zambia

Western Province encompasses the area formerly known as Barotseland in the colonial era.

Immigration Movement of people into another country or region to which they are not native

Immigration is the international movement of people to a destination country of which they are not natives or where they do not possess citizenship in order to settle or reside there, especially as permanent residents or naturalized citizens, or to take up employment as a migrant worker or temporarily as a foreign worker.

Bhutanese refugees

Bhutanese refugees are Lhotshampas ("southerners"), a group of Nepali language-speaking Bhutanese people. These refugees registered in refugee camps in eastern Nepal during the 1990s as Bhutanese citizens deported from Bhutan during the protest against Bhutanese state and monarch by some of the Lhotshampas demanding democracy and different state. As Nepal and Bhutan have yet to implement any agreement on repatriation, many Bhutanese refugees have since resettled to North America, Oceania and Europe under the auspices of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Many Lhotshampa also migrated to areas of West Bengal and Assam in India independently of the UNHCR.

Lunda people ethnic group

The Lunda originated in what is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo along the Kalanyi River and formed the Kingdom of Lunda in the 17th century under their ruler, Mwata Yamvo or Mwaant Yav, with their capital at Musumba. From there they spread widely through Katanga and into Eastern Angola, north-western Zambia and the Luapula valley of Zambia.

The Luvale people, also called the Luena or Lwena,are an ethnic group in Zambia and Angola. In Zambia they are found mainly in the North-Western Province of Zambia, centred in the town of Zambezi which was previously called Balovale. Some Zambian Luvale have left their ancestral lands for economic reasons and can be found in other locations in Zambia such as Lukanga Swamp. There is also considerable Rural-Urban migration to Lusaka. In Angola they reside in eastern Moxico Province.

Congolese National Liberation Front

The Congolese National Liberation Front is a political party. Funded by rebels of Katangese origin, it was mainly active in Angola and Zaire during the 1970s.

Howard Adelman philosopher

Howard Adelman is a Canadian philosopher and former university professor. He retired as Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at York University in 2003. Adelman was one of the founders of Rochdale College, as well as the founder and director of York's Centre for Refugee Studies. He was editor of Refuge for ten years, and since his retirement he has received several honorary university and governmental appointments in Canada and abroad. Adelman was the recipient of numerous awards and grants, and presented the inaugural lecture in a series named in his honor at York University in 2008.

Nyemba is what the Kavango people of northern Namibia wrongfully call immigrants who fled from Angola during the Angolan Civil War.

The population of Afghans in Tajikistan consists largely of refugees from the various wars which have plagued Afghanistan. They form the vast majority of all refugees in Tajikistan; the other refugees in the country include a few Uyghurs and Iraqis.

There are various communities of Angolans in Namibia.

Platycoryne is a genus of flowering plants from the orchid family, Orchidaceae, native to Africa and Madagascar.

  1. Platycoryne affinisSummerh. - Zimbabwe
  2. Platycoryne alinaeSzlach. - Cameroon
  3. Platycoryne ambigua(Kraenzl.) Summerh. - Tanzania
  4. Platycoryne brevirostrisSummerh. - Angola + Zambia
  5. Platycoryne buchananiana(Kraenzl.) Rolfe in D.Oliver - central Africa
  6. Platycoryne croceaRolfe in D.Oliver - central + eastern Africa
  7. Platycoryne guingangae(Rchb.f.) Rolfe in D.Oliver - central Africa
  8. Platycoryne isoetifoliaP.J.Cribb - Zaïre + Zambia
  9. Platycoryne latipetalaSummerh. - Zaïre + Zambia
  10. Platycoryne lisowskianaSzlach. & Kras - Central African Republic
  11. Platycoryne macrocerasSummerh. - Zaïre + Zambia
  12. Platycoryne mediocrisSummerh. - southern + eastern Africa
  13. Platycoryne megalorrhynchaSummerh. - Nigeria + Cameroon
  14. Platycoryne micranthaSummerh. - Angola + Zambia
  15. Platycoryne ochyranaSzlach., Mytnik, Rutk., Jerch. & Baranow - Central African Republic
  16. Platycoryne paludosa(Lindl.) Rolfe in D.Oliver - western Africa
  17. Platycoryne pervilleiRchb.f. - eastern Africa + Madagascar
  18. Platycoryne protearum(Rchb.f.) Rolfe in D.Oliver - central Africa
  19. Platycoryne trilobataSummerh. - Angola + Zambia

Imidugudu is a forced villagization program that was launched on 13 December 1996 by a decision of the Rwandan Cabinet which set out to concentrate the entire rural population in villages, known as Imudugudu.

Refugee women

Refugee women face gender-specific challenges in navigating daily life at every stage of their migration experience. Common challenges for all refugee women, regardless of other demographic data, are access to healthcare and physical abuse and instances of discrimination, sexual violence, and human trafficking are the most common ones. But even if women don't become victims of such actions, they often face abuse and disregard for their specific needs and experiences, which leads to complex consequences including demoralization, stigmatization, and mental and physical health decay. The lack of access to appropriate resources from international humanitarian aid organizations is compounded by the prevailing gender assumptions around the world, though recent shifts in gender mainstreaming are aiming to combat these commonalities.

Sudanese refugees are persons originating from the country of Sudan, but seeking refuge outside the borders of their native country. In recent history, Sudan has been the stage for prolonged conflicts and civil wars, as well as environmental changes, namely desertification. These forces have resulted not only in violence and famine, but also the forced migration of large numbers of the Sudanese population, both inside and outside the country's borders. Given the expansive geographic territory of Sudan, and the regional and ethnic tensions and conflicts, much of the forced migration in Sudan has been internal. Yet, these populations are not immune from similar issues that typically accompany refugeedom, including economic hardship and providing themselves and their families with sustenance and basic needs. With the creation of a South Sudanese state, questions surrounding southern Sudanese IDPs may become questions of South Sudanese refugees.

In 1994, the Rwandan Genocide unfolded before the world's eyes and with it, several hundred thousand people were murdered in the heart of Africa. At this time, Dr. Dawit Zawde, a medical doctor in Ethiopia, noticed the lack of an African response and organized a medical team to respond out of Kigali. Formally launched in Addis Ababa, within months of its opening, Africa Humanitarian Action (AHA) sent two teams of young health and relief professionals during the Rwandan crisis. These professionals hailed from seven African countries—Benin, Cameroon, Ethiopia, Guinea, Malawi, Rwanda, and Senegal, becoming the first African-only NGO operating in Rwanda. The AHA teams targeted returnee populations and the internally displaced as they were deployed at two health centers, one in the northwest region at Tare in the Kigali Prefecture and a second at Kabarondo in Kibungo Prefecture in the southeast. They provided unprecedented 24-hour emergency health services and regular out and in-patient care. As the operation in Rwanda grew, AHA decided to extend their presence to other countries in Africa. By the end of 1995, AHA had moved to Uganda, Angola and began operations in Ethiopia. By the end of 1999, the framework that was implemented in Eastern and Central Africa by AHA had now been transferred to offices in Western Africa.

Mbunda people Southern African people

The Vambunda are a Bantu people who, during the Bantu migrations, came from the north to south-eastern Angola and finally Barotseland, now part of Zambia. Their core is at present found in the south-east of Angola from the Lunguevungu river in Moxico to the Cuando Cubango Province.

References

Notes

  1. ↑ Hansen 2001 , p. 35
  2. ↑ Hansen 2001 , p. 36
  3. 1 2 Hansen 2001 , p. 37
  4. ↑ Hansen 2001 , p. 38
  5. ↑ Krause et al. 2001 , p. 11
  6. ↑ Hansen 1981 , p. 175
  7. ↑ "UN to resume repatriation of Angolans from Zambia", The Namibian, 2006-03-16, retrieved 2009-08-20
  8. ↑ Bakewell 2000 , p. 356

Sources

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.