Anopheles darlingi

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Anopheles darlingi
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Anopheles darlingi close up
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Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Diptera
Family: Culicidae
Genus: Anopheles
Subgenus: Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus)
Species:
A. darlingi
Binomial name
Anopheles darlingi
Root, 1926

Anopheles darlingi, the American malaria mosquito, is a species of mosquito in the family Culicidae. [1] [2] A. darlingi is one of the major species of mosquito known to be responsible for malaria in the Amazonian regions. [3] [4] [5] It has a wide range of geographic distribution that stretches from Mexico and Argentina, but it has also been found in areas affected by deforestation and environment changes due to humans. [6]

Contents

Breeding

The breeding patterns of A. darlingi are affected heavily by the precipitation seen in their environment. Due to the fact that mosquitoes rely on the surfaces of stagnant water or areas with regular flooding as breeding grounds for their eggs and larvae, [5] the annual density of the A. darlingi population is dependent upon the availability of larval habitats. [3] During the wet season, riverine areas are often abundant with mosquitoes and densities are higher in these after the peak of rainfall. [7] Oppositely, in drier inland areas that are usually further from rivers and coexisting with the affects human disturbance, a peak of mosquito density may occasionally occur in the dry season in areas restricted to man-made dams and stagnant puddles. [7]

Habitat

In its native range A. darlingi larvae are found by Manguin et al 1996 and Rozendaal 1992 to inhabit littoral, riverine, and backwater bodies. In its invasive Iquitos range Lounibos and Conn 2000 also find them in aquacultural ponds. [8]

Range

Anopheles darlingi was absent from Iquitos, Peru until shortly after 1991. [8]

Insecticide resistance

Marinotti et al. (2013) provide the first whole genome sequence. [9] This has greatly accelerated understanding of insecticide resistance in A. darlingi. Among other discoveries, Marinotti finds 20 esterases, 30 glutathione S-transferases, and 89 P450s. [9] [10]

References

  1. ↑ "Anopheles darlingi Report". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  2. ↑ "Anopheles darlingi". GBIF. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  3. 1 2 Hiwat, Hélène; Bretas, Gustavo (2011-09-16). "Ecology of Anopheles darlingi Root with respect to vector importance: a review". Parasites & Vectors. 4 (1). doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-4-177 . ISSN   1756-3305. PMC   3183005 .
  4. ↑ World Health Organization. Global Malaria Programme. (2013). World malaria report 2013. World Health Organization. ISBN   978-92-4-156469-4. OCLC   880833659.
  5. 1 2 Angêlla, Aline F; Salgueiro, Patrícia; Gil, Luiz HS; Vicente, José L; Pinto, João; Ribolla, Paulo EM (2014). "Seasonal genetic partitioning in the neotropical malaria vector, Anopheles darlingi". Malaria Journal. 13 (1): 203. doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-13-203 . ISSN   1475-2875. PMC   4059831 .
  6. ↑ VITTOR, AMY YOMIKO; GILMAN, ROBERT H.; TIELSCH, JAMES; GLASS, GREGORY; SHIELDS, TIM; LOZANO, WAGNER SÁNCHEZ; PINEDO-CANCINO, VIVIANA; PATZ, JONATHAN A. (2006-01-01). "THE EFFECT OF DEFORESTATION ON THE HUMAN-BITING RATE OF ANOPHELES DARLINGI, THE PRIMARY VECTOR OF FALCIPARUM MALARIA IN THE PERUVIAN AMAZON". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 74 (1): 3–11. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2006.74.3 . ISSN   0002-9637.
  7. 1 2 Gil, Luís H. Soares; Alves, Fabiana P.; Zieler, Helge; Salcedo, Juan M. V.; Durlacher, Rui R.; Cunha, Roberto P. A.; Tada, Mauro S.; Camargo, Luiz M. A.; Camargo, Erney P.; Pereira-Da-Silva, Luiz H. (2003-09-01). "Seasonal Malaria Transmission and Variation of Anopheline Density in Two Distinct Endemic Areas in Brazilian Amazônia". Journal of Medical Entomology. 40 (5): 636–641. doi:10.1603/0022-2585-40.5.636. ISSN   0022-2585.
  8. 1 2 Lounibos, L. Philip (2002). "Insect". Annual Review of Entomology . 47. Annual Reviews: 233–66. doi:10.1146/ANNUREV.ENTO.47.091201.145206. PMID   11729075. S2CID   28336540.
  9. 1 2 Marinotti O, Cerqueira GC, Paula de Almeida LG, Ferro MI, Loreto EL, Zaha A, et al. (2013). "The Genome of Anopheles darlingi, the main neotropical malaria vector". Nucleic Acids Research. 41 (15): 7387–7400. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkt484 . PMC   3753621 .
  10. ↑ Liu, Nannan (2015). "Insecticide Resistance in Mosquitoes: Impact, Mechanisms, and Research Directions". Annual Review of Entomology . 60. Annual Reviews: 537–559. doi: 10.1146/annurev-ento-010814-020828 .


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