Grape phylloxera is an insect pest of commercial grapevines worldwide, originally native to eastern North America. Grape phylloxera ; originally described in France as Phylloxera vastatrix; equated to the previously described Daktulosphaera vitifoliae, Phylloxera vitifoliae. The insect is commonly just called phylloxera.
Vitis aestivalis, the summer grape, or pigeon grape is a species of grape native to eastern North America from southern Ontario east to Maine, west to Oklahoma, and south to Florida and Texas. It is a vigorous vine, growing to 10 m or more high in trees. The leaves are 7–20 cm long, suborbicular, and usually a little broader than long; they are variable in shape, from unlobed to deeply three- or five-lobed, green above, and densely hairy below. The flowers are produced at every 3rd node in a dense panicle 5–15 cm long. The fruit is a small grape 5–14 mm diameter, dark purple or black in colour. It is the official state grape of Missouri. Summer grape prefers a drier upland habitat.
Hybrid grapes are grape varieties that are the product of a crossing of two or more Vitis species. This is in contrast to crossings between grape varieties of the same species, typically Vitis vinifera, the European grapevine. Hybrid grapes are also referred to as inter-specific crossings or "Modern Varieties." Due to their often excellent tolerance to powdery mildew, other fungal diseases, nematodes, and phylloxera, hybrid varieties have, to some extent, become a renewed focus for European breeding programs. The recently developed varieties, Rondo, and Regent are examples of newer hybrid grape varieties for European viticulturalists. Several North American breeding programs, such as those at Cornell and the University of Minnesota, focus exclusively on hybrid grapes, with active and successful programs, having created hundreds if not thousands of new varieties.
Plasmopara viticola, the causal agent of grapevine downy mildew, is a heterothallic oomycete that overwinters as oospores in leaf litter and soil. In the spring, oospores germinate to produce macrosporangia, which under wet condition release zoospores. Zoospores are splashed by rain into the canopy, where they swim to and infect through stomata. After 7–10 days, yellow lesions appear on foliage. During favorable weather, the lesions sporulate and new secondary infections occur.
Vitis (grapevine) is a genus of 79 accepted species of vining plants in the flowering plant family Vitaceae. The genus is made up of species predominantly from the Northern Hemisphere. It is economically important as the source of grapes, both for direct consumption of the fruit and for fermentation to produce wine. The study and cultivation of grapevines is called viticulture.
Black Spanish is a variation of grapes that was originally assumed to be a seedling of an American hybrid grape which resulted from the crossing of the American Vitis aestivalis species with a grape of an unknown Vitis vinifera pollen donor.
Antispila ampelopsifoliella is a species of moth of the family Heliozelidae. It is found in eastern North America, including Connecticut, Kentucky, New York, Vermont and Ontario.Records from Italy may refer to Antispila oinophylla.
Antispila voraginella is a species of moth of the family Heliozelidae. It is found in the Rocky Mountains, including Utah, Arizona and western Texas.
Antispila hydrangaeella is a species of moth of the family Heliozelidae. It is widespread in the eastern United States, including Georgia, Illinois, Kentucky and North Carolina. However, research suggests that two species might be involved under this name.
Antispila viticordifoliella is a species of moth of the family Heliozelidae. Research suggests that two species might be involved under this name, one feeding on Vitis species which is found in Kentucky and Pennsylvania and the other on Parthenocissus species, which is found in Ontario, Connecticut, Florida, New York and Vermont.
Antispila isabella is a species of moth of the family Heliozelidae. It is found in Ontario, Connecticut, Georgia, Kentucky, New York, Pennsylvania and Vermont. However, research concludes that a complex of species is involved under this name.
Holocacista rivillei is a species of moth of the family Heliozelidae. It is found in southern Europe and western and Central Asia. Records include Spain, France, Italy, Malta, Slovenia, Croatia, Bulgaria, Greece, Sicily, Turkey, south-eastern Russia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan.
Antispila ampelopsia is a moth of the family Heliozelidae. It was described by Kuroko in 1961. It is found in Japan.
Antispila argostoma is a moth of the family Heliozelidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1916. It is found in India.
Antispila aristarcha is a moth of the family Heliozelidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1916. It is found in India.
Antispila inouei is a moth of the family Heliozelidae. It was described by Kuroko in 1987. It is found in Japan.
Antispila isorrhythma is a moth of the family Heliozelidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1926. It is found in India.
Antispila uenoi is a moth of the family Heliozelidae. It was described by Kuroko in 1987. It is found in Japan. In 2018, the species was found from China.
Holocacista capensis is a moth of the family Heliozelidae. It was described by van Nieukerken and Geertsema in 2015. It is found in South Africa.
