Ardeirhynchus

Ardeirhynchus
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Acanthocephala
Class:	Palaeacanthocephala
Order:	Polymorphida
Family:	Polymorphidae
Genus:	Ardeirhynchus Dimitrova & Georgiev, 1994 [1]
Species:	A. spiralis
Binomial name
Ardeirhynchus spiralis (Rudolphi, 1809) [a]
Synonyms
Echinorhynchus spiralis Prosthorhynchus spiralis Plagiorhynchus spiralis

Ardeirhynchus is a monotypic genus of parasitic worms belonging to the family Polymorphidae. ^[2] Its sole described species is Ardeirhynchus spiralis (Rudolphi, 1809), which is found in Northern America. ^[2]

Taxonomy

The genus was described by Dimitrova & Georgiev in 1994. ^[1] The original description of Ardeirhynchus spiralis was done by Rudolphi in 1809. ^[3] The National Center for Biotechnology Information does not indicate that any phylogenetic analysis has been published on Ardeirhynchus that would confirm its position as a unique genus in the family Polymorphidae. ^[4] A phylogenetic tree was created. ^[5]

Description

A. spiralis consists of a proboscis covered in hooks and a long trunk. The genus is distinguished from Arhythmorhynchus, which is the most morphologically similar genus, in three ways: a considerably shorter neck, minute trunk spines, the distribution of groups of hypodermal nuclei in the anterior part of the trunk and in lateral rows along the length of the posterior part of the trunk, the position of the male genital system (which in this genus occupies the posterior 1/8-1/6 part of the trunk), and a terminal genital pore. ^[1]

Distribution

The distribution of A. spiralis is determined by that of its hosts. It is found in Bulgaria (host: Squacco heron). ^[1]

Hosts

Life cycle of Acanthocephala.

The life cycle of an acanthocephalan consists of three stages beginning when an infective acanthor (development of an egg) is released from the intestines of the definitive host and then ingested by an arthropod, the intermediate host. Although the intermediate hosts of Ardeirhynchus are arthropods. When the acanthor molts, the second stage called the acanthella begins. This stage involves penetrating the wall of the mesenteron or the intestine of the intermediate host and growing. The final stage is the infective cystacanth which is the larval or juvenile state of an Acanthocephalan, differing from the adult only in size and stage of sexual development. The cystacanths within the intermediate hosts are consumed by the definitive host, usually attaching to the walls of the intestines, and as adults they reproduce sexually in the intestines. The acanthor is passed in the feces of the definitive host and the cycle repeats. There may be paratenic hosts (hosts where parasites infest but do not undergo larval development or sexual reproduction) for Ardeirhynchus. ^[8]

A. spiralis parasitizes the herons Little bittern (Botaurus minutus) and squacco heron (Ardeola ralloides). ^[1] The prevalence in the first host is 1.9% and usually only 1 worm is found. ^[9] There are no reported cases of A. spiralis infesting humans in the English language medical literature. ^[7]

• Hosts for Ardeirhynchus spiralis
• 
  Little bittern
• 
  squacco heron

Notes

1. A binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than Ardeirhynchus.
2. There are no known aberrant human infections for A. spiralis species. ^[7]

References

1. Dimitrova, Z. M., & Georgiev, B. B. (1994). Ardeirhynchus ng (Palaeacanthocephala: Polymorphida: Polymorphidae), with a redescription of A. spiralis (Rudolphi, 1809) n. comb. Systematic Parasitology, 29(2), 149-158.
2. "Ardeirhynchus Dimitrova & Georgiev, 1994". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
3. Dimitrova, Z. (2009). Acanthocephalans of the nominotypical subgenus of Plagiorhynchus (Plagiorhynchidae) from charadriiform birds in the collection of the Natural History Museum, London, with a key to the species of the subgenus. ZooKeys, 6, 75.
4. Schoch, Conrad L; Ciufo, Stacy; Domrachev, Mikhail; Hotton, Carol L; Kannan, Sivakumar; Khovanskaya, Rogneda; Leipe, Detlef; Mcveigh, Richard; O’Neill, Kathleen; Robbertse, Barbara; Sharma, Shobha; Soussov, Vladimir; Sullivan, John P; Sun, Lu; Turner, Seán; Karsch-Mizrachi, Ilene (2020). "NCBI Taxonomy: a comprehensive update on curation, resources and tools". Taxonomy Browser. NCBI. Retrieved April 1, 2024.
5. García-Varela, M., de León, G. P. P., Aznar, F. J., & Nadler, S. A. (2013). Phylogenetic relationship among genera of Polymorphidae (Acanthocephala), inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial gene sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 68(2), 176-184.
6. CDC’s Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria (April 11, 2019). "Acanthocephaliasis". www.cdc.gov. Center for Disease Control. Archived from the original on 8 June 2023. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
7. Mathison, BA; et al. (2021). "Human Acanthocephaliasis: a Thorn in the Side of Parasite Diagnostics". J Clin Microbiol. 59 (11): e02691-20. doi:10.1128/JCM.02691-20. PMC   8525584 . PMID   34076470.
8. Schmidt, G.D. (1985). "Development and life cycles". In Crompton, D.W.T.; Nickol, B.B. (eds.). Biology of the Acanthocephala (PDF). Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. pp. 273–305. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 July 2023. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
9. Santoro, M., D'Alessio, N., Di Prisco, F., Veneziano, V., Galiero, G., Cerrone, A., ... & Aznar, F. J. (2016). Helminth communities of herons (Aves: Ardeidae) in southern Italy. Parasitology international, 65(4), 340-346.