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Polyethylene glycol (PEG;) is a polyether compound derived from petroleum with many applications,from industrial manufacturing to medicine. PEG is also known as polyethylene oxide (PEO) or polyoxyethylene (POE),depending on its molecular weight. The structure of PEG is commonly expressed as H−(O−CH2−CH2)n−OH.
A hydrogel is a biphasic material,a mixture of porous and permeable solids and at least 10% of water or other interstitial fluid. The solid phase is a water insoluble three dimensional network of polymers,having absorbed a large amount of water or biological fluids. Hydrogels have several applications,especially in the biomedical area,such as in hydrogel dressing. Many hydrogels are synthetic,but some are derived from natural materials. The term "hydrogel" was coined in 1894.
Colloidal gold is a sol or colloidal suspension of nanoparticles of gold in a fluid,usually water. The colloid is coloured usually either wine red or blue-purple . Due to their optical,electronic,and molecular-recognition properties,gold nanoparticles are the subject of substantial research,with many potential or promised applications in a wide variety of areas,including electron microscopy,electronics,nanotechnology,materials science,and biomedicine.
Poloxamer 407 is a hydrophilic non-ionic surfactant of the more general class of copolymers known as poloxamers. Poloxamer 407 is a triblock copolymer consisting of a central hydrophobic block of polypropylene glycol flanked by two hydrophilic blocks of polyethylene glycol (PEG). The approximate lengths of the two PEG blocks is 101 repeat units,while the approximate length of the propylene glycol block is 56 repeat units. This particular compound is also known by the BASF trade name Pluronic F-127 or by the Croda trade name Synperonic PE/F 127. BASF also offers a pharmaceutical grade,under trade name Kolliphor P 407.
Targeted drug delivery,sometimes called smart drug delivery,is a method of delivering medication to a patient in a manner that increases the concentration of the medication in some parts of the body relative to others. This means of delivery is largely founded on nanomedicine,which plans to employ nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery in order to combat the downfalls of conventional drug delivery. These nanoparticles would be loaded with drugs and targeted to specific parts of the body where there is solely diseased tissue,thereby avoiding interaction with healthy tissue. The goal of a targeted drug delivery system is to prolong,localize,target and have a protected drug interaction with the diseased tissue. The conventional drug delivery system is the absorption of the drug across a biological membrane,whereas the targeted release system releases the drug in a dosage form. The advantages to the targeted release system is the reduction in the frequency of the dosages taken by the patient,having a more uniform effect of the drug,reduction of drug side-effects,and reduced fluctuation in circulating drug levels. The disadvantage of the system is high cost,which makes productivity more difficult,and the reduced ability to adjust the dosages.
A foreign body reaction (FBR) is a typical tissue response to a foreign body within biological tissue. It usually includes the formation of a foreign body granuloma. Tissue encapsulation of an implant is an example,as is inflammation around a splinter. Foreign body granuloma formation consists of protein adsorption,macrophages,multinucleated foreign body giant cells,fibroblasts,and angiogenesis. It has also been proposed that the mechanical property of the interface between an implant and its surrounding tissues is critical for the host response.
PEGylation is the process of both covalent and non-covalent attachment or amalgamation of polyethylene glycol polymer chains to molecules and macrostructures,such as a drug,therapeutic protein or vesicle,which is then described as PEGylated. PEGylation affects the resulting derivatives or aggregates interactions,which typically slows down their coalescence and degradation as well as elimination in vivo.
Photothermal therapy (PTT) refers to efforts to use electromagnetic radiation for the treatment of various medical conditions,including cancer. This approach is an extension of photodynamic therapy,in which a photosensitizer is excited with specific band light. This activation brings the sensitizer to an excited state where it then releases vibrational energy (heat),which is what kills the targeted cells.
A fibrin scaffold is a network of protein that holds together and supports a variety of living tissues. It is produced naturally by the body after injury,but also can be engineered as a tissue substitute to speed healing. The scaffold consists of naturally occurring biomaterials composed of a cross-linked fibrin network and has a broad use in biomedical applications.
Arginylglycylaspartic acid (RGD) is the most common peptide motif responsible for cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix (ECM),found in species ranging from Drosophila to humans. Cell adhesion proteins called integrins recognize and bind to this sequence,which is found within many matrix proteins,including fibronectin,fibrinogen,vitronectin,osteopontin,and several other adhesive extracellular matrix proteins. The discovery of RGD and elucidation of how RGD binds to integrins has led to the development of a number of drugs and diagnostics,while the peptide itself is used ubiquitously in bioengineering. Depending on the application and the integrin targeted,RGD can be chemically modified or replaced by a similar peptide which promotes cell adhesion.
Molly S. Shoichet,is a Canadian science professor,specializing in chemistry,biomaterials and biomedical engineering. She was Ontario's first Chief Scientist. Shoichet is a biomedical engineer known for her work in tissue engineering,and is the only person to be a fellow of the three National Academies in Canada.
Elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs) are synthetic biopolymers with potential applications in the fields of cancer therapy,tissue scaffolding,metal recovery,and protein purification. For cancer therapy,the addition of functional groups to ELPs can enable them to conjugate with cytotoxic drugs. Also,ELPs may be able to function as polymeric scaffolds,which promote tissue regeneration. This capacity of ELPs has been studied particularly in the context of bone growth. ELPs can also be engineered to recognize specific proteins in solution. The ability of ELPs to undergo morphological changes at certain temperatures enables specific proteins that are bound to the ELPs to be separated out from the rest of the solution via experimental techniques such as centrifugation.
William Mark Saltzman was named the Goizueta Foundation Professor of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering at Yale University on July 1,2002 and became the founding chair of Yale's Department of Biomedical Engineering in 2003. Saltzman's research aims to promote new methods for drug delivery and develop new biotechnologies to combat human disease. A pioneer in the fields of biomaterials,nanobiotechnology,and tissue engineering,Saltzman has contributed to the design and implementation of a number of clinical technologies that have become essential to medical practice today. His popular course Frontiers of Biomedical Engineering is available to everyone through Open Yale Courses.
Rohit Pappu is an Indian-born computational and molecular biophysicist. He is the Gene K. Beare Distinguished Professor of Engineering and the director of the Center for Biomolecular Condensates (CBC) at Washington University in St. Louis.
Hydrogel dressing is a medical dressing based on hydrogels,three-dimensional hydrophilic structure. The insoluble hydrophilic structures absorb polar wound exudates and allow oxygen diffusion at the wound bed to accelerate healing. Hydrogel dressings can be designed to prevent bacterial infection,retain moisture,promote optimum adhesion to tissues,and satisfy the basic requirements of biocompatibility. Hydrogel dressings can also be designed to respond to changes in the microenvironment at the wound bed. Hydrogel dressings should promote an appropriate microenvironment for angiogenesis,recruitment of fibroblasts,and cellular proliferation.
Joyce Y. Wong is an American engineer who is Professor of Biomedical Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering at Boston University. Her research develops novel biomaterials for the early detection treatment of disease. Wong is the Inaugural Director of the Provost's Initiative to promote gender equality and inclusion in STEM at all levels:Advance,Recruit,Retain and Organize Women in STEM. She is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science,American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering and Biomedical Engineering Society.
Heather D. Maynard is the Dr Myung Ki Hong Professor in Polymer Science at the University of California,Los Angeles. She works on protein-polymer conjugates and polymeric drugs. Maynard is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry and the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
Kristi Lynn Kiick is the Blue and Gold Distinguished Professor of Materials Science and Engineering at the University of Delaware. She studies polymers,biomaterials and hydrogels for drug delivery and regenerative medicine. She is a Fellow of the American Chemical Society,the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering,and of the National Academy of Inventors. She served for nearly eight years as the deputy dean of the college of engineering at the University of Delaware.
Polymer-protein hybrids are a class of nanostructure composed of protein-polymer conjugates. The protein component generally gives the advantages of biocompatibility and biodegradability,as many proteins are produced naturally by the body and are therefore well tolerated and metabolized. Although proteins are used as targeted therapy drugs,the main limitations—the lack of stability and insufficient circulation times still remain. Therefore,protein-polymer conjugates have been investigated to further enhance pharmacologic behavior and stability. By adjusting the chemical structure of the protein-polymer conjugates,polymer-protein particles with unique structures and functions,such as stimulus responsiveness,enrichment in specific tissue types,and enzyme activity,can be synthesized. Polymer-protein particles have been the focus of much research recently because they possess potential uses including bioseparations,imaging,biosensing,gene and drug delivery.
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{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ↑ Heggestad, Jacob T.; Britton, Rhett J.; Kinnamon, David S.; Wall, Simone A.; Joh, Daniel Y.; Hucknall, Angus M.; Olson, Lyra B.; Anderson, Jack G.; Mazur, Anna; Wolfe, Cameron R.; Oguin, Thomas H.; Sullenger, Bruce A.; Burke, Thomas W.; Kraft, Bryan D.; Sempowski, Gregory D.; Woods, Christopher W.; Chilkoti, Ashutosh (2021). "Rapid test to assess the escape of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern". Science Advances. 7 (49): eabl7682. Bibcode:2021SciA....7.7682H. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abl7682. PMC 8641938 . PMID 34860546.
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- ↑ "Pratt School of Engineering Awards".
- ↑ "Awards and Recognition of Advancements in the Field of Biomaterials".
- ↑ "Robert A. Pritzker Distinguished Lecture Award".
- ↑ "BMES List of Fellows".
- ↑ "2014 Archive – NAI Fellows in the Press". 22 April 2024.
- ↑ "Chandra P. Sharma Award".
- ↑ "Chilkoti named 2022 Outstanding Postdoc Mentor".