Ayr (Somali: Cayr or Ceyr) is a Somali clan that is part of the larger Habar GidirHawiye clan. The Ayr clan is the eldest Habargidir sub-clan and is the largest Habargidir sub-clan in population.[1] The Ayr clan have a rich history in Somali society and has played an important role in shaping Somali history and national politics. Members of the clan reside in 6 out of the total 18 regions of Somalia but are primarily found in the central region of Somalia - Galgaduud region which they hold a monopoly over and is considered their heartlands. They are considered the most powerful sub-clan in central and southern Somalia controlling important sections of the country and greatly influencing the nation's capital Mogadishu, holding the 1st mayorship position in the post-independence era.[2] The Ayr are regarded as being very large in numbers because they are spread throughout numerous regions in Somalia and are significant to the country's political, economic, social, and military sectors.[3]
The progenitor of the Ayr clan had 2 sons, Mu'le(Mucle) Mohamed and Wa'e(Wace) Mohamed but is divided into 10 sub-clans also known as diya groups.[4] The clan undertakes the traditional rural lifestyle of the nomadic Somali culture of herding camel and other livestock. However, they are also urban today and have exclusive urban towns in Somalia such as; Guriel which is considered the business district of Galmudug regional state,[5]Dusmareb[6] the capital city of the regional state Galmudug, and Mataban District in Hiiraan region among many others. Additionally, they migrated and settled in great numbers in the nation's capital city Mogadishu, They own several large banks around the nation, including premier bank and mybank and are considered to be very business savvy people as they own most of the businesses in the capital. They are the deputy commissioners of 3 other districts in the capital namely: Deynile District, Howlwadag District & Yaqshid District.
The Ayr clan derive their name from the Somali word Cayr/Caydh, which means welfare. The name comes from a historical incident involving Muhammad and his siblings following the death of their father. The oldest brother, Muhammad, was responsible for allocating his father's fortune to his siblings. Muhammad, who was considerably older than his three other brothers, didn't need his father's fortune because he was already well-established and wealthy on his own. He gave his three younger brothers his share of their father's wealth along with an ultimatum that he would periodically take a portion of their wealth to make up for the portion of the father's wealth that was rightfully his that he added to theirs making him a welfare collector by Somali cultural standards.
The clan's traditional leadership system is the Ughaz system and has had 10 traditional leaders since the inception of the first Ugaas. The first Ugaas of the clan was Ugaas Kooshin Ugaas Caalin. It is said by the elders of the clan that Ugaas Caalin's right to leadership was known generations before his birth as his ancestor Abti-edge had willed that the leadership of the Ayr clan comes from his son Dhowrakace Abti-idig (See the clan tree section). A few generations later Ugaas Caalin Caroole was born with a bright mark on his hand and he was made the first Ugaas of the clan despite not ruling all the Ayr during his leadership. The first true Ugaas who led all the Ayr was Ugaas Kooshin Ugaas Caalin. The current Ugaas of the clan is Ugaas Hassan Ugaas Mohamed Ugaas Nuur.[7]
The Ayr clan has produced 1 president, Abdiqasim Salad Hassan, out of 9 presidents Somalia has had. They have played an important role in national politics since the 1960s, producing various ministers and high-ranking military officials, but more so in the last 30 years. The clan were staunch anti-colonialist at the onset of Italian and British colonialism in Somalia and greatly resisted colonial expansion by foreign powers.
Distribution
The Ayr clan is distributed all over the Somali peninsula but is found primarily in 7 regions out of the Somali nations total 18 regions. The Ayr clan is primarily settled in the region of; Galgaduud which is their heartland and the region they dominate, as well as Mudug, Hiiraan, Sool, Lower Shabelle, Togdheer and the capital region of the nation Banaadir. Historically they only inhabited the central regions of Somalia, Galgaduud, Hiiraan and Mudug, and 1 northern region, Sool. But After the civil war, they managed to expand. They exerted extensive influence in the mentioned regions and played an important role in the politics of those regions. They are also found in Ethiopia in the occupied Somali region specifically in the regions of Qorahe and Shabelle Zone in great numbers. The clan traditionally settles until the Ethio-Somali border near the towns of Abudwak and Balanbale extending out into the Shilabo district of the Qorahe and Shabelle Zone inside Ethiopia, an estimated 350km from the coast to the interior of Ethiopia. They also settle on the main road of Somalia between the town of Godinlabe and the town of Mataban District in Hiiraan. The clan inhabits approximately 45,000 km2 worth of land that has prime grazing and as a result, has many livestock that graze throughout that corridor. The land also hosts the clan's urban towns and cities, such as Guriceel and Dhusamareb.
History
Medieval period
Hiraab Imamate extent of rule in the Somali peninsula.
During the medieval period, the Ayr clan, though relatively young and modest in size, was part of the Ajuran Sultanate. The Ajuran Sultanate was a formidable Muslim Somali empire that ruled over the Hawiye clan, which the Ajuran is part of, and was a dominant force in the Indian Ocean trade during the Middle Ages.
As the Ajuran Sultanate faced its decline, the Ayr clan actively engaged in both the overthrow[8] and defence of this once-powerful empire under the united banner of the wider Habargidir and Hiraab forces who had planned to defeat the empire due to injustices. Notably, various sections of the Ayr, such as the Yabadhaale and a few segments of the Mu'le(Mucle/Tolweyne), dedicated significant military efforts to prevent the Sultanate from falling.[9] Despite the efforts, the Ajuran empire was eventually defeated and was replaced by the Hiraab Imamate and other smaller Sultanates.
The Ayr who are part of the Hiraab later joined the Hiraab Imamate that ruled the lands of the Hawiye for another 300 years. During this time they had established their own sub-leadership that came under the Hiraab imamate called the Ayr Ugaasate. The Hiraab Imamate spanned across Mogadishu and the port town of Hobyo. The Imamate engaged in various battles with foreign forces such as the French, Portuguese and Arabs on various occasions which they successfully repelled.
Hiraab Imamate.
Ayr Ugaasate
The inception of the Ayr Ugaas dates back approximately 400–500 years. The inaugural Ugaas, Aalin Arole, also known as Caalin Caroole, ascended to leadership as foretold by his forefather Abti-idig. The prediction foresaw the Ugaas of the Ayr clan emerging from Abti-idig's son, Dhowrakace Abti-idig, marked by a distinct brightness or sign on his body (Calaamo). According to elders, this prediction was made by Abti-idig because he understood constellations and was knowledgeable about astronomy.[10]
Islaaleey or 'Habar Islaaleed' and Ajiyeey or 'Habar Aji' were the two wives of Abti-Idig and they bore him 4 sons in total each wife birthing 2 twin sons.
The first of the two wives, Habar Islaaleed, was a wealthy woman who had a life akin to a royal and lived relatively lavishly in comparison to her counterparts, but it was also rumoured that she harboured protective jealousy towards her husband. She owned numerous animals, a beautiful traditional Somali home, and other pricey possessions. Habar Aji, on the other hand, was a younger woman who used to assist Habar Islaaleed tend to her household chores. Despite all this wealth and luxury, Habar Islaaleed was unable to conceive when Abti-idig tried to have a child with her. His wife informed him that she would only be able to have children if he married HabarAji, the helper girl. Following the advice, Abti-Idig wed Habaraji and started trying to conceive a child with her and his first wife Habar Islaaleed.
Not long after, both Habar Aji and Habar Islaaleed became pregnant at the same time. They went into labour almost simultaneously. Aware of his first wife’s jealousy, Abti-Idig decided to separate the two women for childbirth. He led Habar-Aji to a place far from Habar Islaaleed’s location, giving her seven cows with calves and instructing her to give birth under a large tree he had prepared for her. And for Habar-Islaaleed he let her birth in her own home
While both women were in labour at dusk, Abti-Idig moved frequently between them. He first went to Habar Aji, who gave birth to her first son, whom he named Warwaaq after rain began to fall following the child’s birth. He then went to Habar Islaaleed, who had also delivered her first son. Abti-Idig named him Dhowrakace, a name chosen because he had feared she might miscarry during her pregnancy, as she had already experienced reproductive difficulties. Returning to Habar Aji, he found that she had unexpectedly given birth to a second twin son, whom he named Qoorcas (meaning “redneck” in English). When he went back to Habar Islaaleed, he discovered she too had delivered a second twin son, Daaud, who was nicknamed Sabuh because he was the last born and arrived with the start of June, the month of Sabuh.
Abti-Idig went to HabarAji, where she gave birth to Warwaaq, the first son. After that, he went to see Habar Islaaleed, who had also given birth to a son they had named Dhowrakace because they had assumed she would miscarry during her pregnancy.[11] He returned to Habaraji, where she unexpectedly gave birth to a second son who would be named Qoorcas, or redneck in English. When he returned to see how Habar Islaaleed was doing, he discovered that she had another son, Daaud, whom they had given the nickname Sabuh because he was born in June, the month of Sabuh. Once everything was finished, both wives claimed that their firstborn was the eldest son. Abti-idig called the family together and declared that he should make his will known, stating that he didn't think he would have any more children. He declared Warwaaq was his eldest son, and he declared that he would maintain the family's firstborn title. He went on to say that his second son Dhowrakace would have the progeny that led all the Ayr because his mother had royal characteristics and that the leadership of the Ayr be left to him. The progeny would be identified as the long-awaited ruler by a prominent birthmark or bright mark on his arm.
Once all the births were complete, both wives claimed that their firstborn was the eldest. Abti-Idig gathered his family and declared his will, stating that he did not believe he would have more children. He proclaimed Warwaaq as his eldest son, ensuring that he retained the title of firstborn. He then decreed that his second son, Dhowrakace, would have descendants who would lead all of the Ayr clan, as his mother possessed royal qualities. The rightful ruler among Dhowrakace’s progeny, he said, would be recognised by a prominent birthmark or bright mark on his arm or neck.
Despite this destined path, Ugaas Caalin Caroole initially faced resistance from some Ayr sub-clans, notably the Yabadhaale, who at the time were equal in size, strength, and influence to the Mucle (Towleyne), and the Habar Aji, who claimed eldest status. Ugaas Caalin’s authority eventually took root, initially governing primarily the Dhowrakace section of the Ayr.
He later handed over his title to his eldest son, Ugaas Kooshin, marking the beginning of unified leadership over the entire Ayr clan. Ugaas Kooshin undertook the formidable task of unifying all Ayr sub-clans under his rule. While most of the Ayr readily embraced his leadership, he faced opposition from the Habar Aji, who maintained their claim as eldest, and from the Yabadhaale, who considered themselves separate from the central leadership since they were not descendants of Abti-Idig but rather Ayr with their own established leadership system.The Habar Aji, as the oldest clan within the Ayr, firmly believed leadership should be entrusted to their authority and advocated transforming the Ayr’s leadership structure into a monarchy following the descendants of the eldest rather than handing it to Caalin Ugaas who are considered the 2nd youngest sub-clan of all 10 major Ayr sub-clans. After prolonged negotiations, a pivotal meeting between the Ayr and the Habar Aji resulted in the latter’s acceptance of Ugaas Kooshin’s leadership, solidifying his reign over the entire Ayr clan. The Yabadhaale remained cautious but generally accepted the Ugaas, though they maintained a unilateral system until the mid-to-late 1800s. Ugaas Kooshin’s rule was fair, and he took an oath to defend the Ayr’s lands, which he did successfully against neighbouring clans with opposing interests.
The current Ugaas is not a direct descendant of Ugaas Kooshin despite the Ugaas leadership system being a hereditary one. The reason for this is due to a major dispute that had ensued among the Ayr in the late 1800s regarding leadership when colonial powers started arriving on Somali shores. The Ugaas at the time was Ugaas Jima'le Ugaas Faarah but many Ayr sub-clans were dissatisfied with his leadership and complained about him regularly stating thathe was unfit to rule and not very wise in decision making. After much dispute and discussion, the clan had agreed to hand over the Ugaas title to his cousin, Ugaas Nuur, who is the grandfather of the current Ugaas. The current Ugaas is a descendant of Ugaas Koshin's brother, Ugaas Mahadalle Ugaas Caalin.
Clan tree
Ali Jimale Ahmed outlines the Hawiye clan genealogical tree in The Invention of Somalia:[12]
General Galal, who was a Major General and former Deputy defence minister who prepared and led the Ogaden War 1977 one of the leaders of the Ethiopian war in 1977.
Xaashi ali rooble, who was a Major General and one of the leaders of the Ethiopian war in 1977 and who were the general who participated in the liberation of Somalia.
Ahmed Abdisalam Adan a Somali radio journalist, media founder and politician. He is a co-founder of HornAfrik Media Inc. based in Mogadishu. In the 2000s, he also served as a Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Public Security in the former Transitional Federal Government
Jibriil Hassan Owner and chairman of Premier Bank the largest and most successful Islamic bank in East Africa and most successful mobile money service in Somalia.
Haji Mohamed Ahmed Liibaan 'Axyaa Wadani' Somali poet who recited over 500 poems from Harardhere and an SYL activist.
Mohamed Sheikh Osman, Leader of the Somali African Union Party that played a role in gaining independence for the Somali nation. They party was the second most popular party in Colonial Somalia after the Somali Youth League. He was also the first politician of the Ayr clan and was the representative for Italian-Somaliland consulate in India in the year 1925 and a UN representative in 1940.
Salad Elmi Durwa, the first Ayr MP elected in Beledweyne 1960, he also served as the deputy head of the council of ministers in the first Somali government.
Yusuf Mohammed Siad Inda'ade, head of security affairs for the Islamic Courts Union, Somali defence minister (TFG).
Colonel Mahmud Shabeel, a high ranking and well renowned Somali colonel that took part in the Ogaden war. He was more famously known for his efforts in the Somali rebel group United Somali Congress that ousted President Siad Barre. He was the lead colonel in repelling Siad barres attempt to retake power in 1991 in the battle of Xadka iyo Xawaaraha of Agooye.
Abdi Shakur Sheikh Hassan He served as the Minister of Interior Affairs and National Security in the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia.
Hasan Adan Samatar, one of the most famous Somali singers of classical Somali music, guitarist and theatrical performer. He is a renowned singer across the Somali Peninsula and had many hits in the 80s.
Magool, similar to Hasan Adan Samatar was a famous classical Somali singer. She is a renowned singer across the Somali Peninsula and was the opening singer of the African Union convention meeting of 1980.
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