Banjuriyan or Banjurha were a local Islamic-Hazara dynasty in the Ghor region of present-day Afghanistan (Hazarajat).[1][2] They ruled this land prior to the rise of the Ghurid dynasty. The Banjuriyan lived in the mountainous regions of Ghor, in the heart of the central plateau of Afghanistan, and their social structure was based on tribal systems and local leadership. The Banjuriyan dynasty was one of the lesser-known local dynasties in the history of the Ghor region of present-day Afghanistan, holding power approximately from the 9th to the 11th century AD.[3]
This dynasty is named after its first ruler, Banjur. According to historical sources, including Tabaqat al-Nasiri by Minhaj al-Siraj Juzjani, Banjur is considered one of the ancestors of the Ghurids, who paved the way for the rise of the Ghurid dynasty in later centuries.[4]
Origin
The Banjur or Banjuriyan dynasty is considered one of the earliest local Muslim dynasties in the region of present-day Ghor, Afghanistan. This dynasty ruled parts of the mountainous territory of Ghor during the 3rd century AH (approximately the 9th century CE) and laid the groundwork for the rise of the Ghurid dynasty.
Background and context of emergence
Until the early Islamic centuries, the Ghor region was not directly under the political control of the Islamic Caliphate. The indigenous inhabitants of this area largely adhered to non-Islamic religions, including Buddhism and Zoroastrianism. With the expansion of the Abbasid Caliphate's influence and the military campaigns of the Tahirids and Saffarids into Khorasan and eastern Iran, Islam gradually reached the Ghor province. According to the historical account of Minhaj al-Siraj Juzjani in his book Tabaqat-i Nasiri, one of the earliest figures to convert to Islam in the Ghor region and establish power as a local ruler was Amir Banjur. He emerged from among the local elites of Ghor and managed to establish relative control over the area of Firuzkuh and its surroundings. From that time onward, his dynasty became known in history as the "Banjurids" (Banjuriyan).[5][6]
Role in the history of Ghor
The Banjurids were not only among the first Muslims of the Ghor region, but by establishing a local Islamic system, they paved the way for the emergence of the great Ghurid state. Some historians, including C. E. Bosworth, consider the Banjurid dynasty as the "political and religious precursor of the Ghurids."[7] Unlike the vast states of their time, the Banjurids were a local and tribal government, but their cultural and religious influence on the society of Ghor was significant. This dynasty maintained its peak power until around the 4th century AH (10th century AD), but with the rise of Ghurid rulers such as Amir Qutb al-Din and Ghiyath al-Din Ghori, the Banjurids were either absorbed into their power or lost their status.[7][8]
Government and social structure
Government structure
Political power in this dynasty was inherited within the Banjur family leaders, but it also relied heavily on tribal leadership traditions and respect for local elders.[9]
Social structure
The social structure of the Binjurians, like many local societies of that time, was tribal and based on kinship ties and ethnic traditions.
Ruling Class: The family of Amir Binjur and his relatives stood at the top of the social hierarchy, responsible for political leadership, judiciary duties, and managing external relations.
People of Ghor: Most of the population in Ghor at that time were farmers, herders, and in some areas, craftsmen. Due to the mountainous terrain, the society was relatively closed and self-sufficient.
Religious Influence: After the Binjurians embraced Islam, religious scholars and missionaries gradually gained a role in Ghor's social structure, working alongside the Amirs in religious leadership.
Justice system
Since the Binjurians were a local government, judgments and dispute resolutions were mostly based on customary tribal traditions. After embracing Islam, Islamic Sharia gradually replaced parts of the local laws.[10][11]
1 2 Adamec, Ludwig W. and Bosworth, C. E. (1968). "The Ghaznavids. Their Empire in Afghanistan and Eastern Iran." Oriens, 21, p. 456. https://doi.org/10.2307/1579951
↑ Hosseini, Gholam Mohammad. History of the Ghurids. Mashhad: Islamic Research Foundation, 1385 (2006).
Bosworth, C. E. The Ghaznavids: Their Empire in Afghanistan and Eastern Iran 994–1040. Edinburgh University Press, 1963
Noelle-Karimi, Christine. The Pearl in Its Midst: Herat and the Mapping of Khurasan. Austrian Academy of Sciences, 2014
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