Banksia montana

Last updated

Stirling Range dryandra
Banksia montana.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Proteales
Family: Proteaceae
Genus: Banksia
Subgenus: Banksia subg. Banksia
Series: Banksia ser. Dryandra
Species:
B. montana
Binomial name
Banksia montana
Synonyms [1]
  • Dryandra montanaC.A.Gardner ex A.S.George
  • Dryandra sp. 'Stirling Range' (F.Lullfitz 3379)

Banksia montana, commonly known as the Stirling Range dryandra, [2] is a species of shrub that is endemic to the Stirling Range in Western Australia. It has hairy stems, linear pinnatisect leaves with twisted, triangular lobes, yellow flowers in heads of about sixty and reddish-brown follicles.

Contents

Description

Banksia montana grows as a shrub to 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in) high but does not form a lignotuber. Its stems are covered in short, rust-coloured hairs. The leaves linear, pinnatisect, 80–250 mm (3.1–9.8 in) long and 6–11 mm (0.24–0.43 in) wide with between thirty-five and sixty lobes on each side. The lobes are twisted and curved, so that the undersurface faces the apex of the leaf. The flowers are yellow and arranged in head of between fifty and sixty on a branchlet one or two years old with linear to lance-shaped involucral bracts about 15 mm (0.59 in) long at the base of the head. The perianth is 17–19 mm (0.67–0.75 in) long and hairy, the pistil 18–21 mm (0.71–0.83 in) long and curved. Flowering occurs from December or January to February and the follicles are dark reddish-brown, egg-shaped and 9–11 mm (0.35–0.43 in) long and sparsely hairy. The follicles remain on the plant for up to four years before disintegrating. [2] [3] [4] [5]

Taxonomy

The type specimen was collected by Ken Newbey from Bluff Knoll in the Stirling Range on 14 January 1966. Western Australian State botanist Charles Austin Gardner coined the name Dryandra montana but did not publish it. The species was first formally described as D. montana in 1996 by Alex George in the journal Nuytsia . [5] [6] In 2007, Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele transferred all the dryandras to the genus Banksia and this species became Banksia montana. [7] [8] The specific epithet (montana) is from the Latin word montanus meaning "pertaining to mountains" referring to the habitat of this banksia. [9]

Distribution and habitat

Banksia montana is found only on the upper slopes of Bluff Knoll above 900 m (3000 ft) altitude, on sandstone, metamorphosed sandstone or siltstone. It is a component of the endangered Eastern Stirling Range Montane Heath and Thicket Threatened Ecological Community. Four populations containing a total of 45 adult and 16 juvenile plants were known in 2004. [2]

Ecology

Stirling Range dryandra is killed by bushfire and regenerates from seed. Taking up to nine years to flower and fruit from seed, it is thought to require bushfires at intervals of 18 years for best recovery. However, two fires in quick succession in its native habitat killed many plants with little recruitment. The species is also highly sensitive to dieback ( Phytophthora cinnamomi ), which has infested three of four extant populations. [2]

A species of mealybug, Pseudococcus markharveyi, was discovered on its leaves, and is possibly only associated with this species, making it likely to be endangered as well. [10]

Conservation status

Banksia montana is classified as "endangered" under the Australian Government Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 [11] and a recovery plan (for Dryandra montana) has been prepared. [2] It is also classified as "Threatened Flora (Declared Rare Flora — Extant)" by the Department of Environment and Conservation (Western Australia). The main threats to the species are habitat loss due to Phytophthora cinnamomi infestation and inappropriate fire regimes. [3] [2]

Use in horticulture

Stirling Range dryandra has been grown successfully in containers at Kings Park in Perth and at the Banksia Farm at Mount Barker. [12]

Related Research Articles

<i>Banksia brownii</i> Banksia species of south west Western Australia

Banksia brownii, commonly known as feather-leaved banksia or Brown's banksia, is a species of shrub that grows in southwest Western Australia. A plant with fine feathery leaves and large red-brown flower spikes, it usually grows as an upright bush around two metres (6.6 ft) high, but can also occur as a small tree or a low spreading shrub. First collected in 1829 and published the following year, it is placed in Banksiasubgenus Banksia, section Oncostylis, series Spicigerae. There are two genetically distinct forms.

<i>Banksia aculeata</i> Shrub of the family Proteaceae native to the southwest of Western Australia.

Banksia aculeata, commonly known as prickly banksia, is a species of plant of the family Proteaceae native to the Stirling Range in the southwest of Western Australia. A shrub up to 2 m (7 ft) tall, it has dense foliage and leaves with very prickly serrated margins. Its unusual pinkish, pendent (hanging) flower spikes, known as inflorescences, are generally hidden in the foliage and appear during the early summer. Although it was collected by the naturalist James Drummond in the 1840s, Banksia aculeata was not formally described until 1981, by Alex George in his monograph of the genus.

<i>Banksia caleyi</i> Australian species of shrub, the red lantern banksia

Banksia caleyi, commonly known as Caley's banksia or red lantern banksia, is a species of woody shrub of the family Proteaceae native to Western Australia. It generally grows as a dense shrub up to 2 m (7 ft) tall, has serrated leaves and red, pendent (hanging) inflorescences which are generally hidden in the foliage. First described by Scottish naturalist Robert Brown in 1830, Banksia caleyi was named in honour of the English botanist George Caley. No subspecies are recognised. It is one of three or four related species with hanging inflorescences, which is an unusual feature within the genus.

<i>Banksia anatona</i> Species of flowering plant in the family Proteaceae native to Western Australia

Banksia anatona, commonly known as the cactus dryandra, is a flowering plant in the family, Proteaceae and is endemic to Western Australia. It is a tall, spindly shrub with unusually large fruiting follicles. It is only known from a single location and has been classified as Critically Endangered nationally under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. The only known population is in danger of extinction from dieback disease.

Banksia brunnea is a species of low, bushy shrub that is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It has dark green pinnatisect leaves, heads of up to seventy pink and brownish flowers and glabrous follicles in the fruiting head.

<i>Banksia catoglypta</i> Species of shrub in the family Proteaceae endemic to Western Australia

Banksia catoglypta is a species of shrub that is endemic to Western Australia. It has pinnatisect leaves with sharply-pointed, triangular lobes and heads of golden brown and cream-coloured flowers.

<i>Banksia cirsioides</i> Species of shrub in the family Proteacea endemic to Western Australia

Banksia cirsioides is a species of shrub that is endemic to Western Australia. It has pinnatisect leaves with between six and ten lobes on each side and hairy heads of yellow and pink flowers.

<i>Banksia drummondii</i> Species of shrub in the family Proteaceae native to Western Australia

Banksia drummondii, commonly known as Drummond's dryandra, is a species of shrub that is endemic to Western Australia. It has pinnatifid to pinnatisect leaves, heads of up to one hundred cream-coloured, red and yellow flowers and glabrous fruit.

<i>Banksia rufa</i> Species of prostrate shrub

Banksia rufa is a species of prostrate shrub that is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It has broadly linear, pinnatifid or pinnatipartite leaves with between five and twenty lobes on each side, yellow, orange or brownish flowers in heads of forty or more, and glabrous, egg-shaped follicles.

<i>Banksia hirta</i> Species of shrub in the family Proteaceae endemic to Western Australia

Banksia hirta is a species of shrub that is endemic to Western Australia. It has hairy stems, deeply serrated leaves, pale yellow flowers in heads of about one hundred and shining follicles. It is restricted to the Stirling Range National Park.

Banksia ionthocarpa is a species of shrub that is endemic to Western Australia. It has short, hairy, prostrate stems, pinnatifid leaves, pinkish purple to orange flower in heads of between forty and sixty at the base of leaves, and egg-shaped follicles with a distinctive tuft of hairs on the end.

<i>Banksia mimica</i> Species of shrub in Western Australia

Banksia mimica, commonly known as summer honeypot, is a species of prostrate shrub that is endemic to Western Australia. It has wedge-shaped leaves with sharply-pointed teeth on the sides, yellow flowers in heads of up to fifty and oblong, hairy follicles.

<i>Banksia mucronulata</i> Species of shrub in Western Australia

Banksia mucronulata, commonly known as swordfish dryandra, is a species of shrub that is endemic to Western Australia. It has spreading, hairy stems, linear, deeply pinnatifid leaves with sharply-pointed lobes, pale yellow to cream-coloured flowers in heads of between 80 and 180, and egg-shaped follicles.

<i>Banksia platycarpa</i> Species of shrub in the family Proteaceae endemic to the south-west of Western Australia

Banksia platycarpa is a species of small shrub that is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It has broadly linear pinnatipartite leaves, with up to twenty-five sharply pointed lobes on each side, creamy-yellow to orange flowers in heads of up to seventy-five, and egg-shaped follicles.

Banksia plumosa is a species of shrub that is endemic to Western Australia. It has hairy stems, broadly linear pinnatifid to pinnatipartite leaves with triangular lobes, creamy-yellow flowers in heads of up to eighty, and egg-shaped follicles.

Banksia pseudoplumosa, commonly known as false plumed-banksia, is a species of shrub that is endemic to Western Australia. It has hairy stems, broadly linear, pinnatipartite leaves with sharply-pointed triangular lobes on the sides, yellow flowers in heads of about one hundred, and densely woolly-hairy follicles.

<i>Banksia bella</i> Species of shrub endemic to Western Australia

Banksia bella, commonly known as the Wongan dryandra, is a species of dense shrub that is endemic to a restricted area of Western Australia. It has narrow, deeply serrated leaves covered with white hairs on the lower surface, heads of yellow flowers and few follicles in the fruiting head.

Banksia shanklandiorum is a species of dense shrub that is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It has hairy stems, pinnatipartite to pinnatisect leaves with sharply-pointed lobes, pink to gold-coloured flowers in heads of about 100, and egg-shaped follicles.

<i>Banksia shuttleworthiana</i> Species of shrub in the family Proteaceae endemic to Western Australia

Banksia shuttleworthiana, commonly known as bearded dryandra, is a species of low, spreading shrub that is endemic to Western Australia. It has thin, woolly-hairy stems, linear pinnatisect leaves, creamy brown to purplish flowers in heads of about forty and later, only a few egg-shaped follicles in each head.

<i>Banksia stenoprion</i> Species of shrub in the genus Banksia native to Western Australia

Banksia stenoprion is a species of prostrate shrub that is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It has short, underground stems, pinnatisect leaves with triangular lobes, golden, mauve or purple flowers in heads of up to ninety, and egg-shaped follicles.

References

  1. 1 2 "Banksia mimica". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Sandra Gilfillan; Sarah Barrett; Renée Hartley; Colin Yates (2008). "Stirling Range Dryandra (Dryandra montana) Recovery Plan" (PDF). Department of Environment and Conservation. State Government of Western Australia. Retrieved 1 May 2014.
  3. 1 2 "Banksia montana (A.S.George) A.R.Mast & K.R.Thiele". FloraBase . Western Australian Government Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions.
  4. George, Alex S. (1999). Flora of Australia (PDF). Vol. 17B. Canberra: Australian Biological Resources Study, Canberra. p. 335. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
  5. 1 2 George, Alex (1996). "New taxa and a new infrageneric classification in Dryandra R.Br. (Proteaceae : Grevilleoideae)". Nuytsia. 10 (3): 377–378. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
  6. "Dryandra montana". APNI. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
  7. "Banksia montana". APNI. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
  8. Mast, Austin R.; Thiele, Kevin (2007). "The transfer of Dryandra R.Br. to Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)". Australian Systematic Botany. 20: 63–71. doi:10.1071/SB06016.
  9. Francis Aubie Sharr (2019). Western Australian Plant Names and their Meanings. Kardinya, Western Australia: Four Gables Press. p. 255. ISBN   9780958034180.
  10. Penny J. Gullan , Melinda L. Moir and M. C. Leng (2013). "A new species of mealybug (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) from critically endangered Banksia montana in Western Australia" (PDF). Records of the Western Australian Museum: 13–20.
  11. "SPRAT Profile Banksia montana". Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
  12. Cavanagh, Tony; Pieroni, Margaret (2006). "Dryandra sessilis (Knight) Domin (1923)". The Dryandras. Melbourne: Australian Plants Society (SGAP Victoria); Perth: Wildflower Society of Western Australia. p. 163. ISBN   1-876473-54-1.