Large number of Majapahit troops stationed in Majapahit capital, exact number unknown
The Sundanese royal family, the state officials, servants, guards, and mariners, exact number unknown At least 2,200 vessels (not all present during the battle)
Casualties and losses
Unknown
Almost all of Sunda party perished, including the Sunda King and Princess Pitaloka
The Battle of Bubat also known as Pasunda Bubat is the battle between the Sundanese royal family and the Majapahit army that took place in Bubat Square on the northern part of Trowulan (Majapahit capital city) in 1279 Saka or 1357 CE.[1]
"... manak deui Prěbu Maharaja. Lawasniya ratu tujuh tahun. Kena kabawa ku kalawisaya, kabancana ku seuweu dimanten, ngaran Tohaan. Mu(n)dut agung dipipanumbasna. Urang reya sa(ng)kan nu angkat ka Jawa, mumul nu lakian di Sunda pan prangprang di Majapahit, ..." "... has a son, Prěbu Maharaja, being a king for seven years. Because of a disaster, got carried away by his daughter being a bride named Tohaan, requesting a heavy condition (wish). Many people started going to Java, because (she) did not want to get married in Sunda, thus there was a battle in Majapahit, ..."
The historical account of Pasunda Bubat is mentioned in Carita Parahyangan (16th century) and Pararaton (15th century),[3] but not found in the Nagarakretagama (14th century), while the story of the battle of Bubat is the main theme of the Balinese manuscript Kidung Sunda (c. mid 16th century).[1]
The Battle of Bubat was mentioned in a segment of the 15th-century Javanese chronicle of Pararaton. The author of this manuscript is unknown, composed in the form of chronicles around 1474–1486, while the literary part was composed as history between 1500–1613. This manuscript was first published by J.L.A. Brandes, a Dutch philologist, in 1896, complete with translations, notes, and comments.[3]
Although the event took place in the mid-14th century, it was not until the 16th century that the story was found in the Sundanese literature of Carita Parahyangan, although this text only gives a short piece of information regarding the incident. In Carita Parahyangan the Princess of Sunda is referred to as Tohaan[i] which means "the respectable or revered one".[1]Carita Parahyangan mentions a short verse of "...pan prang-rang di Majapahit." which translates to "...people fought a battle in Majapahit."[4]
According to the Nagarakretagama, Bubat square is located close to the north of Trowulan Majapahit capital city, probably somewhere near Wringin Lawang gate or Brahu temple
Then, in the early 20th, CC Berg, a Dutch historian, published the Kidung Sunda text and translations of Balinese origin (1927) which unraveled the Bubat Incident, and the shorter version of Kidung Sundayana (1928). In Javanese historical writing, Berg called the Kidung Sunda — possibly composed after 1540 in Bali[ii] — contains historical facts because the incident was reinforced by an ancient Sundanese manuscript, Carita Parahyangan. Berg concludes, "in the Kidung Sunda we must see the literary remnant of folklore stories and in the same-themed with Pararaton fragment...".[1] However, the original composition date of Kidung Sunda may be earlier, from the 14th century CE.[5]:192 Recent scholars such as L.C. Damais and S.O. Robson put the dating of Kidung Panji Wijayakrama-Rangga Lawe, a kidung whose motifs are similar in content and are thought to be contemporary with the Kidung Sunda, as early as 1334 CE.[6]:55–57[7]:306
Interestingly, Nagarakretagama written by Mpu Prapanca in 1365, which is widely considered as the primary source on Majapahit history, did not mention the event at all. This has led several historians to question the authenticity of Pararaton, and suggest that Kidung Sunda was merely an ancient fiction novel and the Battle of Bubat never took place in the first place.[8] To reconcile these varied studies, it is important to understand that Nagarakretagama is a pujasastra,[iii] "It seems to be intentionally overlooked by Prapanca,[iv] because it does not contribute to the greatness of Majapahit, and even can be regarded as Gajah Mada's political failure to subjugate the Sundanese," Marwati Djoened Poesponegoro and Nugroho Notosusanto wrote in Indonesian National History II.[3]
Wedding proposal
"... Tumuli Pasunda Bubat. Bhre Prabhu ayun ing Putri ring Suṇḍa. Patih Maḍu ingutus anguṇḍangeng wong Suṇḍa, ahiděp wong Suṇḍa yan awawarangana ...," "... The start (cause) of Pasunda Bubat. Bhre Prabu who desires the Princess of Sunda sent Patih Madhu, a senior mantri (minister), to invite the Sundanese. Did not mind being a besan (in-law),[v] came (Prabu Maharaja King of) Sunda (to Majapahit). " "... Instead of being welcomed with a welcoming party, they face the harsh attitude of Mahapatih Gajah Mada who demands the Princess of Sunda as an offering. Sundanese parties disagree and are determined to war."
Hayam Wuruk, king of Majapahit decided — probably for political reasons — to take Princess Citra Rashmi (also known as Pitaloka) as his spouse.[9] She was a daughter of Prabu Maharaja Linggabuana Wisesa of the Sunda Kingdom. Tradition describes her as a girl of extraordinary beauty. Patih Madhu, a matchmaker from Majapahit was sent to the kingdom to ask for her hand in royal marriage. Delighted by the proposal and seeing the opportunity to foster an alliance with Majapahit, the mightiest kingdom in the region, the king of Sunda gave his blessing and decided to accompany his daughter to Majapahit for the wedding.
The Sundanese royal party arrived at the port of Hujung Galuh by jong sasanga wangunan, a type of Javanese junk, which also incorporates Chinese techniques, such as using iron nails alongside wooden dowels, the construction of watertight bulkhead, and the addition of central rudder.
In 1357 the Sunda king and the royal family arrived in Majapahit after sailing across the Java Sea in a fleet of 200 large ships and 2000 smaller vessels.[10]:16–17,76–77 The royal family boarded a nine-decked junk ship (Java: Jongsasanga wangunan),[vi][13]:270 and landed at Hujung Galuh port, sailed inland through Brantas River and arrived at the river port of Canggu. The royal party then encamped on Bubat Square in the northern part of Trowulan, the capital city of Majapahit, and awaited the wedding ceremony.
However, Gajah Mada, the Majapahit prime minister saw the event as an opportunity to demand Sunda's submission to Majapahit overlordship and insisted that instead of becoming queen of Majapahit, the princess was to be presented as a token of submission and treated as a mere concubine of the Majapahit king. The Sunda king was angered and humiliated by Gajah Mada's demand and decided to go back home as well as cancel the royal wedding. However, Majapahit demanded the hand of the Sundanese princess and besieged the Sunda encampment.
The battle and the suicide of the princess
"Gajah Mada reported the (defiance) behavior of the Sundanese (to the court). Bhre Prameswara of Wengker declared ready to fight. Thus, Majapahit troops surrounded the Sundanese. Not willing to surrender, the Sundanese chose to risk their lives. The battle is inevitable. Cheers rumbled over the sound reyong.[vii] King of Sunda, King Maharaja, was the first to lost his life.
Bhre Prameswara come to Bubat, unknowingly that there are still many Sundanese people who have not fallen. No doubt his troops got attacked and ravaged. But he immediately did a counterattack.
Being cornered, the menak[viii] charged to the south. Majapahit troops who resisted the attack won the victory. Sundanese who attacked to the southwest were killed. Like a sea of blood and a mountain of carcasses, there is no Sundanese left."
As a result, a skirmish took place in Bubat Square between the Majapahit army and the Sunda royal family in defense of their honour. It was uneven and unfairly matched since the Sundanese party was composed mostly of the royal family, state officials, and nobles, accompanied by servants and royal guards. The numbers of the Sundanese party were estimated at fewer than a hundred. On the other hand, the armed guards stationed within Majapahit capital city under Gajah Mada's command were estimated at several thousand well-armed and well-trained troops. The Sundanese party was surrounded in the center of the Bubat square. Some sources mentioned that the Sundanese managed to defend the square and strike back at the Majapahit siege several times. However, as the day went on the Sundanese were exhausted and overwhelmed. Despite facing certain deaths, the Sundanese demonstrated extraordinary courage and chivalry as one by one, all of them fell.
The Sunda king was killed in a duel with a Majapahit general as well as other Sundanese nobles with almost all of the Sundanese royal party massacred in the tragedy.[14] Tradition says that the heartbroken princess — along with very possibly all remaining Sundanese women — took her own life to defend the honour and dignity of her country.[15] The ritualized suicide by the women of the kshatriya (warrior) class after the defeat of their menfolk, is supposed to defend their pride and honour as well as to protect their chastity, rather than facing the possibility of humiliation through rape, subjugation, or enslavement.
According to tradition, Dyah Pitaloka's death was mourned by Hayam Wuruk and the entire population of the Sunda kingdom who had lost most members of their royal family. Later, King Hayam Wuruk married Paduka Sori, his cousin instead. Pitaloka's deed and her father's courage are revered as noble acts of honour, courage, and dignity in Sundanese tradition. Her father, Prabu Maharaja Linggabuana Wisesa was revered by the Sundanese as Prabu Wangi (Sundanese: king with pleasant fragrance) because of his heroic act of defending his honour against Majapahit. His descendants, the later kings of Sunda, were called Siliwangi (Sundanese: successor of Wangi).
Gajah Mada faced opposition, distrust, and sneering at the Majapahit court because of his careless act, which was not to the taste of the Majapahit nobles, cast shame on Majapahit dignity, and undermined King Hayam Wuruk's influence. This unfortunate event also marked the end of Gajah Mada's career, since not long after this event, the king forced Gajah Mada into an early retirement by awarding the prime minister the lands in Madakaripura (today Probolinggo), thus pushing him far from the capital city's courtly affairs.
This tragedy severely harmed the relationship between the two kingdoms and resulted in hostility for years to come, the situation never again returning to normality.[9] Prince Niskalawastu Kancana — Princess Pitaloka's younger brother who during his infancy remained in Kawali palace (Sunda Galuh capital city) and did not accompany his family to Majapahit — became the sole surviving heir of the Sunda King. His policies after ascending to the throne, among others, were severing Sundanese diplomatic relations with Majapahit, imposing an isolation policy upon Majapahit, including enacting the law Larangan Estri ti Luaran, which forbade Sundanese people from marrying Javanese. These reactions reflected the Sundanese disappointment and anger towards Majapahit and later contributed to the Sundanese-Javanese animosity, which may still run even to the present day.[16]
Curiously, although Bali is known as the heir of Majapahit culture, Balinese opinion seems to take the Sundanese side in this dispute, as evidenced through their manuscript Kidung Sunda. The Balinese reverence for and admiration of the Sundanese heroic act of courageously facing certain death was probably by Hinducode of honour of kshatriyascaste, that the ultimate and perfect death of a kshatriya is on the edge of the sword; to die on the battlefield. The practice of demonstrating the act of courage has its Balinese counterpart in their puputan tradition, a fight to the death by men followed by mass ritual suicide by the women in preference to facing the humiliation of surrender.
It is possible that Sunda became vassalized by Majapahit after this battle. It ultimately regained independence probably before the Regreg War.[17] The subjugation of Sunda by Majapahit means that Gajah Mada has finally fulfilled his Palapa oath:[18]
... Tunggalan padompo pasunda, samangkana sira Gajah Mada mukti palapa. (Unified after the conquest of Dompo and Sunda, thus Gajah Mada eats palapa.)
Legacy
The map of Trowulan, the Bubat square suggested was located in the northern parts of the city
The tragic battle is believed to have caused the ill sentiments of Sundanese-Javanese animosity for generations. For example, unlike most Indonesian cities, until recently in Bandung, West Java's capital city also the cultural center of Sundanese people, there is no street name bearing the name "Gajah Mada" or "Majapahit". Although today Gajah Mada is considered an Indonesian national hero, Sundanese people still do not find him deserving based on his wicked deed in this incident. And vice versa, until recently, there was no street bearing the names of "Siliwangi" or "Sunda" in Surabaya and Yogyakarta.
The tragedy also caused a myth to revolve around Indonesians, which forbids marriage between a Sundanese and a Javanese, as it would be unsustainable and only bring misery to the couple.[19]
The battle has become a fertile inspiration as an Indonesian form of tragedy; including wayang performances and various dance dramas.[20] They mostly describe the tale of a doomed tragic romance, the battle of two kingdoms, and the suicide of a beautiful princess. Tales based on the Battle of Bubat are performed as wayang golek puppet performances,[21] Sundanese sandiwara drama,[22] and Javanese Ketoprak traditional drama.[23] It also inspires historical fiction novel books[24] and strategy video games.
Reconciliation
Due to this tragic battle becoming a historical-cultural grievance that strained the inter-ethnic relations between Javanese and Sundanese people — two of the largest ethnic groups in Indonesia for ages, there are mutual efforts to reconcile the relations, among others by renaming the city streets. On 6 March 2018, the East Java Governor, Soekarwo, together with West Java Governor, Ahmad Heryawan (Aher), and the Yogyakarta Governor, Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono X, held the Cultural Reconciliation of Cultural Harmony of Sunda-Java in Hotel Bumi Surabaya, Tuesday, March 6, 2018. They agreed to end the post-Bubat problem by renaming the arterial roads in Surabaya, Yogyakarta, and Bandung.[25]
The names of two arterial roads in Surabaya City were replaced with Sundanese identities. The Gunungsari Road was replaced by the name of Jalan Prabu Siliwangi and Dinoyo Street was replaced by Sunda Road. Through this, Jalan Prabu Siliwangi is now finally side by side with Gajah Mada Street, while Sunda Road is now side by side with Jalan Majapahit. "Through this event, the problems between ethnic Javanese and Sundanese that occurred in the last 661 years are finished today. Thank God, both I and Pak Aher were finally able to find a common point" said Soekarwo.
In Bandung, "the name of Jalan Majapahit will replace Jalan Gasibu in the middle of the city, and Jalan Kopo will be replaced by Jalan Hayam Wuruk. The replacement of these two roads is estimated to take place in April or early May 2018," said Aher.
Yogyakarta Governor Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono X added the naming of these roads is expected to break the dark history that lay on the relationship between the Sundanese and Javanese people. The Yogyakarta Provincial Government will also do the same. "Yogyakarta has put the name of Jalan Siliwangi, Pajajaran, and Majapahit into one unity of road in one lane, from Pelemgurih intersection to Jombor until the intersection of three Maguwoharjo and the intersection of Jalan Wonosari," he said.[25]
↑ A literary work intended to honor Hayam Wuruk, the King of Majapahit, and to projects the glory of Majapahit crown.
↑ It is highly possible that the incident, which was a shame for Majapahit court, was intentionally erased and overlooked by Prapanca.
↑ A besan is term to describe the relations between parents of wedded couples.
↑ The term jong sasaṅa wangunan is interpreted differently by historians, it can be described as a grand jong ship with sanga (nine) buildings; either nine cabins or decks. Anthony Reid mistakenly transcribed it as jong sasana, rendering the ṅ as n instead of η or ng.[11]:61 The correct name was jong sasanga wangunan.[12]:2199
Majapahit, also known as Wilwatikta, was a Javanese Hindu-Buddhist thalassocratic empire in Southeast Asia that was based on the island of Java. It existed from 1292 to c. 1527 and reached its peak during the era of the queen Tribhuvana and her son Hayam Wuruk, whose reigns in the mid-14th century were marked by conquests that extended throughout Southeast Asia. This achievement is also credited to the famous prime minister Gajah Mada. According to the Deśavarṇana written in 1365, Majapahit was an empire of 98 tributaries, stretching from Sumatra to New Guinea; including territories in present-day Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia, Brunei, southern Thailand, Timor Leste, southwestern Philippines although the scope of Majapahit sphere of influence is still the subject of debate among historians. The nature of Majapahit's relations and influence upon its overseas vassals and also its status as an empire still provokes discussion.
Gajah Mada, also known as Jirnnodhara, was a powerful military leader and mahapatih of the Javanese empire of Majapahit during the 14th century. He is credited in Old Javanese manuscripts, poems, and inscriptions with bringing the empire to its peak of glory.
Hayam Vuruk (1334–1389), also called Rajasanagara, Pa-ta-na-pa-na-wu, or Bhatara Prabhu after 1350, was a Javanese Hindu emperor from the Rajasa dynasty and the 4th emperor of the Majapahit Empire. Together with his prime minister Gajah Mada, he reigned the empire at the time of its greatest power. During his reign, the Hindu epics, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, became ingrained in the culture and worldview of the Javanese through the wayang kulit. He was preceded by Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi, and succeeded by his son-in-law Wikramawardhana.
Kidung Sunda is a Middle-Javanese kidung of probable Balinese provenance. In this poem, the story of King Hayam Wuruk of Majapahit who was looking for a bride-to-be, is narrated. At last, he chose the princess of Sunda, a kingdom in West Java. The princess' name has remained undisclosed in this story, however, she corresponds to Dyah Pitaloka Citraresmi in Pararaton. Hayam Wuruk's grand vizier Gajah Mada, betrayed his king and rejected this idea. There was a dispute about geopolitical relations between Sunda and Majapahit. Gajah Mada considered Sunda to be a vassal state of Java. For that reason, a great battle took place in Bubat, the port where the Sundanese party landed as they refused to be treated as vassals. There the Majapahit-Javanese army slaughtered the Sundanese. The grieved princess of Sunda committed suicide not long afterward. This historical story has to be situated somewhere in the 14th century.
Sri Maharajadiraja Sri Kertanagara Wikrama Dharmatunggadewa, Kritanagara, or Sivabuddha, was the last and most important ruler of the Singhasari kingdom of Java, reigning from 1268 to 1292. Under his rule Javanese trade and power developed considerably, reaching the far corners of the Indonesian archipelago.
Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi, known in her regnal name Tribhuwannottunggadewi Jayawishnuwardhani, also known as Dyah Gitarja or Gitarja, was a Javanese queen regnant/empress and the third Majapahit monarch, reigning from 1328 to 1350. She also bears the title Bhre Kahuripan. With the help of her prime minister Gajah Mada, she pursued a massive expansion of the empire. Tradition mentioned her as a woman of extraordinary valour, wisdom and intelligence.
The Sunda Kingdom was a Sundanese Hindu kingdom located in the western portion of the island of Java from 669 to around 1579, covering the area of present-day Banten, Jakarta, West Java, and the western part of Central Java. The capital of the Sunda Kingdom moved several times during its history, shifting between the Galuh (Kawali) area in the east and Pakuan Pajajaran in the west.
Pakuan Pajajaran was the fortified capital city of Sunda Kingdom. The location roughly corresponds to modern Bogor city in West Java, Indonesia, approximately around the site of Batu Tulis. The site is revered as the spiritual home of Sundanese people as it contains much of the shared identity and history of Sundanese people.
Dyah Pitaloka Citraresmi or Citra Rashmi (1340–1357), was the princess of the United Sunda Kingdom and Galuh Kingdom in Western Java. According to the Pararaton or Book of Kings, she was supposed to marry Hayam Wuruk, the new young king of Majapahit who had a great desire to take her as his queen. However, in the tragedy known as The Bubat Incident, she took her own life. Tradition describes her as a young woman of extraordinary beauty.
Jayanegara or Jayanagara was a Javanese emperor and the second monarch of the Majapahit Empire from 1309 to his death in 1328, and also Prince of Kediri from 1295. Jayanegara was the heir, crown prince, and only son of Raden Wijaya, the founder of Majapahit. The story of his life was written in several records, including the Pararaton and Negarakertagama. His reign saw the beginning of Gajah Mada's rise to influence in the empire.
The Astana Gede inscriptions, also known as Kawali inscriptions, refer to six inscriptions discovered in the Kabuyutan Kawali area, Ciamis Regency, Indonesia; the main inscription bears the longest scripts. All of the inscriptions were written in the Old Sundanese language and Old Sundanese script. Although the inscription does not contain chandrasangkala (chronogram), the inscription was thought to have originated from the second half of the 14th century, based on the name of the king mentioned in this inscription.
Old Sundanese script is a script that developed in West Java in the 14th–18th centuries which was originally used to write Old Sundanese language. The Old Sundanese script is a development of the Pallava script which has reached the stage of modifying its distinctive form as used in lontar texts in the 16th century.
Nagarawardhani was the niece of King Majapahit, Hayam Wuruk.
King Siliwangi or Prabu Siliwangi was a semi-legendary king of the Hindu Sunda Kingdom in pre-Islamic West Java.
The Regreg War was a civil war that took place in 1404–1406 within the Javanese empire of Majapahit. The conflict was fought as a war of independence between the Western court led by Wikramawardhana against the breakaway Eastern court led by Bhre Wirabhumi. This war of rivalry and secession had caused calamity, crisis, court's preoccupation, the drain of financial resources, and exhaustion, which is thought to be one of the causes of Majapahit's decline in the following years.
The Kingdomship of Bali was a series of Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms that once ruled some parts of the volcanic island of Bali, in Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia. With a history of native Balinese kingship spanning from the early 10th to early 20th centuries, Balinese kingdoms demonstrated sophisticated Balinese court culture where native elements of spirit and ancestral reverence combined with Hindu influences—adopted from India through ancient Java intermediary—flourished, enriched and shaped Balinese culture.
The Palapa oath was an oath taken by Gajah Mada, a 14th-century Prime Minister of the Javanese Majapahit Empire described in the Pararaton. In the oath, Gajah Mada swore that he would not rest as long as he had not succeeded in unifying Nusantara. The oath was taken during his inauguration as Majapahit Amangkubhumi that took place in 1256 Saka (1334) or 1258 Saka (1336).
King Niskala Wastu Kancana also known as Prabu Raja Wastu or popularly known as Wastu Kancana was one of the great kings of the Sunda Kingdom reigning throughout most of the 15th century. He was the younger brother of Princess Pitaloka.
The history of Sunda Kingdom spanned almost a millennium, between 7th to 16th century. It is not sure however, whether the Sunda Kingdom was actually a continuous polity or not, nor whether its rulers belongs to a single continuous lineage of dynasty or not. This is because the scarcity of evidences, historical records and archaeological findings that plausibly connected to this kingdom.
Battle of Brebes was a series conflict between Sunda and Majapahit and part of Majapahit invasion of Sunda in 14th century.
↑ Damais, L.C. (1958). "Études d'épigraphie indonésienne. VŚ Dates de manuscrits et documents divers de Java, Bali et Lombok". Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient. 49 (1): 1–257. doi:10.3406/befeo.1958.1481.
1 2 Munoz, Paul Michel (2006). Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula. Singapore: Editions Didier Millet. p.279. ISBN981-4155-67-5.
↑ Reid, Anthony (2000). Charting the Shape of Early Modern Southeast Asia. Silkworm Books. ISBN9747551063.
↑ Zoetmulder, Petrus Josephus; Robson, S.O. (1982). Old Javanese-English Dictionary. 's-Gravenhage: Martinus Nijhoff.
↑ Lombard, Denys (2005). Nusa Jawa: Silang Budaya, Bagian 2: Jaringan Asia. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama. An Indonesian translation of Lombard, Denys (1990). Le carrefour javanais. Essai d'histoire globale (The Javanese Crossroads: Towards a Global History) vol. 2. Paris: Éditions de l'École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales.
↑ Drs. R. Soekmono. Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed (1973, 5th reprint edition in 1988ed.). Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kanisius. p.72.
↑ Y. Achadiati S.; Soeroso M.P. (1988). Sejarah Peradaban Manusia: Zaman Majapahit. Jakarta: PT Gita Karya. p.13.
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