Battle of Jieqiao

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Battle of Jieqiao
Part of the wars at the end of the Han dynasty
DateWinter of 191 or Spring of 192 [1]
Location
Jieqiao (near present-day Wei County, Xingtai, Hebei, China)
36°58′51″N115°16′29″E / 36.98083°N 115.27472°E / 36.98083; 115.27472
Result Marginal victory by Yuan Shao
Belligerents
Yuan Shao Gongsun Zan
Commanders and leaders
Yuan Shao
Qu Yi
Tian Feng
Gongsun Zan
Yan Gang  [2]
Strength
Less than Gongsun Zan [3] 30,000 infantry, [4] 10,000 cavalry [5]
Casualties and losses
Unknown Unknown but heavy, at least 1,000 [6]
China Hebei rel location map.svg
Red pog.svg
Location within Hebei
China edcp relief location map.jpg
Red pog.svg
Battle of Jieqiao (China)
  1. The 10th to 12th months of the 2nd year of the Chu'ping era corresponds to 5 Nov 191 to 31 Jan 192 in the Julian calendar. Vol.60 of Zizhi Tongjian recorded that the battle took place in early 192 instead. In vol.03 of Zizhi Tongjian Kaoyi, Sima Guang dated the battle to the spring (1st to 3rd months) of the 3rd year of the Chu'ping era; Emperor Xian's biography in Houhanshu also dated the battle to the same period. The period corresponds to 1 Feb to 29 Apr 192 in the Julian calendar.
  2. Gongsun Zan's biography in Sanguozhi recorded that Yan Gang was captured alive. (绍军广川,令将麹义先登与瓒战,生禽纲。) Sanguozhi, vol.08. In vol.03 of Zizhi Tongjian Kaoyi, Sima Guang noted that in Jiuzhou Chunqiu, Yan Gang's name was recorded as "Liu Gang" (刘纲).
  3. (瓒轻其兵少,...) Zizhi Tongjian, vol.60
  4. (瓒兵三万,...) Zizhi Tongjian, vol.60
  5. Yuan Shao's biography in Book of the Later Han recorded that Gongsun Zan's troops were about 30000, including 10000 cavalry. (瓒兵三万,列为方陈,分突骑万匹....) Houhanshu, vol.74, part 1
  6. (瓒军大败.... 获甲首千馀级。) Zizhi Tongjian, vol.60
  7. (公孫瓚擊青州黃巾賊,大破之,還屯廣宗,改易守令,冀州長吏無不望風響應,開門受之。紹自往征瓚,合戰于界橋南二十里。瓚步兵三萬餘人為方陳,騎為兩翼,左右各五千餘匹,白馬義從為中堅,亦分作兩校,左射右,右射左,旌旗鎧甲,光照天地。義久在涼州,曉習羌鬥,兵皆驍銳。瓚見其兵少,便放騎欲陵蹈之。義兵皆伏楯下不動,未至數十步,乃同時俱起,揚塵大叫,直前衝突,彊弩雷發,所中必倒,臨陳斬瓚所署冀州刺史嚴綱甲首千餘級。令麴義以八百兵為先登,彊弩千張夾承之,紹自以步兵數萬結陳于後。瓚軍敗績,步騎奔走,不復還營。義追至界橋;瓚殿兵還戰橋上,義復破之,遂到瓚營,拔其牙門,營中餘眾皆復散走。) Yingxiong Ji annotation in Sanguozhi, vol.06
    Rough translation: Yuan Shao moved to attack Gongsun Zan and the two sides met in battle twenty li south of Jie Bridge. Gongsun Zan had thirty thousand foot soldiers in square formation and ten thousand horsemen split into left and right wings. His White Cavalry Volunteers followed in the center. They split in two, the left riding right, and the right riding left. Their armour and flags shined with brilliance, lighting up heaven and earth. Yuan Shao sent Qu Yi against them with eight hundred soldiers while a thousand crossbowmen on either side supported his advance. Yuan Shao himself led tens of thousands of soldiers from the rear. Qu Yi had resided in Liangzhou for a long time and was familiar with the way of war as practiced by the Qiang tribes. Seeing Qu Yi's small force, Gongsun Zan sent cavalry to crush them. Qu Yi's troops hid behind their shields and made no move until the enemy were ten or twenty yards away; then they leapt up together, their cries shaking the ground, rushing forward with crossbows shooting bolts like thunder, killing all who were struck, and completely defeated Gongsun Zan's army...... killing more than a thousand armed men, Yuan Shao's troops maintained their pursuit to Jie Bridge. Gongsun Zan rallied his troops to turn and fight, but Qu Yi again defeated them. Reaching Gongsun Zan's camp, they captured his standard and the rest of his army took flight.
  8. Yingxiong Ji annotation in Sanguozhi, vol.06
  9. Yingxiong Ji annotation in Sanguozhi, vol.06
  10. (绍在后,未到桥十数里,下马发鞍,见瓒已破,不为设备,惟帐下彊弩数十张,大戟士百馀人自随。瓒部迸骑二千馀匹卒至,便围绍数重,弓矢雨下。别驾从事田丰扶绍欲郤入空垣,绍以兜鍪扑地曰:“大丈夫当前斗死,而入墙间,岂可得活乎?”彊弩乃乱发,多所杀伤。瓒骑不知是绍,亦稍引郤;会麹义来迎,乃散去。) Yingxiong Ji annotation in Sanguozhi, vol.06. This anecdote was also recorded in Yuan Shao's biography in Book of the Later Han.
  11. Pei cited Wang Can's Yingxiong Ji for details of the battle. In the original Sanguozhi, Chen Shou did not mention the Battle of Jieqiao.
Battle of Jieqiao
Traditional Chinese 界橋之戰
Simplified Chinese 界桥之战
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin Jièqiáo Zhi Zhàn