Battle of Oldendorf

Battle of Oldendorf
Part of the Thirty Years' War
Battle engraving
Date 8 July 1633 Location Hessisch-Oldendorf, Germany Result Swedish victory
Belligerents
Sweden Brunswick-Lüneburg Hesse-Kassel	Holy Roman Empire
Commanders and leaders
Brunswick Knyphausen Melander Kagg	Bönninghausen Gronsfeld Geleen Jean de Merode  †
Strength
13,000, 37 guns	14,700, 15 guns
Casualties and losses
700 dead or wounded	3,000 dead or wounded, 1,000 captured

The Battle of Oldendorf, ^[a] took place on 8 July 1633 during the Thirty Years' War near Hessisch-Oldendorf in Lower Saxony. Troops besieging Hamelin led by the Duke of Brunswick combined with their Swedish allies to defeat an Imperial army sent to relieve the town.

Background

Following Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years' War in 1630, William V, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel allied with Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, his distant relative and Protestant co-religionist. Sweden was joined by Hesse-Kassel and Brunswick-Lüneburg in reducing the Imperial presence in Westphalia, the Ruhr area and Sauerland. ^[1]

Proximity to the Dutch Republic increased the strategic importance of this region when the Eighty Years' War with Spain restarted in 1621, but it remained a secondary theatre during the Thirty Years War, with few major battles. ^[2] After Gustavus Adolphus was killed in November 1632, the Duke of Brunswick was appointed local Swedish commander. The 1633 campaign focused on securing the supply route stretching from Bremen on the coast south along the River Weser. ^[3]

As part of this strategy, in March 1633 Brunswick invested Hamelin in Lower Saxony. ^[4] To relieve the town, an Imperial army was assembled, commanded by Lothar von Bönninghausen, a Westphalian nobleman, with Gronsfeld and the Walloon exile Jean de Merode as his deputies. ^[5] Although totalling approximately 11,000 infantry and 4,000 cavalry, most were inexperienced and poorly trained. Bönninghausen himself was a commander of limited ability, but whose reputation for brutality and plunder attracted recruits. ^[6]

Battle

Hamelin

River Weser

Bremen

Oldendorf

Osnabrück

Minden

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Key locations in article

The siege progressed slowly, and on 6 July the relief force reached Minden, where they were joined by additional cavalry commanded by Geleen. Meanwhile, Brunswick was reinforced by Swedish and Hessian troops led by Knyphausen and Melander. Their combined army of 7,000 infantry and 6,000 cavalry marched out to meet Bönninghausen, leaving only a few hundred men to continue the siege. ^[7]

Late in the afternoon of 7 July, the two armies made contact near Hessisch-Oldendorf, approximately 20 kilometres northwest of Hamelin. ^[5] The Swedish-German troops formed up on a plateau northwest of the town, their left in front of Oldendorf commanded by Knyphausen, Brunswick in the centre, then Melander on the right anchored on the nearby village of Barksen. They were shielded by woods on either flank, with a stream running along their entire front that negated Bönninghausen's superior numbers of infantry. The latter deployed his men 500 metres away, placing himself with the reserve in the rear, Geleen commanding the centre, with Gronsfeld and Merode on the right and left respectively. ^[7]

The battle opened at 7:00 am with an artillery barrage, although this had relatively little impact. Shortly after 9:00 am, Gronsfeld moved his infantry against Swedes under Lars Kagg, but they quickly lost momentum in the woods and were counter-attacked on both flanks. The lighter and more mobile Swedish field artillery allowed Melander to provide Kagg with close range support, unlike their opponents, while they were simultaneously outflanked by Brunswick's cavalry. After two hours of fighting, the Imperial troops began to fall back and Merode was killed sometime after 11:00 am. ^[8]

The reserve fled without firing a shot, and fighting ended around 2:00 pm. Although his rearguard managed to hold off the pursuit, Bönninghausen lost over 3,000 dead or wounded, plus another 1,000 taken prisoner, against an estimated 700 casualties for Brunswick's army. ^[9] Other sources put Imperial losses at over 6,000, those of the allies under 300. ^[10]

Aftermath

With no hope of relief, Hamelin surrendered and the Swedes seized Osnabrück, which they held until 1643. The Hessians also acquired a number of garrisons, although most of their army moved southeast in a bid to recover their homeland in 1634. ^[11] Oldendorf was followed by a minor Swedish success at Pfaffenhofen an der Ilm on 11 August, but neither side gained a significant advantage from the 1633 campaign. ^[12]

Defeat at Nördlingen on 6 September 1634 broke the Swedish hold on Southern Germany. ^[13] Most of their German allies reconciled with Emperor Ferdinand and signed the Peace of Prague, including the Electorate of Saxony, leading to direct French intervention in the Thirty Years' War on the side of Sweden. ^[14]

The Hessians were left in possession of most of their Westphalian garrisons in the hope they could be persuaded to sign the Peace of Prague, and integrate their troops into the Imperial army. The attempt ultimately failed, but was supported by Melander, who resigned from the Hessian army in 1640, then re-entered the war in 1645 as Imperial commander in Westphalia. ^[3]

Notes

1. German: Schlacht bei Hessisch-Oldendorf

References

1. Schattkowsky 2003, p. 241.
2. Wilson, Tkacova & Pert 2023, p. 1049.
3. Guthrie 2003, p. 238.
4. Bedürftig 2006, p. 73.
5. Guthrie 2003, p. 252.
6. Wilson, Tkacova & Pert 2023, p. 1061.
7. Wilson 2009, p. 522.
8. Guthrie 2003, pp. 237–239.
9. Burschel 1994, p. 272.
10. Wilson 2009, p. 523.
11. Wilson, Tkacova & Pert 2023, p. 1062.
12. Guthrie 2003, p. 28.
13. Guthrie 2002, pp. 28–29.
14. Guthrie 2002, p. 29.

Sources

• Burschel, Peter (1994). Söldner im Nordwestdeutschland des 16. und 17. Jahrhunderts (in German). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. ISBN   3-525-35650-1.
• Guthrie, William P (2002). Battles of the Thirty Years War: from White Mountain to Nordlingen, 1618-1635. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN   0-313-32028-4 . Retrieved 30 August 2009.
• Guthrie, William P (2003). The later Thirty Years War: from the Battle of Wittstock to the Treaty of Westphalia. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN   0-313-32408-5.
• Schattkowsky, Martina (2003). Witwenschaft in der frühen Neuzeit: Fürstliche und adlige Witwen zwischen Fremd- und Selbstbestimmung (in German). Leipziger Universitätsverlag. ISBN   3-936522-79-0.
• Wilson, Peter H. (2009). Europe's Tragedy: A History of the Thirty Years War. Allen Lane. ISBN   978-0-7139-9592-3.
• Wilson, Peter; Tkacova, K; Pert, Thomas (2023). "Mapping premodern small war: the case of the Thirty Years War (1618-48)". Small Wars & Insurgencies. 34 (6): 1043–1071. doi: 10.1080/09592318.2023.2220503 .

Further reading

• Bedürftig, Friedemann (2006). Der Dreissigjährige Krieg: Ein Lexikon (in German). Primus. ISBN   3-89678-287-8.
• Jaques, Tony (2007). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: F-O. Volume 2 of Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A Guide to 8,500 Battles from Antiquity Through the Twenty-first Century. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN   978-0-313-33538-9.