| Bazzania bhutanica | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Marchantiophyta |
| Class: | Jungermanniopsida |
| Order: | Jungermanniales |
| Family: | Lepidoziaceae |
| Genus: | Bazzania |
| Species: | B. bhutanica |
| Binomial name | |
| Bazzania bhutanica | |
Bazzania bhutanica is a species of liverwort in the family Lepidoziaceae. It is a critically endangered species known only from the eastern Himalayas of Bhutan and northeast India.
Bazzania bhutanica was described by Naofumi Kitagawa and Riclef Grolle in 1987 based on a type specimen collected in 1982 by David G. Long near Samtse, Bhutan. [2] [3] It would be known only from the type locality until 27 years later when, in 2009, plants were located at both the type locality and at a new site near Lafeti Khola, Bhutan. [3] The species was first recorded outside of Bhutan in 2014, when it was discovered in West Siang District, Arunachal Pradesh, India. [4]
Endemic to the tropical eastern Himalayas, [5] Bazzania bhutanica is known only from two locations in Bhutan and one location in northeast India. [3] [4]
In Bhutan, both locations can be found west of the town of Samtse in Samtse District. The two locations are ecologically similar, both being stream valleys located in degraded subtropical forests at 255–256 m (837–840 ft) above sea level. Plants at both sites were found growing on gravelly, vertical rock faces above streams and shaded by overhanging shrubs. [3]
In India, B. bhutanica has only been found growing at once location, an eastern Himalayan tropical forest at 680 m (2,230 ft) above sea level in the state of Arunachal Pradesh. Plants were found growing terrestrially on the humus-rich soil of the forest floor. [4]
Bazzania bhutanica has been observed as an terrestrial plant growing on the ground and as a lithophyte growing on rock faces. [3] [4] In Bhutan it has been observed growing in association with the liverworts Bazzania tridens and Pallavicinia lyellii , ferns of the genus Hymenophyllum , and mosses of the genus Fissidens . [3] In India it has been observed growing in association with the liverworts Bazzania sumbavensis , Calypogeia arguta , Frullania apiculata , Radula obscura , and species of Jungermannia and Pallavicinia . [4]
Pinus bhutanica, which may be called the Bhutan white pine, is a tree restricted to Bhutan and adjacent parts of northeast India and southwest China. Along with the related Pinus wallichiana it is a constituent of lower altitude blue pine forests. This pine reaches a height of 25 meters. Note that P. wallichiana is sometimes called by the common name 'Bhutan pine'.
Pinus roxburghii, commonly known as chir pine or longleaf Indian pine, is a species of pine tree native to the Himalayas. It was named after William Roxburgh.
Lepidoziaceae is a family of leafy liverworts. It is a group of small plants that are widely distributed.
The Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests is a temperate broadleaf forest ecoregion found in the middle elevations of the eastern Himalayas, including parts of Nepal, India, Bhutan, Myanmar and China. These forests have an outstanding richness of wildlife.
Tritomaria ferruginea is a species of liverwort in the family Lophoziaceae. It is an endangered species endemic to the eastern Himalayas.
Bazzania is a genus of liverwort in the family Lepidoziaceae.
Haesselia roraimensis is a species of liverwort in the family Cephaloziaceae. It is endemic to Guyana. Its natural habitat is on rotten logs in periodically flooded riverine forest from 550 to 1,550 metres elevation, in the humid submontane tropical 'mossy' forests on the slopes of Mount Roraima, where the borders of Brazil, Venezuela, and Guyana meet.
Haesselia is a genus of liverworts in the family Cephaloziaceae. It contains the following species :
Schistochila macrodonta is a endangered species of liverwort in the family Schistochilaceae. It is found in Bhutan and China. This large, unbranched liverwort, characterised by its shoots measuring 4–6 centimeters in length and distinctive two-lobed leaves with smooth margins, is found only in high-altitude temperate and subtropical forests of Bhutan and China's Yunnan Province, at elevations between 2,730 and 3,580 metres. The species has reddish-brown rhizoids and the unusual presence of bicellular propagules at its leaf tips. Its extremely restricted distribution, known from only a few locations spanning less than 500 square kilometres, has led to its classification as endangered on the IUCN Red List due to ongoing habitat decline.
Takakia ceratophylla is one of the two species of toothless mosses in the genus Takakia, under the Takakiaceae family. This species was first described by William Mitten in 1861. Takakia ceratophylla is vulnerable and threatened by habitat loss due to human activities.
Hiroshi Inoue was a Japanese botanist specializing in bryology.
Ficus neriifolia is a species of fig (Ficus). It is native to Asia, including Bhutan, Burma, China, India, and Nepal.
Sapria himalayana, commonly known as the hermit's spittoon, is a rare holoparasitic flowering plant related to Rafflesia found in the Eastern Himalayas. Sapria himalayana represents the extreme manifestation of the parasitic mode, being completely dependent on its host plant for water, nutrients and products of photosynthesis which it sucks through a specialised root system called haustoria. These haustoria are attached to both the xylem and the phloem of the host plant.
The Eastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests is a temperate coniferous forests ecoregion which is found in the middle and upper elevations of the eastern Middle Himalayas, in western Nepal, Bhutan, northern Indian states including Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim and adjacent Myanmar and China.
The ecology of the Himalayas varies with climate, rainfall, altitude, and soils. The climate ranges from tropical at the base of the mountains to permanent ice and snow at the highest elevations. The amount of yearly rainfall increases from west to east along the southern front of the range. This diversity of climate, altitude, rainfall and soil conditions supports a variety of distinct plant and animal species, such as the Nepal gray langur
Bazzania trilobata, the greater whipwort or threelobed bazzania, is a species of liverwort in the Lepidoziaceae family. It grows in the northern hemisphere temperate zone.
Lejeunea hodgsoniana is a species of liverwort in the family Lejeuneaceae. Endemic to New Zealand, it was first recognized in 1980 but not formally described until 2013. The plant forms bright green mats up to 7 centimetres in diameter on tree bark and occasionally on rocks. The species is found from the Kermadec Islands in the north to the Chatham Islands in the south, primarily in coastal and lowland areas below 100 metres elevation. It is distinguished from related species by its relatively large size, multi-celled tooth on the leaf lobule, and deeply divided underleaves with pointed tips. While showing a particular affinity for mahoe trees, it grows on various native and introduced trees and is considered "Not Threatened" under the New Zealand Threat Classification System due to its abundance within its range and ability to grow in both pristine and disturbed habitats.
Meconopsis gakyidiana is a species of blue poppy native to Eastern Bhutan, Western Arunachal Pradesh of India and Southern Xizang of China. It is the national flower of Bhutan.
Nowellia curvifolia is a species of liverwort belonging to the family Cephaloziaceae. It is a small, delicate plant that forms prostrate growths on rotting logs in forests throughout the northern temperate and subarctic regions. The species is distinguished by its distinctive billowed leaves arranged in two rows, each divided into two pointed lobes with the lower lobe forming a specialised water-holding pocket called a water-sac. The plant shows seasonal colour variation from rose to purple to brown to spring green, developing reddish-purple pigmentation in autumn and winter. It reproduces both sexually, through spores produced in reddish-brown capsules, and asexually via single-celled gemmae. N. curvifolia serves as an indicator species in forest ecosystems, particularly in montane spruce-fir forests, where it often forms pure mats on decorticated logs and is associated with the slime mould species Barbeyella minutissima.
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