Bihar caste-based survey 2023

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The process of caste-based survey started in Bihar from January 7, 2023. [1] [2] [3] The responsibility of conducting this survey in Bihar has been entrusted to the General Administration Department (GAD) of the government. [4] The Government of Bihar is planning to collect data of every family digitally through a Mobile phone app- Bijaga (Bihar Jaati Adharit Ganana). [5] BELTRON (Bihar State Electronics Development Corporation Ltd.), a Government of Bihar agency providing IT support, hired the services of a Maharashtra-based private firm Trigyn Technologies to develop the mobile app, [6] that is available on Google Play. It will host the data on cloud. Necessary training has already been given to the people involved in this survey. [7] GAD of Bihar has prepared a blueprint for the caste census survey. This census will be done in two phases. There are as many as 214 castes on Bihar government list. [8] According to the list, 22 are to be counted in Scheduled Castes, 32 in Scheduled Tribes, 30 in Backward Classes, 113 in Extremely Backward Classes and 7 in Upper Castes. [9]

Contents

The Bihar government issued a notification on June 6, 2022, to conduct a caste survey in Bihar. [10] [11] The Bihar government will spend Rs 500 crore in this work from its contingency fund (Bihar Aakasmikta Nidhi), [12] while 5 lakh employees together will conduct this survey in the entire state. Apart from government employees, Anganwadi workers and Jeevika Didi will also work in this. A target has been set to complete this survey by May 2023. [13] A portal has been prepared for caste-based enumeration in Bihar. The digital work for caste-based enumeration in Bihar has been entrusted to Delhi-based company Trigyn Technologies. [14]

Nitish Kumar in conversation with the officials conducting caste based survey, in his ancestral village of Bakhtiarpur on 15 April 2023. Nitish Kumar inaugurating caste based census in 2023 in his ancestral village of Bakhtiarpur with his family members part3.jpg
Nitish Kumar in conversation with the officials conducting caste based survey, in his ancestral village of Bakhtiarpur on 15 April 2023.

First phase

The first phase of caste-based survey started in Bihar from January 7, 2023, which ended on January 21. [15] The number of all households in the State were counted and recorded in the first phase. [16] The second phase will be calculated on the basis of the data of the first phase. All the data collected in the first phase is uploaded on this portal and these data will be available to the enumerators and supervisors at the time of second enumeration on the mobile app. In the first phase, more than two and a half crore families were counted In the first phase of caste census, census workers reached about 2,58,90,497 families across Bihar in 38 districts, which have 534 blocks and 261 urban local bodies and numbered the houses. [17] In the first phase, the name of the head of the family and the number of members living there were recorded. [18] More than 5.18 lakh personnel were engaged in the caste census of the first phase which began on January 7. Survey of 14.35 lakh families was done in Patna district, left out families can give information to District Caste Enumeration Cell. [19]

Second phase

Chief Minister of Bihar, Nitish Kumar inaugurating second phase of caste based survey on 15 April 2023, from his ancestral village, Bakhtiarpur. Nitish Kumar inaugurating caste based census in 2023 part 1.jpg
Chief Minister of Bihar, Nitish Kumar inaugurating second phase of caste based survey on 15 April 2023, from his ancestral village, Bakhtiarpur.

In second phase of the survey, which is to start from April 15 and end on May 15, [20] people living in the households, their castes, sub-castes, socio-economic conditions etc. will be collected. The survey will end on May 31, 2023. In this phase, over 3.04 lakh enumerators will ask respondents 17 questions, including caste. [21] Every enumerator has been given a target to reach out to 150 households. While all 17 questions are mandatory, filling Aadhaar number, caste certificate number and ration card number of the head of the family, are optional. [22] Bihar government has set different codes for 215 different castes of the state. [23] [24] The sub-categories of a particular caste concerned have been merged into one single social entity, [25] and they have one numerical caste code for use during the month-long second phase of caste-based headcount. [26] At the same time, there will be special strictness regarding the registration of names in this phase. If someone tries to write the name twice, now the app will mark such people. The names of people living outside the state will also be registered.

On 15 April 2023, Nitish Kumar launches 2nd phase of caste-based survey from his ancestral home at Bakhtiyarpur. [27] [28] Newborns born from January 22, 2023 till the end of the second phase are not counted. [29] Nitish Kumar informed that once the data work is completed, the report of the caste-based survey would be tabled in the Bihar Vidhan Sabha and the Bihar Vidhan Parishad. After that the report would be made public. The work of the second phase of counting will be done from April 15 to May 15, 2023 in all 261 urban local bodies and 534 blocks. [30] On August 16, 2023, the data entry work of caste-based census was completed.

List of 17 questions in second phase
S.NoQuestion
1full name of family member
2Father's / Husband's name
3relation to the head of the family
4age (in years)
5gender
6marital status
7Religion
8caste
9temporary migration status (place of work or study, whether within or outside state, country or abroad)
10educational qualifications (pre-primary to post master’s degree)
11profession [ranges from government to private job in organised or unorganised sector, self-employed, farmer (owner of farm land), agricultural labourer, construction labourer, other labourer, skilled labourer, beggar, rag-picker, student, housewife to those having no work]
12ownership of computer/laptop (with or without internet connectivity)
13motor vehicle (two-wheeler, three-wheeler, four-wheeler, six-wheeler or more, tractor)
14agricultural land (area from 0-50 decimals to 5 acres and above)
15residential land (area from 5 decimals land to 20 decimals and above; flat owner in a multi-storied apartment)
16monthly income from all sources(ranging from a minimum 0- ₹ 6,000 to a maximum ₹ 50,000 and above)
17residential condition (pucca/thatched house, hutment or homeless)

Anecdote and protests

In April 2023, there was an incident during the caste census that around 40 women in a red-light area of Ward No. 7 in Bihar's Arwal district declared a man named Roopchand as their husband. Some of them even mentioned name Roopchand as their father's name and children's name. [31] When questioned, it was found that Roopchand is not a man. The people of this area call money Roopchand.

In some places such as Masaurhi and Dhanarua in Patna district , members of Lohar (blacksmith) community boycotted the caste survey saying that Bihar Government wants to categorise it under either Lohra/Lohara or Kamar (carpenter) caste. [32]

On 20 January 2023, Supreme Court of India refused to entertain various pleas challenging Bihar Government's notification to conduct caste-based census in Bihar. [33] [34] [35] The pleas against caste-based survey were filed by many petitioners, including Youth For Equality group. [36] Chief Minister of Bihar Nitish Kumar said that the exercise is not caste census, instead its a caste survey. [37] [38] [39] On 4 May 2023, Patna High Court stayed the caste-based survey in its interim order, and directed the state government to keep the survey data, collected so far preserved till the next date of hearing (July 3, 2023). [40] [41] Government of Bihar informed Patna High Court that 80% of the "survey" was completed. [42] Patna High court asked questions on 11 points from Bihar government in its interim order. Government of Bihar countered that a central law, Collection of Statistics Act, 2008 empowers state government to carry out all kinds of censuses and surveys, including for caste. [43] On 7 July 2023, Patna High court reserved its verdict after hearing a total of 8 PIL pleas challenging various aspects of the survey. [44] On 1 August 2023, Patna High Court gave judgement that holding caste survey in Bihar is valid and legal. [45] A division bench comprising Chief Justice K. Vinod Chandran and Justice Partha Sarathy passed the order in its 101-page verdict, [46] [47] [48] [49] while dismissing all petitions challenging survey. [50] [51] The second phase of Bihar's caste-based survey resumed on 2 August 2023. [52] On 21 August 2023, Patna High Court disposed of a writ petition seeking deletion of transgenders from caste list, and stated that transgender individuals can make representations to Government of Bihar to not be considered as a caste. [53] [54] Government of Bihar had filed a counter affidavit to this plea, informing the court that this anomaly was rectified on 25 April 2023 by instructing the enumerators to have three options for gender.

On 21 August 2023, Supreme Court of India bench comprising Justices Sanjiv Khanna and SVN Bhatti asked Central Government to provide a response within seven days regarding the survey's potential consequences [55] [56] and subsequently scheduled the matter for resumed hearing on 28 August 2023. [57] [58] Union Home Ministry filed affidavit in Supreme Court that Census Act allows only Central government to conduct census and actions like a census. [59] [60] Later in evening, it backtracked from its previous affidavit and filed a fresh affidavit claiming that the paragraph "inadverdently crept in". [61] [62] [63] Government of Bihar reiterated its previously stated position that the Collection of Statistics Act, 2008, empowers it to conduct such an enumeration exercise in the interest of social justice. [64] On 6 September 2023, Supreme Court of India bench of justices Sanjiv Khanna and SVN Bhatti posted the matter to October 3 and clarified that it had not granted any stay on the publication of the survey. [65]

Survey Report

Caste surveys held in other states

  1. Socio-Economic Survey of Kerala 1968: In 1968, the Communist government under E. M. S. Namboodiripad ordered a socio-economic survey of each resident in the state of Kerala, to assess caste inequalities. Until the census of 2011, this survey was the only caste-based count conducted in post-independence India. The survey was not very conclusive, since it merged several unrelated castes into one group (for example, Ambalavasis and Tamil Brahmins were grouped along with Malayali Brahmins). The survey found that individuals belonging to higher castes possessed more land and had relatively higher per capita income as compared to the general population. The survey found that 33% of the states population was forward caste, almost half of whom were Syrian Christians. According to the survey, 13% of the Brahmins, 6.8% of the Syro-Malabar Catholics ,5.4% of the Jacobites and 4.7% of the Nairs owned more than 5 acres of land. This compared with 1.4% of the Ezhavas, 1.9% of the Muslims and 0.1% of the Scheduled Castes who had that much land in their possession. [66]
  2. Telangana's Samagra Kutumba Survey 2014[published 2022]: The report reveals that Telangana's population of around 36.9 million is distributed among various caste groups. Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) represent approximately 18.48% and 11.74% of the population respectively. Most of the population belongs to Backward Castes (BCs), making up 53.58% of the populace. Other castes comprise around 16.03%, while religious minorities account for approximately 10.65% of the population. [67]
  3. Karnataka Caste Census 2015 [68] [status unknown]: The Social and Educational Survey ordered by then Chief Minister Siddaramaiah in 2014 to inform Other Backward Classes (OBC) reservations in Karnataka is yet to be published as of 2023. Initiated by the Karnataka State Commission for Backward Classes, the survey involved 1.6 lakh government employees canvassing around 1.3 crore households, costing the state Rs 169 crore. However, the report remains unpublished despite eight years passing, multiple government tenures, and repeated calls for its release from various political leaders. Controversy surrounds the issue with successive social welfare ministers, including H Anjaneya and Kota Shrinivas Poojary, blaming delays on incomplete tabulation and non-submission by the state BC Commission headed by MP Jayaprakash Hegde. Some sources suggest political pressure and potential upheaval in the state's power dynamics, particularly concerning the traditionally dominant Lingayat and Vokkaliga communities, as reasons for the report's non-disclosure. [69]
  4. Uttarakhand OBC Survey[ongoing]: The ongoing Other Backward Classes (OBC) survey in Uttarakhand has experienced significant delays and issues with accuracy, leading to intervention by the single-member dedicated commission. Various districts have reported non-compliance with survey guidelines, including instances of reliance on outdated data rather than conducting new door-to-door surveys, as seen in Khatima. In response, the commission has cancelled the flawed survey, ordering a redo within 15 days, and transferred the officer in charge. Similar corrective measures have been taken in Champawat and Dharchula. Despite these efforts, the commission has yet to receive any completed data, not even from Dehradun, and the survey's conclusion has been extended to June 2023. [70]
  5. Odisha Backward Classes Survey 2023 [71] [ongoing]: On May 1, 2023, the Odisha government initiated a comprehensive survey targeting state notified 211 Socially and Educationally Backward Classes (SEBC), which is expected to conclude by June 29, 2023. Administered across all 314 blocks and 114 urban local bodies of Odisha, the survey is being conducted by the Odisha State Commission for Backward Classes (OSCBC) using both online and offline methods. The survey aims to evaluate social and educational conditions of backwardness, factoring in various indicators such as occupation and educational qualifications. Initially Centers for data submission have been established in Anganwadi Kendras and various PDS outlets, but later in the special survey drive the door-to-door data collection method also adopted. The compiled data is expected to publish after five months survey completion. [72] It's noteworthy that the survey is being conducted under the OSCBC Act, 1993 and the OSCBC (Amendment) Act, 2020, allowing family heads or senior individuals to provide family data, including ration card, Aadhar card, or voter identity details. [73]
  6. UP Backward Classes Commission OBC quota report for ULB [74] [75]
  7. Haryana Backward Classes Commission Chairman Report [76]

See also

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References

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