Socio Economic and Caste Census 2011

Last updated

Socio Economic and Caste Census 2011
Country India
Prime Minister(s) Manmohan Singh
Ministry Ministry of Rural Development
LaunchedSankhola village of Hazemara block in West Tripura district

The Socio Economic and Caste Census 2011 (SECC) was conducted for the 2011 Census of India. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] The Manmohan Singh government approved the Socio Economic and Caste Census 2011 to be carried out after discussion in both houses of Parliament in 2010. [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [ excessive citations ] SECC-2011 was not done under the 1948 Census of India Act and the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India was not entrusted to do the same. [11] The SECC 2011 was conducted in all states and union territories of India and the first findings were revealed on 3 July 2015 by Union Finance Minister Arun Jaitley. [12] [13] [14] SECC 2011 is also the first paperless census in India conducted on hand-held electronic devices by the government in 640 districts. [15] [16] [17] The rural development ministry has taken a decision to use the SECC data in all its programmes such as MGNREGA, National Food Security Act, and the Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana. [18] SECC 2011 was the first caste-based census since 1931 Census of India, [19] [20] and it was launched on 29 June 2011 from the Sankhola village of Hazemara block in West Tripura district. [21] [22]

Contents

History

Both major political parties, the Indian National Congress and the Bharatiya Janata Party had differences within the party over caste-based census. [23] [24] [25] [26] Leader of Opposition in the Lok Sabha Sushma Swaraj supported the idea of caste-based census, [27] while then Union Home Minister P. Chidambaram was against it citing practical difficulties in counting caste while conducting the census. [28] [24] SECC 2011 data will also be used to identify beneficiaries and expand the direct benefit transfer scheme as part of its plans to build upon the JAM (Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana-Aadhaar-Mobile Governance) trinity. [29] [30] SECC 2011 also counted other aspects like Manual scavenging and Transgender count in India. [31] [32] [33] SECC 2011 was not conducted under 1948 Census of India Act, [34] [35] [36] which in turn made information disclosure voluntary for citizens, and not a mandatory disclosure. [37] Socio Economic and Caste Census 2011 was the fourth exercise conducted by Government of India to identify households living below the poverty line (BPL) in India that would get various entitlements, after three censuses in 1992, 1997 and 2002. [38] The last BPL census was conducted in India in 2002 and the procedure adopted was to collect information on 13 indicators for every rural household and assign a mark for each of these. [39] The first caste census was conducted in India in 1881. [40] [41] In January 2017, Central Government accepted recommendations to use Socio-Economic Caste Census, instead of poverty line, as the main instrument for identification of beneficiaries and transferring of funds for social schemes in rural areas. [42]

SECC 2011 has three census components which were conducted by three separate authorities, [43] but under the overall coordination of Department of Rural Development in the Government of India:

SECC data 2011 has been referred for analysis by an expert group, headed by NITI Aayog Vice-Chairman Arvind Panagariya. [44] This expert group is set up by the ministries of social justice and tribal development, before making public. [45]

Caste census published in July 2014

Socio Economic and Caste Census 2011 conducted by the Registrar General of India has come out with 46,73,034 categories of caste, sub-caste, synonyms, different surnames, gotras in the caste and clan names. [46] [47] [48] [49] These caste data were sent to all the states in November 2014 for clubbing them to consolidate the caste count. [50] [51] On 28 July 2015, Government of India said that a total of 8,19,58,314 errors were found in caste particulars and all states and Union Territories, of which 6,73,81,119 errors have been rectified. [52] However, 1,45,77,195 errors are yet to be rectified. [53] [54] [55] A report of Parliamentary Committee on Rural Development submitted to Lok Sabha Speaker on August 31, 2016 stated that 98.87 per cent data on individuals’ caste and religion is error-free. [56] Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner noted incidence of errors in respect of 1,34,77,030 individuals out of total SECC population of 118,64,03,770. [57] [58]

S.NoStateErrors
1 Maharashtra 69.1 lakhs
2 Madhya Pradesh 13.9 lakhs
3 West Bengal 11.6 lakhs
4 Rajasthan 7.2 lakhs
5 Uttar Pradesh 5.4 lakhs
6 Karnataka 2.9 lakhs
7 Bihar 1.75 lakhs
8 Tamil Nadu 1.4 lakhs

The Census 2011 recorded 11.65 lakh rural houseless people, while in SECC their numbers were only 6.1 lakh. The provisional rural data of SECC 2011 shows Scheduled Castes at 18.46% (or 15.88 crore), Scheduled Tribes at 10.97% (9.27 crore), Others at 68.52%, and 2.04% (or 36.57 lakh) as “No Caste & Tribe” households. [37]

Census report of SECC 2011

Criticism

SECC 2011 data was criticised by a few experts as being unreliable. [83] [84] There is criticism that caste related data is deliberately withheld, [85] [86] similar to the religious data of 2011 Census of India. [87] The religious data of Census 2011 was finally released by Government of India on 25 August 2015. [88] [89] [90] On 13 July 2015, Lalu Prasad Yadav led a march demanding the Central government to release the findings of the SECC on caste. [91] [92] [93] Politicians like M Karunanidhi and Anbumani Ramadoss too demanded to release the caste-based census data that will help to provide the key to justify the existing 69 per cent quota for backward communities in Tamil Nadu. [94] [95] [96] Nitish Kumar and Veerappa Moily also accused the Central Government of withholding caste-based census data, [97] [98] although Union Minister Ram Vilas Paswan pitched for a comprehensive classification of caste data of SECC 2011 before its release. [99] [100] [101] [102] [103] BJP Leader Sushil Kumar Modi called for rectification of errors in the cases of 1.46 crore people in India, including 1.75 lakh in Bihar before releasing the caste data. [104] The OBCs were found to comprise 52% of the country's population by the Mandal Commission report of 1980, a figure which had shrunk to 41% by 2006 when the National Sample Survey Organisation took place. [105] [106] [107] [108] [109] Below is the distribution of population of each Religion by Caste Categories, obtained from merged sample of Schedule 1 and Schedule 10 of available data from the National Sample Survey Organisation 55th (1999-2000) and National Sample Survey Organisation 61st Rounds (2004–05) Round Survey [110] The number of backward castes and communities was 3,743 in the initial list of Mandal Commission set up in 1979–80. [111] [112] [113] [114] The number of backward castes in Central list of OBCs has now increased to 5,013 (without the figures for most of the Union Territories) in 2006 as per National Commission for Backward Classes. [115]

Distribution

Distribution of Population of each Religion by Caste Categories [ citation needed ]
Religion/Caste Category SCs STs OBCs Forward Caste
Hinduism 22.2%9%42.8%27%
Islam 0.8%0.5%39.2%59.5%
Christianity 9.0%32.8%24.8%33.3%
Sikhism 30.7%0.9%22.4%46.1%
Jainism 0.0%2.6%3.0%94.3%
Buddhism 89.5%7.4%0.4%2.7%
Zoroastrianism 0.0%15.9%13.7%70.4%
Others2.6%82.5%6.258.7%
Total19.7%8.5%41.1%30.8%

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lalu Prasad Yadav</span> 20th chief minister of Bihar

Lalu Prasad Yadav is an Indian politician and president of the Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD). He is a former Chief Minister of Bihar (1990-1997), a former Railway Minister of India (2004-2009), and a former Member of Parliament (MP) of the Lok Sabha.

The Other Backward Class (O.B.C.) is a collective term used by the Government of India to classify castes which are educationally or socially backward. It is one of several official classifications of the population of India, along with General castes, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. The OBCs were found to comprise 52% of the country's population by the Mandal Commission report of 1980, and were determined to be 41% in 2006 when the National Sample Survey Organisation took place. There is substantial debate over the exact number of OBCs in India; it is generally estimated to be sizable, but many believe that it is higher than the figures quoted by either the Mandal Commission or the National Sample Survey.

The Mandal Commission or the Socially and Educationally Backward Classes Commission (SEBC), was established in India in 1979 by the Janata Party government under Prime Minister Morarji Desai with a mandate to "identify the socially or educationally backward classes" of India. It was headed by B. P. Mandal, an Indian parliamentarian, to consider the question of reservations for people to address caste discrimination, and used eleven social, economic, and educational indicators to determine backwardness. In 1980, based on its rationale that OBCs identified on the basis of caste, social, economic indicators made up 52% of India's population, the commission's report recommended that members of Other Backward Classes (OBC) be granted reservations to 27% of jobs under the Central government and public sector undertakings, thus making the total number of reservations for SC, ST and OBC to 49.5%.

Reservation is a system of affirmative action in India that provides historically disadvantaged groups representation in education, employment, government schemes, scholarships and politics. Based on provisions in the Indian Constitution, it allows the Union Government and the States and Territories of India to set reserved quotas or seats, at particular percentage in Education Admissions, Employments, Political Bodies, Promotions, etc, for "socially and educationally backward citizens."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Teli</span> Caste in India, Nepal and Pakistan

Teli is a caste traditionally occupied in the oil pressing and trade in India, Nepal and Pakistan. Members may be either Hindu or Muslim; Muslim Teli are called Roshandaar or Teli Malik.

Forward caste is a term used in India to denote castes which are not listed in SC, ST or OBC reservation lists. They are on average considered ahead of other castes economically and educationally. They account for about 30.8% of the population based on Schedule 10 of available data from the National Sample Survey Organisation 55th (1999–2000) and National Sample Survey Organisation 61st Rounds (2004–05) Round Survey.

At the 2011 Census, Bihar was the third most populous state of India with total population of 104,099,452, nearly 89% of it rural. It was also India's most densely populated state, with 1,106 persons per square kilometre. The sex ratio was 918 females per 1000 males. Almost 58% of Bihar's population was below 25 years age, which is the highest in India. At 11.3%, Bihar has the second-lowest urbanisation rate in India after Himachal Pradesh.

The demographics of Uttar Pradesh is a complex topic, which is undergoing dynamic change. Uttar Pradesh is India's most populous state, and the largest subdivision in the world. It has a population of about 199,812,341 as per the 2011 census. If it were a separate country, Uttar Pradesh would be the world's fifth most populous nation, next only to China, India, the United States of America and Indonesia. Uttar Pradesh has a population more than that of Pakistan. There is an average population density of 828 persons per km² i.e. 2,146 per sq mi. The capital of Uttar Pradesh is Lucknow, and Prayagraj serves as the state’s judicial capital. Hindus and Muslims both consider the state as a holy place.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Below Poverty Line</span> Indian benchmark

Below Poverty Line is a benchmark used by the government of India to indicate economic disadvantage and to identify individuals and households in need of government assistance and aid. It is determined using various parameters which vary from state to state and within states. The present criteria are based on a survey conducted in 2002. Going into a survey due for a decade, India's central government is undecided on criteria to identify families below poverty line.

Punjab is home to 2.3% of India's population; with a density of 551 persons per km2. According to the provisional results of the 2011 national census, Punjab has a population of 27,743,338, making it the 16th most populated state in India. Of which male and female are 14,639,465 and 13,103,873 respectively. 32% of Punjab's population consists of Dalits. In the state, the rate of population growth is 13.9% (2011), lower than national average. Out of total population, 37.5% people live in urban regions. The total figure of population living in urban areas is 10,399,146 of which 5,545,989 are males and while remaining 4,853,157 are females. The urban population in the last 10 years has increased by 37.5%. According to the 2011 Census of India, Punjab, India has a population of around 27.7 million.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2011 Census of India</span> 15th Indian Census

The 2011 Census of India or the 15th Indian Census was conducted in two phases, house listing and population enumeration. The House listing phase began on 1 April 2010 and involved the collection of information about all buildings. Information for National Population Register (NPR) was also collected in the first phase, which will be used to issue a 12-digit unique identification number to all registered Indian residents by Unique Identification Authority of India. The second population enumeration phase was conducted between 9 and 28 February 2011. Census has been conducted in India since 1872 and 2011 marks the first time biometric information was collected. According to the provisional reports released on 31 March 2011, the Indian population increased to 1.21 billion with a decadal growth of 17.70%. Adult literacy rate increased to 74.04% with a decadal growth of 9.21%. The motto of the census was Our Census, Our Future.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election</span> Election in India

The voter turnout in 2000 assembly polls was 62.6%.

The National Commission for Backward Classes is an Indian constitutional body under the jurisdiction of Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Government of India established through Constitution Act, 2018 this amendment act in the constitution to make it a constitutional body under Article 338B of the Indian Constitution. It was constituted pursuant to the provisions of the National Commission for Backward Classes Act, 1993.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election</span> Election in India

The Legislative Assembly election was held over five-phases in Bihar through October–November 2015 before the end of the tenure of the prior Legislative Assembly of Bihar on 29 November 2015.

Unorganised Workers' Identification Number or UWIN is a proposed unique number to be issued as identity proof to unorganised workers in India.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election</span> Elections for the 15th Legislative Assembly of Punjab (India)

A Legislative Assembly election was held in the Indian state of Punjab on 4 February 2017 to elect the 117 members of the Fifteenth Punjab Legislative Assembly. The counting of votes was done on 11 March 2017. The ruling pre-election coalition was the alliance comprising the political parties Shiromani Akali Dal and Bharatiya Janata Party and led by Chief Minister Parkash Singh Badal. The voter turnout for the Punjab Assembly election was 77.2% The Indian National Congress led by former Chief Minister Captain Amarinder Singh defeated the ruling alliance and the newcomer Aam Aadmi Party.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)</span> Political alliance

Mahagathbandhan (MGB), also known as Grand Alliance, is a coalition of political parties in the Eastern state of Bihar in India, formed ahead of the 2015 Vidhan Sabha elections in Bihar. The alliance consists of Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD), Janata Dal (United), Indian National Congress (INC) and Left parties including Communist Party of India (CPI), Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation-CPIML (Liberation) and Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPIM), with Nitish Kumar as the leader and Tejashwi Yadav as the chairperson. It is the ruling coalition government in Bihar.

Saubhagya Scheme or Pradhan Mantri Sahaj Bijli Har Ghar Yojana was an Indian government project to provide electricity to the households. The project was announced in September 2017 by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, who said that the aim was to complete the electrification process by December 2018. Certain households identified via the Socio-economic and Caste Census (SECC) of 2011 will be eligible for free electricity connections, while others will be charged Rs. 500. On 16 November 2017, the government launched a website saubhagya.gov.in to disseminate information about the scheme. The total outlay of the project is Rs. 16, 320 crore while the Gross Budgetary Support (GBS) is Rs. 12,320 crore. The beneficiary household will get One LED lights, one DC power plug. It also includes the Repair and Maintenance of Meter Only (R&M) for 5 years. The scheme was closed in March 2022 since the target of 100% electrification was met.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2021 Census of India</span> 16th India Census

The 2021 Census of India, or the 16th Indian Census, is to be conducted in two phases, a house listing phase and a population enumeration phase. Although initially the house listing was to begin in April 2020 along with the updating of the National Population Register, and the population enumeration on 9th February 2021, they have been effectively postponed to after the 2024 general elections. Initially the house listing was to be conducted between April and September 2020, with population enumeration in February 2021 and a revision round in March 2021. The reference date was to be 1 March 2021 in most of the states and 1 October 2020 for Jammu and Kashmir and some areas of Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand. On 2 January 2023, Additional Registrar General of India communicated to all the states that the date of freezing of administrative boundaries had been extended till 30 June 2023. The 16th Census can only begin three months after the administrative boundaries have been frozen. The completion of the census in its two phases takes at least 11 months, so the possibility of the completion of this decennial census exercise in 2023 or early 2024 is ruled out, as general elections are due in April 2024.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bihar caste-based survey 2023</span> 2023 Survey in Bihar, India

The process of caste-based survey started in Bihar from January 7, 2023. The responsibility of conducting this survey in Bihar has been entrusted to the General Administration Department (GAD) of the government. The Government of Bihar is planning to collect data of every family digitally through a Mobile phone app- Bijaga. BELTRON, a Government of Bihar agency providing IT support, hired the services of a Maharashtra-based private firm Trigyn Technologies to develop the mobile app, that is available on Google Play. It will host the data on cloud. Necessary training has already been given to the people involved in this survey. GAD of Bihar has prepared a blueprint for the caste census survey. This census will be done in two phases. There are as many as 214 castes on Bihar government list. According to the list, 22 are to be counted in Scheduled Castes, 32 in Scheduled Tribes, 30 in Backward Classes, 113 in Extremely Backward Classes and 7 in Upper Castes.

References

  1. ↑ Bhalla, Surjit S (23 July 2015). "Column: How bad is the SECC data? Very bad". The Financial Express .
  2. ↑ Damodaran, Harish (9 July 2015). "Socio Economic and Caste Census for 2011 : Five key takeaways". The Financial Express .
  3. ↑ Sabnavis, Madan (13 July 2015). "The many shades of deprivation". Business Line .
  4. ↑ Tewari, Ruhi (25 June 2015). "Socio Economic Caste Census: In villages, one in three households in poverty; over a fifth SC/STs". The Indian Express .
  5. ↑ Tewari, Saumya (14 July 2015). "670 million people in rural India live on Rs 33 per day". Scroll.in . IndiaSpend.
  6. ↑ Vijayanunni, M. (15 July 2015). "Where is the caste data?". The Hindu .
  7. ↑ Kumar, Madan (12 July 2015). "After Lalu and Nitish, Congress demands release of caste data in poll-bound Bihar | Patna News". The Times of India . Times News Network.
  8. ↑ Aiyar, Mani Shankar (7 July 2015). "Opinion: Modi Must Release Caste Survey Findings". NDTV .
  9. ↑ Tewari, Ruhi (4 July 2015). "7 in 10 homes rural, most live on less than Rs 200 a day, reveals new socio-economic census". The Indian Express .
  10. ↑ Vyas, Neena (28 May 2010). "BJP may have second thoughts on caste census?". The Hindu .
  11. ↑ Mandal, Dilip (5 August 2022). "Not counting, won't let states count either—Modi govt's message on caste census". ThePrint .
  12. ↑ HT Correspondent (3 July 2015). "Govt releases socio-economic and caste census for better policy-making". Hindustan Times . Press Trust of India.
  13. ↑ Mehra, Puja (6 July 2015). "Jaitley: our priority is to eliminate deprivation". The Hindu .
  14. ↑ Nanda, Prashant K.; Anuja; Roche, Elizabeth (16 July 2015). "Arun Jaitley refutes charges of withholding caste census data". Mint .
  15. ↑ "Socio Economic and Caste Census paints grim rural picture, to help improve social schemes". The Economic Times . PTI. 3 July 2015.
  16. ↑ Tewari, Ruhi; Singh, Vijaita (8 July 2015). "Rural Development to Home to Social Justice, no one wants to own undisclosed caste data". The Indian Express .
  17. ↑ The Quint (3 July 2015). "Socio-Economic & Caste Census: One in Three Households in Poverty". The Quint .
  18. ↑ Mukherjee, Sanjeeb (13 July 2015). "Centre to first use SECC data in 25% of villages". Business Standard .
  19. ↑ "No data since 1931, will 2011 Census be all-caste inclusive?". The Times of India . Times News Network. 11 March 2010.
  20. ↑ Padmanabhan, Anil (19 July 2015). "Development vs caste: déjà vu". Mint .
  21. ↑ "Press Information Bureau". pib.gov.in.
  22. ↑ "November date for caste census - First ever central survey to determine number of BPL families in state". www.telegraphindia.com.
  23. ↑ "Caste census: After Cong, dissent brews within BJP". Hindustan Times. 28 May 2010.
  24. 1 2 Mathew, Liz; Makkar, Sahil (8 May 2010). "UPA blinks, may include caste count in Census". Mint .
  25. ↑ "BJP rethink on caste census?". NDTV.com.
  26. ↑ "Cabinet split on caste-based Census". India Today.
  27. ↑ "Parivar divided over caste-based census - Indian Express". archive.indianexpress.com.
  28. ↑ Daniyal, Shoaib (30 May 2016). "As quota wars rage, are upper caste interests blocking caste census data?". Scroll.in.
  29. ↑ "To build upon JAM trinity, FinMin to look into caste census". 2 July 2015.
  30. ↑ "Socio-Economic & Caste Census to use Jan Dhan Aadhar Mobile number trinity to better target benefeciaries". 14 July 2015.
  31. ↑ "Swachh Bharat Abhiyan should aim to stamp out manual scavenging". Hindustan Times. 12 July 2015.
  32. ↑ Rao, Mohit M. (8 July 2015). "Karnataka worst in the south in manual scavenging numbers". The Hindu– via www.thehindu.com.
  33. ↑ "Census yanks lid off India scavenger stink". www.telegraphindia.com.
  34. ↑ "Socio Economic and Caste Census data unreliable or incomplete: Experts". The Economic Times. 20 July 2015.
  35. ↑ "So-called caste census was a waste, conduct a fresh one".
  36. ↑ "Chuck the BPL card". 10 July 2015.
  37. 1 2 Yadav, Anumeha (7 August 2015). "Before releasing caste numbers, the government needs to account for discrepancies in data". Scroll.in.
  38. ↑ Yadav, Anumeha (16 July 2015). "India's socio-economic census threatens to exclude crores of poor from social schemes". Scroll.in.
  39. ↑ "Neither BPL nor APL". 22 July 2015.
  40. ↑ Diplomat, Krzysztof Iwanek, The. "Counting Castes in India". The Diplomat.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  41. ↑ "'How Many' Is Your Caste?". Outlook (India). 4 February 2022.
  42. ↑ Mukherjee, Sanjeeb (14 January 2017). "Socio-Economic Census to replace poverty line". Business Standard India– via Business Standard.
  43. ↑ Sarkar, Dipankar De (24 July 2015). "The politics of data: 1931 & 2015". Mint.
  44. ↑ "Govt sets up expert group to collate caste census data". www.businesstoday.in. 16 July 2015.
  45. ↑ "Experts to go through caste census | India News - Times of India". The Times of India. 14 July 2015.
  46. ↑ Bureau, National (29 July 2015). "8 crore errors found in caste data: government". The Hindu– via www.thehindu.com.
  47. ↑ "Cabinet meeting: Panagariya to head panel to 'classify' caste census data". 17 July 2015.
  48. ↑ "Classifying caste census data could be Panagariya's toughest job". Hindustan Times. 18 July 2015.
  49. ↑ "Socio-economic census 2011 reveals 46 lakh castes, sub-castes". Deccan Herald. 17 July 2015.
  50. ↑ http://www.abplive.in/india/2015/07/16/article652176.ece/Caste-census-data-to-be-released-Government [ dead link ]
  51. ↑ "Into the caste cauldron". Mumbai Mirror.
  52. ↑ "The Morning Wrap: One Crore Errors In Government Caste Census; Eight Air India Dreamliner Pilots Resign". 29 July 2015.
  53. ↑ "Caste census report had over 8 crore errors: Govt | India News - Times of India". The Times of India. 29 July 2015.
  54. ↑ "Government defends deferment of caste data; 8.19 crore errors found". The Economic Times. 28 July 2015.
  55. ↑ "Caste Census: States Asked to Rectify 1.45 Crore Errors". The New Indian Express.
  56. ↑ "Caste Census In India Has A Complicated History, The Fate Of Bihar Is Not New".
  57. ↑ "98% of the caste data is error-free: Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India told parliamentary panel in 2016".
  58. ↑ "Explained: The caste census debate, and the government stand over the years".
  59. ↑ "Socio-Economic Caste Census-2011".
  60. ↑ "Socio-Economic Caste Census-2011".
  61. ↑ "Socio-Economic Caste Census-2011".
  62. ↑ "Census 2011 data released: 10 key highlights | India News - Times of India". The Times of India. 3 July 2015.
  63. ↑ "Twice as many: census springs landless surprise". www.telegraphindia.com.
  64. ↑ "Half of rural India still doesn't own agricultural land: SECC 2011". The Economic Times. 9 September 2015.
  65. ↑ Raghavan, Tca Sharad (4 July 2015). "Over a third of rural India still illiterate: Socio Economic Census". The Hindu– via www.thehindu.com.
  66. ↑ "A Greek tragedy every which way". 12 July 2015.
  67. ↑ "35 per cent urban India is BPL, says unreleased data". 17 July 2015.
  68. ↑ "Urban, poor". 18 July 2015.
  69. ↑ "Letter from the Nirmalkars: The 90 per cent". 12 July 2015.
  70. ↑ S, Rukmini; Bansal, Samarth (3 July 2015). "8 Reality Checks from the SECC". The Hindu– via www.thehindu.com.
  71. ↑ "Rural realities". The Hindu. 7 July 2015 – via www.thehindu.com.
  72. ↑ Venkat, Vidya (9 July 2015). "Manual scavenging still a reality". The Hindu– via www.thehindu.com.
  73. ↑ Raghavan, Tca Sharad (4 July 2015). "Over 48 p.c. of rural population is female". The Hindu– via www.thehindu.com.
  74. ↑ "37 lakh first-time voters in India are unlettered: Census | Lucknow News - Times of India". The Times of India. 10 July 2015.
  75. ↑ "Information on your caste and religion is now on Karnataka govt website | Bengaluru News - Times of India". The Times of India. 7 July 2015.
  76. ↑ "Random check shows erroneous census data". Bangalore Mirror.
  77. ↑ "Karnataka caste count: CM wants it out after 33 queries". 18 April 2015.
  78. ↑ "Caste Census in State to Cover 1.26 Crore Families". The New Indian Express.
  79. ↑ "Second round of caste census".
  80. ↑ Kumar, B. s Satish (24 July 2015). "Bengaluru may have one more round of caste census". The Hindu– via www.thehindu.com.
  81. ↑ "Census presents grim figures on health, education | Thiruvananthapuram News - Times of India". The Times of India. 6 July 2015.
  82. ↑ "Socio Economic & Caste Census 2011: A mobile in 2 of every 3 rural homes, a salaried job in 1 of 10". 6 July 2015.
  83. ↑ "Poke me: Delink surveys like SECC 2011 from pre-poll shenanigans". The Economic Times. 22 July 2015.
  84. ↑ "Poke me: Delink surveys like SECC 2011 from pre-poll shenanigans (Readers' React)". The Economic Times. 25 July 2015.
  85. ↑ Ramachandran, Rajesh (12 July 2015). "Socio-economic caste census: Numbers not being revealed to hide upper caste dominance in governance?". The Economic Times.
  86. ↑ "Caste census and the OBC bandwagon".
  87. ↑ Seervai, Joanna Sugden and Shanoor (9 January 2015). "Where Are India's 2011 Census Figures on Religion?". Wall Street Journal.
  88. ↑ Abantika Ghosh, Vijaita Singh (24 January 2015). "Census 2011: Muslims record decadal growth of 24.6 pc, Hindus 16.8 pc". Indian Express. Indian Express. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
  89. ↑ S, Rukmini; Singh, Vijaita (25 August 2015). "Muslim population growth slows". The Hindu– via www.thehindu.com.
  90. ↑ "India Census 2011". Censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
  91. ↑ Tewary, Amarnath (14 July 2015). "Lalu leads march for caste census data". The Hindu– via www.thehindu.com.
  92. ↑ "Lalu's Ultimatum to Modi Government on Caste Census Data". The New Indian Express.
  93. ↑ "Caste census data demand is 'jehad': Lalu". The Hindu. 22 July 2015 – via www.thehindu.com.
  94. ↑ "Release of Caste Census Data Crucial to Justify 69 Per Cent Quota to Backward Classes". The New Indian Express.
  95. ↑ "Karunanidhi Demands Release of Caste Census Data". The New Indian Express.
  96. ↑ "Dravidian parties responsible for appalling human indices: PMK". The Hindu. 8 July 2015 – via www.thehindu.com.
  97. ↑ "Bihar polls: Nitish-Lalu alliance uses caste census against BJP". India Today. 26 July 2015.
  98. ↑ "Former union minister, M Veerappa Moily demands caste data collected to be made public".
  99. ↑ "Ram Vilas Dalit face wherever you go, Jitan Ram Manjhi can be Mahadalit face". 29 July 2015.
  100. ↑ "Lalu Prasad, Nitish Kumar to be hit hardest if caste data released: Paswan". 19 July 2015.
  101. ↑ "Lalu Prasad Yadav, Nitish Kumar to be hit hardest if caste data released: Ram Vilas Paswan". The Economic Times. 19 July 2015.
  102. ↑ "Caste Data Will Hit Lalu Prasad and Nitish Kumar Hard, Claims Union Minister Ram Vilas Paswan". NDTV.com.
  103. ↑ "Lalu, Nitish to be hit hardest if caste data released: Paswan | India News - Times of India". The Times of India. 19 July 2015.
  104. ↑ "Caste census data to be release after error correction: Sushil Modi". Business Standard India. PTI. 21 July 2015 – via Business Standard.
  105. ↑ "Survey puts OBC population at 40 pc". Hindustan Times. 3 September 2007.
  106. ↑ "OBC population in UP stands at 7 crore".
  107. ↑ "OBCs form 41% of population: Survey | India News - Times of India". The Times of India. September 2007.
  108. ↑ "OBc count: 52 or 41%?". The Times of India . Archived from the original on 3 December 2013.
  109. ↑ "OBCs make up 41% of population: Survey". www.rediff.com.
  110. ↑ Sachar, Rajindar (2006). "Sachar Committee Report(2004-2005)" (PDF). Government of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2014. Retrieved 27 September 2008.
  111. ↑ "BC, DC or EC? What lies ahead of the census - Haphazard lists and multiple definitions could pose hurdles in establishing identity during the caste count". www.telegraphindia.com.
  112. ↑ "OBCs: Who are they?-Reservation policy for OBCs: Who would benefit and what are the costs involved" . Retrieved 17 July 2006.
  113. ↑ "The Muslim OBCs And Affirmative Action". Outlook (India). 3 February 2022.
  114. ↑ "SECC 2011: Why we are headed for Mandal 2 and more quotas before 2019". Firstpost. 17 July 2015.
  115. ↑ "Time to curb number of backward castes". The Hindu. 13 September 2007 – via www.thehindu.com.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.