The story revolves around Railroad tycoon Richard Strong. He discovers his enemies are scheming to bankrupt him. Strong enlists the help of Charles Dalton, and together they foil the plot. While working with Strong, Dalton meets Strong's wife, Elinor. Along the way, Dalton develops feelings for Elinor. Time passes, and he tries to seduce her. Elinor rejects Charles's advances and returns to Paris. Strong believes she has committed adultery but follows his wife to Paris, but they miss connections. They meet again in New York, and all ends well.
Universal released the film on September 18, 1916.[1]
Plot
The opening scenes take place in a church. All the characters gather for the wedding of Richard Strong to Elinor Rossitor. Strong is a railroad president, known to be honest and down-to-earth. Elinor is a poor but refined visionary with dreams of wealth and status. Strong's rugged, austere nature is at odds with her warm and romantic personality, and this clash of temperaments will come back to haunt them in the future. The ceremony takes place; they wed the two, and the new couple plans a romantic honeymoon in Paris.
Rivals of Richard Strong are attempting to ruin him financially. When he leaves on his honeymoon, his enemies will carry out their scheme. They plan to issue false reports about dealings with his companies. They also plan to corner the gold market. The plan's details include bribing certain Washington officials, inducing them to send a fake telegram to President Grant. The telegram will implore the President to leave Washington to attend an event. Thus, in his absence, he cannot order the sale of gold.
One of Strong's clerks overhears part of the plan. While Strong and his wife are getting ready to leave on their honeymoon, the clerk gives him a tip about the nefarious undertakings of his rivals. Strong believes the threats are spurious and ignores the warnings. They depart for Paris.
While in Paris, more telegrams arrive, and Strong can no longer ignore the threats. He must return home. This widens the emotional chasm between Strong and his wife. After all, he is heading back to New York in the middle of their honeymoon. The couple embarks on their trip to New York. His clandestine return to New York works, and he arrives before his enemies even suspect his return.
With the help of Charles Dalton, he thwarts their plans. As a reward, Strong hires Dalton to be his assistant. While working with Strong, Dalton becomes acquainted with his wife. She becomes friendly with Dalton, and he gives her the emotional support she so desperately needs. One night, things go too far, and he tries to seduce her. She rebuffs him, and they both go their separate ways. Elinor refuses to see Dalton anymore. Dalton is craving some emotional connection and yields to the charms of his wife, Zoldene. The couple had separated when she found out he had no money.
In the meantime, Strong discovers what he thinks is the affair his wife was having with Dalton. He accuses them both of adultery. He becomes estranged from both.
Elinor decides she must escape all the intrigue at home. Along with her father, Edwin, she returns to Paris. Her father's health is fading. Strong and President Grant schedule a meeting. They met, and afterward, the President directs the Treasury to sell gold. The move shreds the last glimmers of hope for his enemies. The gold-selloff makes millions for Strong.
Edwin Rossitor's health worsens in Paris, and he wants to return to the states. Elinor wants to help him return, but she worries about the danger posed by the riots associated with the Paris Commune. Edwin wires Strong and asks him to travel to Paris to help them. When Strong arrives in France, he can find no trace of either party.
One night, as he watches a mob, he finds out Elinor is the center of the disturbance. He tries to rescue her but ends up unconscious in an alley. Later, in his hotel room, he regains his senses. Elinor is nowhere to be found.
Charles Dalton and Zoldene are also in Paris at the same time. Dalton asks Strong to pay him and his wife a visit. He swears to Strong nothing ever happened between him and his wife, Elinor. This time, Dalton convinces Strong he is telling the truth.
Strong walks away from the talk, relieved, but now believes Elinor no longer cares for him. He sadly returns to New York alone. He pays a visit to the old address and takes one last glimpse of the home to his strained marriage. As chance would have it, Elinor was also passing by the home searching for memories. They see each other, they pause, their eyes meet, and he tells her he will always love her. She looks deeper into his eyes and tells him she never stopped loving him. It rekindled their romance; they walk off hand-in-hand.
In the book, "American Cinema's Transitional Era," the authors point out, The years between 1908 and 1917 witnessed what may have been the most significant transformation in American film history. During this "transitional era", widespread changes affected film form and film genres, filmmaking practices and industry structure, exhibition sites, and audience demographics.[2] One aspect of this transition was the longer duration of films. Feature films[a] were slowly becoming the standard fare for Hollywood producers. Before 1913, you could count the yearly features on two hands.[5] Between 1915 and 1916, the number of feature movies rose 2+1⁄2 times or from 342 films to 835.[5] There was a recurring claim that Carl Laemmle was the longest-running studio chief resisting the production of feature films.[6] Universal was not ready to downsize its short film business because short films were cheaper, faster, and more profitable to produce than feature films.[b]
Laemmle would continue to buck this trend while slowly increasing his output of features. In 1914, Laemmle published an essay titled - Doom of long Features Predicted.[8] In 1916, Laemmle ran an advertisement extolling Bluebird films while adding the following vocabulary on the top of the ad.[c] Universal made 91 feature films in 1916, including 44 Bluebirds and 47 Red Feather productions.[10]
This film was labeled with Universal's Red Feather brand, indicating it was a low-budget feature film.
Development
Black Friday is set during the presidency of Ulysses S. Grant. Grant was the 18th president of the United States, serving from 1869 to 1877. The movie title is based on the Black Friday scandal that initiated the gold panic of 1869. The actual date for Black Friday was Friday, September 24, 1869, when President Grant started selling Treasury gold at weekly intervals to pay off the national debt, stabilize the dollar, and boost the economy. This movie is also a period piece taking place during the Gilded Age.
Casting
All players in this film were under contract with Universal.
Dorothy Davenport (1895-1977) was an established star for Universal when the 21 year-old actress played the Elionor Rossitor. She had acted in hundreds of movies by the time she starred in this film. The majority of these films were 2-reel shorts, as was the norm in Hollywood's teen years. She had been making movies since 1910. She started dating Wally Reid when she was barely 16, and he was 20. They married in 1913. After her husband died in 1923, she used the name "Mrs. Wallace Reid" in the credits for any project she took part in.[11] Besides being an actress, she would eventually become a film director, producer, and writer.[12]
Emory Johnson (1894-1960) was 22 years old when he starred in this movie as Charles Dalton. In January 1916, Emory signed a contract with Universal Film Manufacturing Company. Carl Laemmle of Universal Film Manufacturing Company thought he saw great potential in Johnson, so he chooses him to be Universal's new leading man. Laemmle's hope was Johnson would become another Wallace Reed. A major part of his plan was to create a movie couple that would sizzle on the silver screen. Laemmle thought Dorothy Davenport and Emory Johnson could create the chemistry he sought. Johnson and Davenport would complete 14 films together. They started with the successful feature production of "Doctor Neighbor" in May 1916 and ended with "The Devil's Bondwoman" in November 1916. After completing the last movie, Laemmle thought Johnson did not have the screen presence he wanted. He decided not to renew his contract.[13][12] Johnson would make 17 movies in 1916, including 6 shorts and 11 feature-length Dramas. 1916 would become the second-highest movie output of his entire acting career. Emory acted in 25 films for Universal, mostly dramas with a sprinkling of comedies and westerns.
Gretchen Lederer (1891-1955) was a 25 year-old actress when she landed this role as Zoldene. Lederer was a German actress getting her first start in 1912 with Carl Laemmle. At the time of this film, she was still a Universal contract actress. She had previously acted in two Bosworth-Johnson projects preceding this movie - The Yaqui and Two Men of Sandy Bar. She would unite with Emory Johnson in the 1916 productions of A Yoke of Gold and The Morals of Hilda.
Richard Morris (1862-1924) was a 54 year-old actor when he played Richard Strong. He was a character actor and former opera singer known for Granny (1913). He would eventually participate in many Johnson projects, including |In the Name of the Law (1922), The Third Alarm (1922), The West~Bound Limited (1923), The Mailman (1923) until his untimely death in 1924.
Edith Hallor (1896–1971) was an 20 year-old actress when she played the part of Isabelle Hamlin. She was an American stage and film actress and starred in several films during the silent era. She was active during 1914–1945.[14]
Mary Maurice (1844-1918) was 71 year-old actress when she landed the role of Mrs. Rossitor. After a long and distinguished stage career supporting many of the same touring companies that employed Richard Morris, she appeared in 150 films between 1909 and 1918, frequently playing mothers or grandmothers.[15]
Mark Fenton (1866–1925) was an 49 year-old actor when he was cast as Jim Fisk. James Fisk was an actual historical character involved in the Black Friday scandal. Fenton appeared in 80 films between 1914 and 1925 before his untimely death in Los Angeles. Fenton was also a stage performer, similar to many of the players and the Director of this film.[16]
Wilfred Rogers (c.1882-1917) was a 34 actor when he played the role of Edwin Rossitor. He acted primarily in silent films and was also another speaking stage convert.[17]
Between March and December 1916, 44-year-old Lloyd Carleton directed 16 movies for Universal, starting with The Yaqui and ending with The Morals of Hilda. Emory Johnson acted in all 16 of these films. Of Carleton's total 1916 output, 11 were feature films, and the rest were two-reel shorts.
Carleton was given the task by Carl Laemmle to determine if the Davenport-Johnson duo had the desired on-screen chemistry. In 1916, Carleton directed 13 films pairing Dorothy Davenport and Emory Johnson. This film would be the tenth in the 13-film series.
◆The Davenport–Johnson searching for chemistry in 1916◆
The story for this movie was based on the novel "Black Friday" by Frederic S. Isham (1865–1922). He was 38 years old when he published Black Friday and 51 when it was released as a film.
The story was scenarioized by Mrs. E. Magnus Ingleton (c.1873-1936). She was 43 years old when she created the screen adaption for this film. She was a British screenwriter, actress, and war correspondent.[33]
Post production
The theatrical release of this film totaled five reels or 5,000 feet of film. As is often the case, the listed time for this feature-length movie varies. The average time per 1,000-foot 35mm reel varied between ten and fifteen minutes per reel at the time. Thus, the total time for this movie is computed between fifty and seventy-five minutes.[34]
The copyright was filed with U.S. Copyright Office on August 26, 1916,[36] and entered in the record as shown:[d]
In 1916, "Red Feather" movies were always released on Mondays.[37] This film was officially released on Monday, September 18, 1916.[1]
Advertising
Advertising plays a vital role in ensuring a movie's success by bringing paying customers to the theater. By providing details about plotlines, actors, release dates, and other key information, a successful marketing campaign boosts excitement among potential stakeholders. This knowledge empowered theater owners to make smarter booking decisions in a competitive market. In addition to an advertising campaign for a movie, Carl Laemmle added another wrinkle to assist potential stakeholders in deciding to view or book a new film.
In 1916, Universal became the first Hollywood studio to classify feature films based on production cost. One of the reasons behind this move was that the Big Five film studios owned their own movie houses, enabling them to have guaranteed outlets for their entertainment products. Unlike the majors, Universal did not own any theaters or theater chains. Branding all Universal-produced feature films would give theater owners another tool to judge the films they were about to lease and help fans decide which movies they wanted to see.[e]
In 1916, Universal produced 91 branded feature films, consisting of 44 Bluebirds and 47 Red Feather productions.[10] The branding system had a brief existence and, by 1920, had faded away.
This film was the 34th release carrying the designation of Universal's "Red Feather" brand.[41]
Reviews
The movie critic's reviews of the photoplay were mixed.
In the September 9, 1916 issue of The Moving Picture World, movie critic Robert C. McElravy reviewed the film:[42]
While not adequately handled in the matter of clear and consistent direction, the production maintains a strong interest and has much about it to commend. From the very first scenes, when the characters are introduced at a church wedding, one can feel the beginnings of a story of consequence, and this feeling grows as the action continues. The story as a whole has not a great deal of dramatic strength, but gets away from the beaten path and has the advantage of a pleasing historical background.
In the August 31, 1916 issue of the Wids, the magazine reviewer states:[43]
The story is not particularly powerful and at times is slow with the ultimate ending rather obvious, yet the novel atmosphere will help to carry it through. As a whole, this production will undoubtedly satisfy any average audience because of the unusual atmosphere of it all. It is not an exceptional film, and, in fact, it has many weak spots, but your patrons will come out and say that it was good.
Preservation status
Many silent-era films did not survive for reasons as explained on this Wikipedia page.[f]
↑ A "feature film" or "feature-length film" is a narrative film (motion picture or "movie") with a running time long enough to be considered the principal or sole presentation in a commercial entertainment program. A film can be distributed as a feature film if it equals or exceeds a specified minimum running time and satisfies other defined criteria. The minimum time depends on the governing agency. The American Film Institute[3] and the British Film Institute[4] require films to have a minimum running time of forty minutes or longer. Other film agencies, e.g.,Screen Actors Guild, require a film's running time to be 60 minutes or greater. Currently, most feature films are between 70 and 210 minutes long.
↑ " Short Film" - There are no defined parameters for a Short film except for one immutable rule -the film's maximum running time. The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences defines a short film as "an original motion picture that has a running time of 40 minutes or less, including all credits".[7]
↑ The moving picture business is here to stay. That you must admit, despite carping critics and blundering sore-heads, true, some exhibitors have found business so good lately — but if you get down to facts when you look for a reason why, it's a 100 to 1 shot that they are, and for some time have been, dallying with a feature program. Some of these wise ones will tell you that business has picked up since they went into features, — BUT — ask them whether they are talking NET or GROSS. They will find they have an immediate appointment and terminate your queries unceremoniously. Funny how we like to kid ourselves, isn't it? The man who is packing 'em in and losing money on features is envied by his competitor, who is laying by a bit every day, and has a good steady, dependable patronage but admits to a few vacant seats at some performances. When this chap wakes up, he will realize that he has a gold mine and that good advertising will make it produce to capacity. The moral is that if you can tie up to the Universal Program, DO IT. If you can't NOW, watch your first chance. Let the people know what you have, and let the feature man go on to ruin if he wants to. You should worry! Motion Picture News - May 6, 1916[9]
↑ The copyright was filed with U.S. Copyright Office and entered in the record as shown.
↑ Universal formed a three-tier branding system for their feature films based on the size of their budget and status. In the book "The Universal Story," the author Clive Hirschhorn describes the feature movie branding as: [38]
Red Feather Photoplays – low-budget feature films
Bluebird Photoplays – mainstream feature release and more ambitious productions
Jewel – prestige motion pictures featuring high budgets using prominent actors
In 1917, the Butterfly line, a grade between Red Feather and Bluebird, was introduced. During the following two years, half of Universal's feature film output was in the Red Feather and Butterfly categories. [39] However, this was during a time when stars increasingly took the spotlight in advertising. The branding tags seemly ignored that the ticket-buying audience attended movies to see their favorite stars, not the vehicle allowing them to perform.[40]
↑ Film is history. With every foot of film lost, we lose a link to our culture, the world around us, each other, and ourselves. – Martin Scorsese, filmmaker, director NFPF Board[44] A report by Library of Congress film historian and archivist David Pierce estimates that:
around 75% of original silent-era films have perished;
only 14% of the 10,919 silent films released by major studios exist in their original 35mm or other formats;
11% survive only in full-length foreign versions or film formats of lesser image quality.[45][46]
Related Research Articles
Agnes Vernon was an American film actress of the silent era. While still in her teens, she experienced a meteoric ascent from obscurity to box-office sensation. After turning twenty-three and a movie career fading away, she abandoned the silver screen forever. Vernon performed in over 90 films between 1913 and 1922. She completed most of her roles under contract with Universal Pictures.
Alfred Emory Johnson was an American actor, director, producer, and writer. As a teenager, he started acting in silent films. Early in his career, Carl Laemmle chose Emory to become a Universal Studio leading man. He also became part of one of the early Hollywood celebrity marriages when he wed Ella Hall.
The Right to Be Happy is an American silent film from 1916 that draws inspiration from Charles Dickens' 1843 Novella, A Christmas Carol. This film was Universal's first attempt at making a Feature film based on Dickens' novella. Throughout the silent era, it stood as the first and only feature film adaptation of A Christmas Carol by an American or foreign film company. The movie was directed by Rupert Julian and supported by a cast of Universal Bluebird players, including Rupert Julian, Claire McDowell, and Harry Carter.
The Morals of Hilda is a 1916 American silent film directed by Lloyd B. Carleton. The melodrama is based on the story of Henry Christeen Warnack and features Gretchen Lederer, Lois Wilson and Emory Johnson.
Lloyd B. Carleton was an American director, producer, and actor. He was born in New York City in c. 1872. Both of his parents were born in Virginia and Carleton's father, John T. Little Senior, supported the family as a clothing importer. The couple firstborn was John T. Little Jr born in 1868. Carleton Bassitt Little would follow in c. 1872. Their last child Arthur W. Little, was born in 1878. The two older brothers graduated from Columbia College with law degrees. John Jr would become one of New York's finest lawyers. Carleton briefly tried the legal profession but became driven by a bigger calling.
The Devil's Bondwoman is a 1916 American silent Melodrama directed by Lloyd B. Carleton. The film was based on the story by F. McGrew Willis and scenarized by Maie B. Havey and Fred Myton. The movie features Dorothy Davenport and Emory Johnson and employed the same cast seen in other Red Feather films, e.g., Barriers of Society, Black Friday.
Barriers of Society is a 1916 American silent drama film directed by Lloyd B. Carleton. Universal based the film on the story written by Clarke Irvine and adapted for the screen by Fred Myton. The feature film stars Dorothy Davenport, Emory Johnson, and an all-star cast of Universal contract players.
A Yoke of Gold is a 1916 American silent black and white melodrama directed by Lloyd B. Carleton and starring Dorothy Davenport and Emory Johnson. Based on an original story by Rob Wagner, it is a period piece set in the early days of the California missions.
Doctor Neighbor is a 1916 American silent feature film black and white melodrama. The film was directed by Lloyd B. Carleton. It stars Hobart Bosworth and pairs Dorothy Davenport and Emory Johnson in leading roles.
The Yaqui is a 1916 American silent Black and white Melodrama directed by Lloyd B. Carleton and starring Hobart Bosworth, Gretchen Lederer and Emory Johnson. The film depicts Yaqui Indians entrapped by nefarious elements into enslavement for a wealthy plantation owner. They struggle in captivity, eventually rebelling against their owner's oppression.
Two Men of Sandy Bar is a 1916 American silent Western Melodrama directed by Lloyd B. Carleton and starring Hobart Bosworth, Gretchen Lederer along with Emory Johnson.
Her Husband's Faith is a 1916 American silent short film directed by Lloyd B. Carleton. The film is based on a story by Paul Machette. Eugene De Rue developed the screenplay. This domestic society drama's features Dorothy Davenport, T. D. Crittenden and Emory Johnson.
Heartaches is a 1916 American silent short film directed by Lloyd B. Carleton. The film is based on a story by Grant Carpenter. This drama's features Dorothy Davenport, Alfred Allen, and Emory Johnson.
Richard Morris was an American opera singer, stage performer, and silent film actor. Morris was born on January 30, 1862, in Charlestown, Massachusetts. He was 62 when he died in Los Angeles, California on October 11, 1924. Between 1912 and 1924, Richard Morris acted in 59 films.
Two Mothers is a 1916 American silent short film directed by Lloyd B. Carleton. The film is based on a story by I.A.R. Wylie. Calder Johnstone developed the adaptation for the screen. The drama's features Dorothy Davenport, Alfred Allen and Emory Johnson.
The Unattainable is a 1916 American Black and White silent drama directed by Lloyd B. Carleton. The film is based on the story by Elwood D. Henning. The photoplay stars Dorothy Davenport and Emory Johnson.
The Way of the World is a 1916 American silent Feature film. The film was directed by Lloyd B. Carleton, while F. McGrew Willis adapted the screenplay from Clyde Fitch's play. The cast of this drama includes Hobart Bosworth, Dorothy Davenport, and Emory Johnson.
Her Soul's Song is a 1916 American silent short film directed by Lloyd B. Carleton. The film is based on a story by Betty Schade. Calder Johnstone developed the screenplay. This drama's features Dorothy Davenport and Emory Johnson.
The Human Gamble was a 1916 American silent Short film directed by Lloyd B. Carleton. The film is based on the story and screen adaptation by Calder Johnstone. The drama stars Dorothy Davenport, Emory Johnson, and a cast of Universal contract players.
No. 16 Martin Street was a 1916 American silent Short film directed by Lloyd B. Carleton. The film was based on the detective story and screen adaptation by Bess Meredyth. The drama stars Dorothy Davenport, Emory Johnson, and an all-star cast of Universal contract players.
↑ "Doom of long Features Predicted". Moving Picture World. New York, Chalmers Publishing Company. July 11, 1914. p.185. Archived from the original on August 9, 2011. Retrieved February 25, 2023. written by Carl Laemmle
↑ "The Universal Program". Motion Picture News. Motion Picture News, inc. May 6, 1916. p.2704. Retrieved February 7, 2021.
↑ "CARLETON, Lloyd B."www.thanhouser.org. Thanhouser Company Film Preservation. March 1994. Retrieved February 19, 2021. Thanhouser Company, Thanhouser Films: An Encyclopedia and History Version 2.1 by Q. David Bowers,Volume III: Biographies
↑ "Catalog of Copyright Entries Cumulative Series Motion Pictures 1912 - 1939". Internet Archive. Copyright Office * Library of Congress. 1951. p.71. Retrieved March 31, 2021. Motion Pictures, 1912-1939, is a cumulative catalog listing works registered in the Copyright Office in Classes L and M between August 24, 1912 and December 31, 1939
↑ "Red Feather Photo Plays". The Motion Picture News. New York, Motion Picture News, Inc. October 14, 1916. Retrieved March 4, 2021. Every Monday there is released a Red Feather Photo Play
↑ Stanca Mustea, Cristina (June 8, 2011). "Carl Laemmle (1867 - 1939)". Immigrant Entreprenuership. German Historical Institute. Retrieved November 10, 2022.
↑ "Universal Programs for September 18". The Moving Picture World. New York, Chalmers Publishing Company. September 23, 1916. p.567. Retrieved April 20, 2021. Four Special Subjects, Two Special Features and a Red Feather Feature Will Start the Mid-September Ball Rolling
↑ Slide, Anthony (2000). Nitrate Won't Wait: History of Film Preservation in the United States. McFarland. p.5. ISBN978-0786408368. Retrieved November 20, 2021. 75 percent of all American silent films are gone, and 50 percent of all films made before 1950 are lost; such figures, as archivists admit in private, were thought up on the spur of the moment, without statistical information to back them up.
Hirschhorn, Clive (1983). The Universal Story - The Complete History of the Studio and its 2,641 films. New York: Crown Publishing Group. pp.22–23. ISBN0-517-55001-6.
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