Brome mosaic virus

Last updated
Brome mosaic virus
Journal.pone.0142415.g001.C.png
Transmission electron micrograph of brome mosaic virus (BMV) virions
Image1js9.png
Crystal structure of Brome mosaic virus, PDB entry 1js9 [1]
Virus classification Red Pencil Icon.png
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Kitrinoviricota
Class: Alsuviricetes
Order: Martellivirales
Family: Bromoviridae
Genus: Bromovirus
Species:
Brome mosaic virus

Brome mosaic virus (BMV) is a small (28 nm, 86S), positive-stranded, icosahedral RNA plant virus belonging to the genus Bromovirus , family Bromoviridae , in the Alphavirus -like superfamily.

Contents

BMV was first isolated in 1942 from bromegrass (Bromus inermis), [2] had its genomic organization determined by the 1970s, and was completely sequenced with commercially available clones by the 1980s. [3] [4]

The alphavirus-like superfamily includes more than 250 plant and animal viruses including Tobacco mosaic virus, Semliki forest virus, Hepatitis E virus, Sindbis virus, and arboviruses (which cause certain types of encephalitis). [5] [6] Many of the positive-strand RNA viruses that belong to the alphavirus family share a high degree of similarity in proteins involved in genomic replication and synthesis. [7] [8] The sequence similarities of RNA replication genes and strategies for BMV have been shown to extend to a wide range of plant and animal viruses beyond the alphaviruses, including many other positive-strand RNA viruses from other families. [9] Understanding how these viruses replicate and targeting key points in their life cycle can help advance antiviral treatments worldwide.

Genome

BMV has a genome that is divided into three 5' capped RNAs. RNA1 (3.2 kb) encodes a protein called 1a (109 kDa), which contains both an N-proximal methyltransferase domain and a C-proximal helicase-like domain. The methyltransferase domain shows sequence similarity to other alphavirus m7G methyltransferases and guanyltransferases, called nsP1 proteins, involved in RNA capping. [10] RNA2 (2.9 kb) encodes the 2a protein (94 kDa), the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, responsible for replication of the viral genome. [9] [5] The dicistronic RNA3 (2.1 kb) encodes for two proteins, the 3a protein (involved in cell-to-cell migration during infection) and the coat protein (for RNA encapsidation and vascular spread), which is expressed from a subgenomic replication intermediate mRNA, called RNA4 (0.9 kb). 3a and coat protein are essential for systemic infection in plants but not RNA replication. [11] [5] [12]

Hosts and symptoms

BMV commonly infects Bromus inermis (see Bromus ) and other grasses, can be found almost anywhere wheat is grown. It is also one of the few grass viruses that infects dicotyledonous plants, such as soybean; [13] however, it primarily infects monocotyledonous plants, such as barley and others in the family Gramineae. The diagnostic species of this disease is maize, where seedlings show a variety of symptoms of this diseases, (dpvweb.net). Its propagation species is barley, which displays a mild mosaic. The assay species of this disease is Chenopodium Hybridum, (dpvweb.net). The symptoms of BMV are similar to most mosaic viruses. The symptoms consist of stunted growth, lesions, mosaic leaves, and death, (researchgate.net). These symptoms generally appear around 10 days after germination of the host plant. The symptoms of this disease affect maize and barley plants the most.[ citation needed ]

In 2015, it was found that BMV had coinfected Triticale with Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus. This was the first report of coinfection between those two viruses and raises and the first report of BMV infecting Triticale. This raises questions on whether or not the two viruses share a common vector and how they interact with each other. They are currently researching further into this occurrence (K. Trzmiel, 2015).

Management

As of now there is no treatment for this virus once the plant has been infected. There are only measures of prevention of this disease. One option is to use a strain of plant that is resistant to this virus. Since this is a virus fungicides will have no effect on the spread or infection of this disease. Make sure to remove all perennial weeds in the area and to use insecticide to help kill vectors of this disease, (plantnatural.com). Make sure to clean equipment and hands before contact with plants. Lastly, removal of infected plants is crucial to the health of surrounding plants and is key to stopping the spread of this disease, (Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus on Wheat: Biology and Management). There are currently no biological control methods to combat this virus. It has been found that the most effective way to combat this virus is to use strains of crop that have resistance to this virus and to use pesticides to remove any vectors that could carry this disease because one of the number one causes of this disease vectors transmitting it to multiple plants after taking up the virus.[ citation needed ]

Environment and importance

Environments that are most suitable for this disease are generally damp because viruses are transmitted easier when the plants are wet. It is also found in areas that have a heavy amount of wheat plants present and where there is a lot of human contact or exposure Humans are one of the most common vectors used to spread this disease. The temperature range at which this disease is most infective at 20°C to 36°C, according to “Plant Viruses” on page 417. There are multiple vectors for this virus. The vector that is most associated with this disease is the Oulema melanopus L. beetle, (agroatlas.ru). This beetle is found over a large portion of the Midwest and is one of the biggest carriers of this pathogen. The importance of this disease is it can severely reduce yield of the host plants and the fact it has a wide variety of host plants that it infects. In as study performed in Ohio, they found that the BMV can reduce yield by as much as 61% in soft red winter wheat. The findings found in the Ohio study suggest that Brome Mosaic Virus might have a greater impact on wheat production than previously thought (Hodge, 2018). Farmers have to take great measures to prevent and contain this virus in order to ensure that they produce a quality crop with maximum yield, (Stabilization of Brome Mosaic Virus, page 99-101).

Related Research Articles

<i>Tobacco mosaic virus</i> Infects tomato family, beans, flowers...

Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus species in the genus Tobamovirus that infects a wide range of plants, especially tobacco and other members of the family Solanaceae. The infection causes characteristic patterns, such as "mosaic"-like mottling and discoloration on the leaves. TMV was the first virus to be discovered. Although it was known from the late 19th century that a non-bacterial infectious disease was damaging tobacco crops, it was not until 1930 that the infectious agent was determined to be a virus. It is the first pathogen identified as a virus. The virus was crystallised by W.M. Stanley.

<i>Bunyavirales</i> Order of negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses

Bunyavirales is an order of segmented negative-strand RNA viruses with mainly tripartite genomes. Member viruses infect arthropods, plants, protozoans, and vertebrates. It is the only order in the class Ellioviricetes. The name Bunyavirales derives from Bunyamwera, where the original type species Bunyamwera orthobunyavirus was first discovered. Ellioviricetes is named in honor of late virologist Richard M. Elliott for his early work on bunyaviruses.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Plant virus</span> Virus that affects plants

Plant viruses are viruses that affect plants. Like all other viruses, plant viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that do not have the molecular machinery to replicate without a host. Plant viruses can be pathogenic to higher plants.

<i>Semliki Forest virus</i> Species of virus

The Semliki Forest virus is an alphavirus found in central, eastern, and southern Africa. It was first isolated from mosquitoes in the Semliki Forest, Uganda by the Uganda Virus Research Institute in 1942 and described by Smithburn and Haddow. It is known to cause disease in animals including humans.

<i>Alphavirus</i> Genus of viruses

Alphavirus is a genus of RNA viruses, the sole genus in the Togaviridae family. Alphaviruses belong to group IV of the Baltimore classification of viruses, with a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome. There are 32 alphaviruses, which infect various vertebrates such as humans, rodents, fish, birds, and larger mammals such as horses, as well as invertebrates. Alphaviruses that could infect both vertebrates and arthropods are referred dual-host alphaviruses, while insect-specific alphaviruses such as Eilat virus and Yada yada virus are restricted to their competent arthropod vector. Transmission between species and individuals occurs mainly via mosquitoes, making the alphaviruses a member of the collection of arboviruses – or arthropod-borne viruses. Alphavirus particles are enveloped, have a 70 nm diameter, tend to be spherical, and have a 40 nm isometric nucleocapsid.

Furovirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Virgaviridae. Graminae, winter wheat, wheat, triticale, oat, sorghum bicolor, and plants serve as natural hosts. There are six species in this genus. Diseases associated with this genus include: (SBWMV): green and yellow mosaic.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Viroplasm</span>

A viroplasm, sometimes called "virus factory" or "virus inclusion", is an inclusion body in a cell where viral replication and assembly occurs. They may be thought of as viral factories in the cell. There are many viroplasms in one infected cell, where they appear dense to electron microscopy. Very little is understood about the mechanism of viroplasm formation.

<i>Cowpea chlorotic mottle virus</i> Species of virus

Cowpea chlorotic mottle virus, known by the abbreviation CCMV, is a virus that specifically infects the cowpea plant, or black-eyed pea. The leaves of infected plants develop yellow spots, hence the name "chlorotic". Similar to its "brother" virus, Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV), CCMV is produced in high yield in plants. In the natural host, viral particles can be produced at 1–2 mg per gram of infected leaf tissue. Belonging to the bromovirus genus, cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV) is a small spherical plant virus. Other members of this genus include the brome mosaic virus (BMV) and the broad bean mottle virus (BBMV).

<i>Sindbis virus</i> Species of virus

Sindbis virus (SINV) is a member of the Togaviridae family, in the Alphavirus genus. The virus was first isolated in 1952 in Cairo, Egypt. The virus is transmitted by mosquitoes. SINV is linked to Pogosta disease (Finland), Ockelbo disease (Sweden) and Karelian fever (Russia). In humans, the symptoms include arthralgia, rash and malaise. Sindbis virus is widely and continuously found in insects and vertebrates in Eurasia, Africa, and Oceania. Clinical infection and disease in humans however has almost only been reported from Northern Europe, where SINV is endemic and where large outbreaks occur intermittently. Cases are occasionally reported in Australia, China, and South Africa.

<i>Alfalfa mosaic virus</i> Species of virus

Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), also known as Lucerne mosaic virus or Potato calico virus, is a worldwide distributed phytopathogen that can lead to necrosis and yellow mosaics on a large variety of plant species, including commercially important crops. It is the only Alfamovirus of the family Bromoviridae. In 1931 Weimer J.L. was the first to report AMV in alfalfa. Transmission of the virus occurs mainly by some aphids, by seeds or by pollen to the seed.

Panicum mosaic virus (PMV) is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA viral pathogen that infects plant species in the panicoid tribe of the grass family, Poaceae. The pathogen was first identified in Kansas in 1953 and most commonly causes disease on select cultivars of turf grass, switchgrass, and millet. The disease most commonly associated with the panicum mosaic virus pathogen is St. Augustine Decline Syndrome, which infects species of turf grass and causes chlorotic mottling. In addition to St. Augustine Decline, panicum mosaic virus is responsible for chlorotic streaking and mild green mosaicking in select cultivars of switchgrass and millet.

Potato mop-top virus (PMTV) is a plant pathogenic virus transmitted through the vector Spongospora subterranea that affects potatoes. PMTV belongs to family of Virgaviridae, and the genus Pomovirus. The virus was first identified in 1966 by Calvert and Harrison in Britain, and is now reported in many other potato cultivating regions of the world including U.S.A., Canada, China, Pakistan, Japan, South American countries and many parts of Europe. Many disease management systems have been found to be ineffective against the virus, although a combination of sanitation and vector controls seems to work well.

<i>Wheat streak mosaic virus</i> Species of virus

Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) is a plant pathogenic virus of the family Potyviridae that infects plants in the family Poaceae, especially wheat ; it is globally distributed and vectored by the wheat curl mite, particularly in regions where wheat is widely grown. First described in Nebraska in 1922, stunted growth and the eponymous “streaks” of yellowed, non-uniform discoloration are characteristic of WSMV infection. As it has been known to cause 100% crop mortality, WSMV is a subject of ongoing scientific research.

Soil-borne wheat mosaic virus is a rod-shaped plant pathogen that can cause severe stunting and mosaic in susceptible wheat, barley and rye cultivars. The disease has often been misdiagnosed as a nutritional problem, but this has actually allowed in part for the fortuitous visual selection by breeding programs of resistant genotypes. Soil-borne wheat mosaic virus is part of the genus Furovirus. Members of this genus are characterized by rigid rod-shaped particles and positive sense RNA genomes consisting of two molecules that are packaged into separate particles that code for either replication, mobility, structure or defense against the host. The virus is spread by a fungal-like protist, Polymyxa graminis, whose asexual secondary and sexual primary cycles help the virus spread. The disease produces secondary symptoms from the root cell infection. The disease is a serious contributor to loss in crop yield.

Turnip crinkle virus (TCV) is a plant pathogenic virus of the family Tombusviridae. It was first isolated from turnip.

High plains disease is a viral disease afflicting wheat and maize. It is caused by the negative-sense ssRNA virus High Plains wheat mosaic emaravirus. Symptoms are similar to Wheat streak mosaic virus, with leaf veins showing yellow flecks and streaks, followed by leaf margin purpling in maize. Depending on the timing of infection, stunting and death occur. Plants can be doubly infected with high plains virus and wheat streak mosaic virus.

High Plains wheat mosaic emaravirus (WMoV), or High Plains virus (HPV) or Maize red stripe virus (MRSV/MRStV) is the causative agent of High plains disease of maize and wheat. It is spread by wheat curl mite, Aceria tosichella, which also transmits Wheat streak mosaic virus. The mite's ability to transmit a number of different viruses to cereal crops make it an economically important agricultural pest. In late June 2017 this virus was first detected in Canada, in Alberta. The Alberta samples were 99% similar to those in the USA. As Wheat streak mosaic virus is already present in Alberta, and coinfection with these two causes even more severe damage, this could cause much higher yield losses.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Positive-strand RNA virus</span> Class of viruses in the Baltimore classification

Positive-strand RNA viruses are a group of related viruses that have positive-sense, single-stranded genomes made of ribonucleic acid. The positive-sense genome can act as messenger RNA (mRNA) and can be directly translated into viral proteins by the host cell's ribosomes. Positive-strand RNA viruses encode an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) which is used during replication of the genome to synthesize a negative-sense antigenome that is then used as a template to create a new positive-sense viral genome.

<i>Middelburg virus</i> Species of virus

Middelburg virus (MIDV) is an alphavirus of the Old World Group that has likely endemic and zoonotic potential. It is of the viral family Togaviridae. It was isolated from mosquitos in 1957 in South Africa, MDIV antigens have now been found in livestock, horses, and humans.

Rio Negro virus is an alphavirus that was first isolated in Argentina in 1980. The virus was first called Ag80-663 but was renamed to Rio Negro virus in 2005. It is a former member of the Venezuelan equine encephalitis complex (VEEC), which are a group of alphaviruses in the Americas that have the potential to emerge and cause disease. Río Negro virus was recently reclassified as a distinct species. Closely related viruses include Mucambo virus and Everglades virus.

References

  1. Lucas, R. W.; Larson, S. B.; McPherson, A. (2002). "The crystallographic structure of Brome mosaic virus". Journal of Molecular Biology. 317 (1): 95–108. doi:10.1006/jmbi.2001.5389. PMID   11916381.
  2. Lane, L. C. (1974). "The bromoviruses". Advances in Virus Research Volume 19. Advances in Virus Research. Vol. 19. pp. 151–220. doi:10.1016/s0065-3527(08)60660-0. ISBN   9780120398195. PMID   4613160.
  3. Ahlquist, P.; Luckow, V.; Kaesberg, P. (1981). "Complete nucleotide sequence of brome mosaic virus RNA3". Journal of Molecular Biology. 153 (1): 23–38. doi:10.1016/0022-2836(81)90524-6. PMID   7338913.
  4. Lane, 2003
  5. 1 2 3 Sullivan & Ahlquist, 1997
  6. Lampio, 1999
  7. Ahlquist, P.; Strauss, E. G.; Rice, C. M.; Strauss, J. H.; Haseloff, J.; Zimmern, D. (1985). "Sindbis virus proteins nsP1 and nsP2 contain homology to nonstructural proteins from several RNA plant viruses". Journal of Virology. 53 (2): 536–542. doi:10.1128/JVI.53.2.536-542.1985. PMC   254668 . PMID   3968720.
  8. French, R.; Ahlquist, P. (1988). "Characterization and engineering of sequences controlling in vivo synthesis of brome mosaic virus subgenomic RNA". Journal of Virology. 62 (7): 2411–2420. doi:10.1128/JVI.62.7.2411-2420.1988. PMC   253399 . PMID   3373573.
  9. 1 2 Ahlquist, P. (1992). "Bromovirus RNA replication and transcription". Current Opinion in Genetics & Development. 2 (1): 71–76. doi:10.1016/S0959-437X(05)80325-9. PMID   1378769.
  10. Ahola, T.; Ahlquist, P. (1999). "Putative RNA capping activities encoded by brome mosaic virus: Methylation and covalent binding of guanylate by replicase protein 1a". Journal of Virology. 73 (12): 10061–10069. doi:10.1128/JVI.73.12.10061-10069.1999. PMC   113057 . PMID   10559320.
  11. Sacher, R.; Ahlquist, P. (1989). "Effects of deletions in the N-terminal basic arm of brome mosaic virus coat protein on RNA packaging and systemic infection". Journal of Virology. 63 (11): 4545–4552. doi:10.1128/JVI.63.11.4545-4552.1989. PMC   251087 . PMID   2795712.
  12. Diez, J.; Ishikawa, M.; Kaido, M.; Ahlquist, P. (2000). "Identification and characterization of a host protein required for efficient template selection in viral RNA replication". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 97 (8): 3913–3918. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.3913D. doi: 10.1073/pnas.080072997 . PMC   18116 . PMID   10759565.
  13. Díaz-Cruz, G.A.; Smith, C.M.; Wiebe, K.F.; Charette, J.M.; Cassone, B.J. (2018). "First Report of Brome mosaic virus Infecting Soybean, Isolated in Manitoba, Canada". Plant Disease. 102 (2): 460. doi: 10.1094/PDIS-07-17-1012-PDN .